$1003. Barriers and railings.

v. City of Bath, 38 Me. 219; City of Baltimore v. O'Donnell, 53 Md. 110; Powers v. City of Boston, 154 Mass. 60, 27 N. E. 995; Walker v. City of Ann Arbor, 111 Mich. 1, 69 N. W. 87; Baker v. City of Grand Rapids, 111 Mich. 447, 69 N. W. 740. Negligence, question for jury. Miller v. City of St. Paul, 38 Minn. 134, 36 N. W. 271; Davenport v. City of Hannibal, 108 Mo. 471, 18 S. W. 1122; Village of Seneca Falls v. Zalinski, 8 Hun (N. Y.) 571; Van Vranken V. Village of Clifton Springs, 86 Hun, 67, 33 N. Y. Supp. 329; Snowden v. Town of Somerset, 171 N. Y. 99, 63 N. E. 952; Foy v. City of Winston, 126 N. C. 381, 35 S. E. 609. See 1003, post.

218 Robbins v. Chicago City, 71 U. S. (4 Wall.) 657; City of Chicago v. McDonald, 57 Ill. App. 250; City of Chicago v. Baker, 95 Ill. App. 413; Town of Worthington v. Morgan, 17 Ind. App. 603; Wetmore Tp. v. Chamberlain, 64 Kan. 327, 67 Pac. 845. Bridge while being repaired. Wakeham v. St. Clair Tp., 91 Mich. 15, 51 N. W. 696; Pratt v. Amherst, 140 Mass. 167. Question for jury. Lineburg v. City of St. Paul, 71 Minn. 245, 73 N. W. 723; City of Ord v. Nash, 50 Neb. 335; Tompkins v. City of Oswego, 61 Hun, 619, 15 N. Y. Supp. 371; Coney v. Town of Gilboa, 55 App. Div. 111, 67 N. Y. Supp. 116. Question for jury. Lane v. Town of Hancock, 142 N. Y. 510, 37 N. E. 473. The financial ability of a town is material. Wellman v. Borough of Sus

quehanna Depot, 167 Pa. 239, 31 Atl. 566; Trexler v. Greenwich Tp., 168 Pa. 214, 31 Atl. 1090; Davis v. Snyder Tp., 196 Pa. 273, 46 Atl. 301; City of San Antonio v. Porter, 24 Tex. Civ. App. 444, 59 S. W. 922; Peacock v. City of Dallas, 89 Tex. 438; Orme v. City of Richmond, 79 Va. 86. But see Beardsley v. City of Hartford, 50 Conn. 529; Scannal v. City of Cambridge, 163 Mass. 91, 39 N. E. 790; City of Denison v. Warren (Tex. Civ. App.) 36 S. W. 296; Hein v. Village of Fairchild, 87 Wis. 258.

219 City of Manchester v. Ericson, 105 U. S. 347. Question for jury. City of Wyandotte v. Gibson, 25 Kan. 236; Woods v. Inhabitants of Groton, 111 Mass. 357; Malloy v. Walker Tp., 77 Mich. 448, 43 N. W. 1012, 6 L. R. A. 695; Bryant v. Town of Randolph, 60 Hun, 581, 14 N. Y. Supp. 844. Question for jury. Glasier v. Town of Hebron, 82 Hun, 311, 31 N. Y. Supp. 236. Where a highway is seventeen feet wide and level, no barrier is required. Kitchen v. Union Tp., 171 Pa. 145, 33 Atl. 76. But see Knowlton v. City of Augusta, 84 Me. 572, 24 Atl. 1039; Logan v. City of New Bedford, 157 Mass. 534, 32 N. E. 910; Waller v. Town of Hebron, 5 App. Div. 577, 39 N. Y. Supp. 381; Patchen v. Town of Walton, 17 App. Div. 158, 45 N. Y. Supp. 145.

220 City of Chicago v. Wright, 68 Ill. 586; Van Winter v. Henry County, 61 Iowa, 684; Faulk v. Iowa County, 103 Iowa, 442, 72 N. W.

