lighting, or fencing its tracks,804 and in respect to street railroads especially the manner of use of tracks and propelling power,805 construction or condition of tracks,806 operation or con City of Birmingham v. Alabama G. S. R. Co., 98 Ala. 134; St. Louis, A. & T. H. R. Co. v. City of Belleville, 122 Ill. 376, 12 N. E. 680; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. City of Galena, 40 Ill. 344; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. People, 49 Ill. App. 538; State v. Malone, 8 Ind. App. 8, 35 N. E. 198; Cleveland, C., C. & I. R. Co. v. Wynant, 114 Ind. 525; State v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 77 Iowa, 442, 4 L. R. A. 298; Commonwealth v. City of Frankfort, 92 Ky. 149, 17 S. W. 287; Peterson v. Chicago & W. M. R. Co., 64 Mich. 621, 31 N. W. 548; City of Duluth v. Mallett, 43 Minn. 204, 45 N. W. 154; Burger v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 112 Mo. 238, 20 S. W. 439; Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. State, 71 Miss. 253, 14 So. 459. Under Miss. Code, § 3551, the term "highway" relates only to roads in the country and "street" to public highways in a town, village, or city. Van Vorst v. Jersey City, 27 N. J. Law (3 Dutch.) 493; Murray v. South Carolina R. Co., 10 Rich. Law (S. C.) 227; State v. Railroad Co., 91 Tenn. 445; State v. Vermont Cent. R. Co., 27 Vt. 103; Brownell v. Troy&B. R. Co., 55 Vt. 218; State v. Ohio River R. Co., 39 W. Va. 242, 18 S. E. 582. 803 Newark Pass. R. Co. v. Block, 55 N. J. Law, 605, 27 Atl. 1067, 22 L. R. A. 374; Village of St. Bernard V. C., C., C. & St. L. R. Co., 4 Ohio Low. D. 371. 804 Hannah v. Metropolitan St. R. Co., 81 Mo. App. 78. A railroad operated by electricity and carrying passengers only may be required to fence its track. 805 Sioux City St. R. Co. v. Sioux City, 138 U. S. 98; Buckner v. Hart, 52 Fed. 835; Van Hook v. City of Selma, 70 Ala. 361; Farrell v. Winchester Ave. R. Co., 61 Conn. 127, 23 Atl. 757; Chicago General R. Co. v. Chicago City R. Co., 186 Ill. 219, 57 N. E. 822, 50 L. R. A. 734, affirming 87 Ill. App. 17. The authority of a street railway to change its motive power cannot be raised by collateral attack; it is a question for the public corporation with whom the original contract was made alone to consider. Toledo, W. & W. R. Co. v. City of Jacksonville, 67 Ill. 37; Chicago General St. R. Co. v. Chicago City R. Co., 87 Ill. App. 17, affirmed 186 III. 219, 57 N. E. 822, 50 L. R. A. 734. But in the absence of conditions a street railroad may change its motive power and operate more cars at a time and with increased speed. North Chicago City R. Co. v. Town of Lake View, 105 Ill. 183; Louisville Bagging Mfg. Co. v. Central Pass. R. Co., 95 Ky. 50, 23 S. W. 592. An electric street railway system operated by overhead wires is not so dangerous as to authorize its restraint by injunction. City of Detroit v. Ft. Wayne & E. R. Co., 90 Mich. 646; State v. King, 104 La. 735, 29 So. 359; Consolidated Traction Co. v. City of Elizabeth, 58 N. J. Law, 619, 32 L. R. A. 170. Use of salt. New York & H. R. Co. v. City of New York, 1 Hilt. (N. Y.) 562; Buffalo R. Co. v. Buffalo, 5 Hill (N. Y.) 209; Hudson River Tel. Co. v. Watervliet T. & R. Co., 56 Hun, 67, 9 N. Y. Supp. 177; struction of cars, 807 removal of ice and snow, sos the making of Id., 135 N. Y. 393, 32 N. E. 148, 17 L. R. A. 674. Authority to use "the power of horses, animals or any mechanical power or the combination of them" held to embrace electricity as a motive power. Distinguishing People v. Newton, 112 N. Y. 396, 19 N. E. 831, 3 L. R. A. 174. In re Brooklyn El. R. Co., 57 Hun, 590, 11 N. Y. Supp. 161; Dry-Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co. v. City of New York, 47 Hun (N. Y.) 221; St. Michaels Protestant Episcopal Church v. Forty-Second St., M. & St. N. Ave. R. Co., 26 Misc. 601, 57 N. Y. Supp. 881; Stranahan v. Sea View R. Co., 84 N. Y. 308; In re Third Ave. R. Co., 121 N. Y. 536, 9 L. R. A. 124; Fox v. Catharine & B. St. R. Co., 12 Pa. Co. Ct. R. 180; Reeves v. Philadelphia Traction Co., 152 Pa. 153,25 Atl. 516; Taggart v. Newport St. R. Co., 16 R. I. 668, 19 Atl. 326, 7 L. R. A. 205; State v. Janesville St. R. Co., 87 Wis. 72, 57 N. W. 970, 22 L. R. A. 759. 806 McCoy v. Philadelphia, W. & B. R. Co., 5 Houst. (Del.) 599; City & Suburban R. Co. v. City of Savannah, 77 Ga. 431. Sprinkling street. Indianpolis & St. L. R. Co. v. People, 32 Ill. App. 286; Newcomb v. Norfolk W. St. R. Co., 179 Mass. 449, 61 N. E. 42. A street railway company can be compelled to sprinkle a street upon which its track is laid where this is one of the conditions of the grant. City of Detroit v. Detroit City R. Co., 37 Mich. 558; Electric R. Co. v. Common Council of Grand Rapids, 84 Mich. 257; Appeal of Chester Traction Co. (Pa.) 40 Wkly. Notes Cas. (Pa.) 183. Particular ordinance requiring sprinkling between tracks held void because unreason able. Pittsburgh & B. Pass. R. Co. v. Borough of Birmingham, 51 Pa. 41; Washington, A. & Mt. V. R. Co. v. City Council of Alexandria, 98 Va. 344, 36 S. E. 385. An ordinance requiring the substitution of a grooved rail for tram girder rails held reasonable. But see Easton, S. E. & W. E. P. R. Co. v. City of Easton, 133 Pa. 505, 19 Atl. 486. 807 Wallen v. North Chicago St. R. Co., 82 Ill. App. 103; South Covington & C. St. R. Co. v. Berry, 93 Ky. 43, 18 S. W. 1026. An ordinance requiring a street car company to keep a driver and conductor on each car held a proper exercise of the police power and not unreasonable or oppressive. State v. Heidenhain, 42 La. Ann. 483. Smoking in street cars. Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Mali, 66 Md. 53; City of St. Louis v. St. Louis R. Co., 89 Mo. 44, 1 S. W. 305. A regulation relative to the number of passengers carried on each car held valid. Dunn v. Cass Ave. & F. G. R. Co., 21 Mo. App. 188. Conductor on street cars. State v. Whitaker, 160 Mo. 59, 60 S. W. 1068. Screen for protection of motormen. State v. Inhabitants of Trenton, 53 N. J. Law, 132, 20 Atl. 1076, 11 L. R. A. 410. Two employees on same car. Cape May, D. B. & S. P. R. Co. v. City of Cape May, 59 N. J. Law, 396, 36 Atl. 696, 36 L. R. A. 653. Fenders. City of Brooklyn v. Nassau Electric. R. Co., 38 App. Div. 365, 56 N. Y. Supp. 609; City of Yonkers v. Yonkers R. Co., 51 App. Div. 271, 64 N. Y. Supp. 955. Vestibule ordinance held unreasonable. City of New York v. Dry-Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co., 133 N. Y. 104, 30 N. E. 563. An ordinance requiring a track repairs, the use of overhead or underground wires,810 and rate of speed.811 § 855. Conditions imposed as revenue measures. The state or a municipality when expressly authorized may, as a condition imposed for the grant of the privilege or franchise, occupy the public highways, require the payment of a license fee or a franchise tax based upon the volume of the gross or net business transacted by the grantee of the power,812 the number of cars of a steam road. 808 McDonald v. Toledo Consol. St. R. Co., 74 Fed. 104; West Chicago St. R. Co. v. O'Connor, 85 Ill. App. 278; Short v. Baltimore City Pass. Ry. Co., 50 Md. 73; Union R. Co. v. City of Cambridge, 93 Mass. (11 Allen) 287; Ovington v. Lowell & S. R. Co., 163 Mass. 440, 40 N. E. 767; Bowen v. Detroit City R. Co., 54 Mich. 496. In case of an traordinary stor: the railway conipany should make extraordinary ef fort to ex remove snow from the street. Wallace v. Detroit City R. Co., 58 Mich. 231; Smith v. Nashua St. R. Co., 69 N. H. 504, 44 Atl. 133; Abb. Corp. Vol. III — 4 Broadway & S. A. R. Co. v. City of New York, 49 Hun, 126, 1 N. Y. Supp. 646; Dixon v. Brooklyn City & N. R. Co., 100 N. Y. 170; Bishop v. Union R. Co., 14 R. I. 314. 