757; City of Rosedale v. Golding, 55 Kan. 167, 40 Pac. 284; Hand v. Inhabitants of Brookline, 126 Mass. 324; Lauder v. St. Clair Tp., 125 Mich. 479, 85 N. W. 4; Grant v. City of Brainerd, 86 Minn. 126 90 N. W. 307; Norris v. Litchfield, 35 N. H. 271; Pelkey v. Town of Saranac, 67 App. Div. 337, 73 N. Y. Supp. 493; Strader v. Monroe County, 202 Pa. 626, 51 Atl. 1100; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Sandifer, 29 Tex. Civ. App. 356, 69 S. W. 461; Fidelity & Casualty Co. v. City of Seattle, 16 Wash. 445, 47 Pac. 963. But see Moody v. Town of Bristol, 71 Vt: 473, 45 Atl. 1038.

221 City of Chicago v. Baker, 195 Ill. 54, 62 N. E. 892; Puffer v. Inhabitants of Orange, 122 Mass. 389. But the dangerous place must be near the highway. Noll v. City of Seattle, 29 Wash. 28, 69 Pac. 382. But see Goodin v. City of Des Moines, 55 Iowa, 67.

222 D'Amico v. City of Boston, 176 Mass. 599, 58 N. E. 158; Jones v. Collins, 177 Mass. 444, 59 N. E. 64; Cartwright v. Town of Belmont, 58 Wis. 370.

223 City of Hannibal v. Campbell (C. C. A.) 86 Fed. 297; Swart v. District of Columbia, 17 App. D. C. 407; City of Rockford v. Russell, 9 Ill. App. 229. Question for jury. Moss v. City of Burlington, 60 Iowa,

438; Hudson v. Inhabitants of Marlborough, 154 Mass. 218, 28 N. E. 147; Richardson v. City of Boston, 156 Mass. 145, 30 N. E. 478; Cook v. City of Charlestown, 98 Mass. 80; Higgins v. City of Boston, 148 Mass. 484, 20 N. E. 105; Tisdale v. Town of Bridgewater, 167 Mass. 248. Question for jury. Stacy v. Town of Phelps, 47 Hun (N. Y.) 54; Hubbell v. City of Yonkers, 104 N. Y. 434, 10 N. E. 858; Glasier v. Town of Hebron, 131 N. Y. 447, 30 N. E. 239, 579, reversing 62 Hun, 137, 16 N. Y. Supp. 503; Borough of Pittston v. Hart, 89 Pa. 389; Heister v. Fawn Tp., 189 Pa. 253, 42 Atl. 121; City of San Antonio v. Porter, 24 Tex. Civ. App. 444, 59 S. W. 922; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Sandifer, 29 Tex. Civ. App. 356, 64 S. W. 461. But see Ward v. Town of North Haven, 43 Conn. 148; Wilson v. City of Atlanta, 60 Ga. 473; City of Danville v. Makemson, 32 Ill. App. 112; Hinckley v. Town of Somerset, 145 Mass. 326, 14 N. E. 166; Stone v. Inhabitants of Hubbardston, 100 Mass. 49; Hey v. City of Philadel phia, 81 Pa. 44; White v. City of Ballard, 19 Wash. 284, 53 Pac. 159; Taylor v. City of Ballard, 24 Wash. 191, 64 Pac. 143; Olson v. City of Chippewa Falls, 71 Wis. 558, 37 N. W. 575.

224 Warner v. Inhabitants of Holy

oke, 112 Mass. 362. Question for jury. Puffer v. Inhabitants of Orange, 122 Mass. 389; Daily v. City of Worcester, 131 Mass. 452; Dehanitz v. City of St. Paul, 73 Minn. 385, 76 N. W. 48; Goeltz v. Town of Ashland, 75 Wis. 642, 44 N. W. 770.

225 City of New York v. Sheffield, 71 U. S. (4 Wall.) 189; City of Cleveland v. King, 132 U. S. 295; District of Columbia v. Boswell, 6 App. D. C. 402. Gas box on sidewalk. City of Birmingham v. Tayloe, 105 Ala. 170, 16 So. 576; Anderson v. City of Wilmington, 2 Pen. (Del.) 28, 43 Atl. 841; Michigan City v. Boeckling, 122 Ind. 39, 23 N. E. 518; Rowel v. Williams, 29 Iowa, 210; Herries v. City of Waterloo, 114 Iowa, 374, 86 N. W. 306; Osage City v. Larkin, 40 Kan. 206, 19 Pac. 658, 2 L. R. A. 56; City of Henderson v. Burke, 19 Ky. L. R. 1781, 44 S. W. 422; City of Glasgow v. Gillenwaters, 23 Ky. L. R. 2375, 67 S. W. 381; Clark v. Inhabitants of Lebanon, 63 Me. 393; Farrell v. Inhabitants of Oldtown, 69 Me. 72; Tilton V. Inhabitants of Wenham, 172 Mass. 407, 52 N. E. 514; Pratt v. Inhabitants of Cohasset, 171 Mass. 488, 59 N. E. 79; Talbot v. Taunton, 140 Mass. 552; Sebert v. City of Alpena, 78 Mich. 165, 43 N. W. 1098. Stump in highway. Hayes v. City of West Bay City, 91 Mich. 418, 51

N. W. 1067. The failure to properly light a building being moved creates a liability. McCool v. City of Grand Rapids, 58 Mich. 41; Langworthy v. Green Tp., 88 Mich. 207, 50 N. W. 130; Gerdes v. Christopher & Simpson Architectural Iron & Foundry Co. (Mo.) 27 S. W. 615. It is actionable negligence as a matter of law for a manufacturer to obstruct for weeks the street in front of his premises for the purpose of receiving and discharging goods.

Fairgrieve v. City of Moberly, 39 Mo. App. 31; May v. City of Anaconda, 26 Mont. 140, 66 Pac. 759; Downes v. Town of Hopkinton, 67 N. H. 456; Kunz v. City of Troy, 104 N. Y. 344, 10 N. E. 442. Counter placed on a sidewalk. Wilson v. Town of Spafford, 57 Hun, 589, 10 N. Y. Supp. 649. Pile of stones. Shook v. City of Cohoes, 108 N. Y. 648, 15 N. E. 531; Gulliver v. Blauvelt, 14 App. Div. 523, 43 N. Y. Supp. 935. Cow tethered in highway. Embler v. Town of Wallkill, 132 N. Y. 222, 30 N. E. 404; Farley v. City of New York, 152 N. Y. 222, 46 N. E. 506; Dillon v. City of Raleigh, 124 N. C. 184; Heckman v. Evenson, 7 N. Dak. 173, 73 N. W. 427. Question for jury. Schaeffer v. Jackson Tp., 150 Pa. 145, 24 Atl. 629, 18 L. R. A. 100; Trego v. Honeybrook

Borough, 160 Pa. 76, 28 Atl. 639. Stump. City of Galveston v. Gonzales, 6 Tex. Civ. App. 538, 25 S. W. 978. Lumber pile. City of Palestine v. Hassell, 15 Tex. Civ. App. 519, 40 S. W. 147; City of Petersburg v. Todd (Va.) 24 S. E. 232; Saylor v. City of Montesano, 11 Wash. 328, 39 Pac. 653; Adams v. City of Oshkosh, 71 Wis. 49, 36 N. W. 614; Prideaux v. City of Mineral Point, 43 Wis. 513; Slivitzki v. Town of Wien, 93 Wis. 460, 67 N. W. 730; Bills v. Town of Kaukauna, 94 Wis. 310, 68 N. W. 992. Wire fence. Carpenter v. Town of Rolling, 107 Wis. 559, 83 N. W. 953; Raymond v. Keseberg, 84 Wis. 302, 19 L. R. A. 643; Boltz v. Town of Sullivan, 101 Wis. 608. But see Simon v. City of Atlanta, 67 Ga. 618; Sin Clair v. City of Baltimore, 59 Md. 592.

Bowes v. City of Boston, 155 Mass. 344, 29 N. E. 633, 15 L. R. A. 365. City not liable for accident caused by horses taking fright at the scraping sound of a vehicle against a stone in the road. Agnew v. City of Corunna, 55 Mich. 428. Boulder temporarily on highway not regarded as a defect. Jackson Tp. v. Wagner, 127 Pa. 184, 17 Atl. 903; Cairncross v. Village of Pewaukee, 86 Wis. 181, 56 N. W. 648. Steam launch in street. As to liability for damages caused by obstructions in a highway placed by private persons or the elements, see the following: Frost v. Inhabitants of Portland, 11 Me. 271; Willard v. City of Cambridge, 85 Mass. (3 Allen) 574; Griffin v. Sanbornton, 44 N. H. 246. But see District of Columbia v. Moulton, 182 U. S. 576. "No other notice to travelers of the

presence of a steam roller on a street is needed than a view of the roller itself when it can be seen in ample time to avoid it."

226 Oliver v. City of Denver, 13 Colo. App. 345, 57 Pac. 729; Herries v. City of Waterloo, 114 Iowa, 374, 86 N. W. 306; City of Wellington v. Gregson, 31 Kan. 99; Hebert v. City of Northampton, 152 Mass. 266, 25 N. E. 467; McDonald v. City of St. Paul, 82 Minn. 308, 84 N. W. 1022; Whitney v. Town of Ticonde roga, 127 N. Y. 40, 27 N. E. 403. Question for jury; road scraper left by highway authorities near road. Jordan v. City of New York, 26 Misc. 53, 55 N. Y. Supp. 716; McLaughlin v. City of Philadelphia, 142 Pa. 80, 21 Atl. 754; City of Galveston v. Dazet (Tex.) 19 S. W. 142; Belvin v. City of Richmond, 85 Va. 574, 8 S. E. 378, 1 L. R. A. 807. No liability where rope is placed across a public street by order of the judge of the state court. Jochem v. Robinson, 72 Wis. 199, 39 N. W. 383, 1 L. R. A. 178. Use of sidewalk by loading skid.

227 City of Wellington v. Gregson, 31 Kan. 99. The court held that a post put to protect a tree within a foot or two of the traveled track of the city street was not an obstruction. In the decision it was said: "It is a familiar fact that in all our cities lot owners are accustomed to plant shade trees in front of their lots. Many streets are thus rendered beautiful by the long rows on either side. * Sometimes these trees are in the sidewalk, but more often just outside the sidewalk in the street proper. Often, especially when the trees are young, they are inclosed with boxes

228

or railing, to prevent their injury by straying cattle or passing teams. Can it be that permitting these things is per se negligence on the part of the city; that every time a buggy runs against one of these trees or its protection, the city is liable for all injuries, unless the driver was also negligent? Cannot a party put a hitching post in front of his residence without exposing the city to a charge of negligence, unless he has placed it more than a carriage width from the traveled track? The question is not whether a city may grant permission to one to occupy the streets with trees, and railing, and posts, but whether the city must keep its streets and all its streets free from all such objects, or be held always, as matter of law, guilty of negligence and liable for all injuries resulting therefrom."

Chase v. City of Lowell, 151 Mass. 422, 24 N. E. 212. A city is liable for injuries caused by the falling of trees standing in public street. Washburn v. Inhabitants of Easton, 172 Mass. 525, 52 N. E. 1070; Ring V. City of Cohoes, 77 N. Y. 83; Dougherty v. Village of Horseheads, 159 N. Y. 154, 53 N. É. 799; Worrilow v. Upper Chichester Tp., 149 Pa. 40, 24 Atl. 85; Watkins v. County Court, 30 W. Va. 657, 5 S. E. 654. No liability for injury received in

the falling of a dead tree within five feet of the public road.

228 Tiesler v. Town of Norwich, 73 Conn. 199, 47 Atl. 161; City of Cincinnati v. Fleischer, 63 Ohio St. 229, 58 N. E. 568; Robert v. Powell, 168 N. Y. 411, 61 N. E. 699, 55 L. R. A. 775; DuBois v. City of Kingston, 102 N. Y. 219.

229 Village of Bureau Junction v. Long, 56 Ill. App. 458; Weinstein v. City of Terre Haute, 147 Ind. 556, 46 N. E. 1004; Arey v. City of Newton, 148 Mass. 598, 20 N. E. 327; Macomber v. City of Taunton, 100 Mass. 255.

230 City of Vincennes v. Thuis, 28 Ind. App. 523, 63 N. E. 315; Archer v. City of Mt. Vernon, 57 App. Div. 1040, 67 N. Y. Supp. 1040; Ring v. City of Cohoes, 77 N. Y. 83; Horner v. City of Philadelphia, 194 Pa. 542, 45 Atl. 330. But see St. Germain v. City of Fall River, 177 Mass. 550, 59 N. E. 447; City of Scranton v. Catterson, 94 Pa. St. 202; Wilkins v. Village of Rutland, 61 Vt. 336, 17 Atl. 735; King v. City of Oshkosh, 75 Wis. 517, 44 N. W. 745.

231 See §§ 828 et seq., 864 et seq., 886 et seq.

232 City of Cleveland v. King, 132 U. S. 295; Lewis v. City of Atlanta, 77 Ga. 756; Kansas City v. McDon ald, 60 Kan. 481, 57 Pac. 123, 55 L. R. A. 429; Joslyn v. City of Detroit, 74 Mich. 458, 42 N. W. 50;