809 City of Westport v. Mulholland, 159 Mo. 86, 60 S. W. 77, 53 L. R. A. 442. 810 State v. City of Newark, 54 N. J. Law, 102, 23 Atl. 284; City of Rochester v. Bell Tel. Co., 52 App. Div. (N. Y.) 6; American Rapid Tel. Co. v. Hess, 125 N. Y. 641, 26 N. E. 919, 13 L. R. A. 454; People v. Squire, 107 N. Y. 593, 14 N. E. 820; Id., 145 U. S. 175; State v. Janesville St. R. Co., 87 Wis. 72, 57 N. W. 970, 22 L. R. A. 759. See, also, IV Harvard Law Rev. 245. 811 Glenville v. St. Louis R. Co., 51 Mo. App. 629. An ordinance relative to rate of speed passed in 1860 will not be construed in 1892 to apply to cable cars. Ruschenberg v. Southern Elec. R. Co., 161 Mo. 70, 61 S. W. 626; Cape May, D. B. & S. P. R. Co. v. City of Cape May, 59 N. J. Law, 393, 36 Atl. 679, 36 L. R. A. 656; Lewis v. Cincinnati St. R. Co., 10 Ohio S. & C. P. Dec. 53. 812 Baltimore Union Pass. R. Co. v. City of Baltimore 71 Md. 405, 18 Atl. 917. The prescribed percentage need not be based upon the earnings from passenger travel beyond the city limits. City of New operated 813 or some other prescribed and equitable method.814 Such franchises or privileges may be disposed of to the highest bidder and the amount bid in these instances will establish the sum which can be legally collected by the authorities for the exer York v. Twenty-Third St. R. Co., 62 Hun, 545, 17 N. Y. Supp. 32; People v. Barnard, 110 N. Y. 548, 18 N. E. 354; City of New York v. Dry-Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co., 47 Hun (N. Y.) 199; City of New York v. Manhattan R. Co., 143 N. Y. 1, 37 N. E. 494; Id., 56 N. Y. State Rep. 58, 25 N. Y. Supp. 860; Cincinnati St. R. Co. v. City of Cincinnati, 8 Ohio N. P. 80; City of Cincinnati v. Mt. Auburn Cable R. Co., 28 Wkly. Law Bul. (Ohio) 276. Gross business origi nating outside of city limits may be taxed by it. Borough of Carlisle v. Cumberland Valley Pass. R. Co., 22 Pa. Co. Ct. R. 221; City of Philadelphia v. Empire Pass. R. Co., 177 Pa. 382, 35 Atl. 721. New York Ry. Law, § 95, as amended by Laws 1892, c. 676, 3 Heydecker's Gen. Laws (2d Ed.) p. 3314. 813 New York v. Broadway & S. A. R. Co., 17 Hun (N. Y.) 242; City of New York v. Dry-Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co., 112 N. Y. 137, 19 N. E. 420; City of New York v. Third Ave. R. Co., 33 N. Y. 42; Id., 117 N. Y. 404, 22 N. E. 755; Id., 48 Hun, 621, 1 N. Y. Supp. 397; City of New York v. Broadway & S. A. R. Co., 97 N. Y. 273. New York Laws 1901, vol. 3, §§ 44-50. Annual license is authorized. 814 Union Pass. R. Co. v. City of Philadelphia, 101 U. S. 528. An act which provides that a street railway company shall pay such a 11cense "for each car run by said company as is now paid by other passenger railway companies" is not a contract which prevents sub sequent legislation increasing license fees. City of Aniston V. Southern R. Co., 112 Ala. 557, 20 So. 915; Byrne v. Chicago General Co., 63 Ill. App. 438; Chicago Gen. R. Co. v. City of Chicago, 176 Ill. 253, 52 N. E. 880. Under Rev. St. p. 571, § 3, a city may require a street railway to pay an annual tax on each mile of its track as a condition to its right to construct and operate its line. Harvey v. Aurora & G. R. Co., 186 Ill. 283, 57 N. E. 857; City R. Co. v. Citizens' St. R. Co. (Ind.) 52 N. E. 157; City of Newport v. South Covington & C. St. R. Co., 89 Ky. 29, 11 S. W. 954; City of New Orleans v. New Orleans, C. & L. R. Co., 39 La. Ann. 587, 4 So. 512; Board of Liquidation of City Debt v. City of New Orleans, 32 La. Ann. 915; City of New Orleans v. New Orleans, C. & L. R. Co., 40 La. Ann. 587; City of Detroit v. Detroit City R. Co., 37 Mich. 558; Cincinnati St. R. Co. v. City of Cincinnati, 8 Ohio N. P. 80; Pittsburgh & B. Pass. R. Co. v. Borough of Birmingham, 51 Pa. 41; State v. Hilbert, 72 Wis. 184, 39 N. W. 326. But see Hoboken & W. Horse R. Co. v. City of Hoboken, 30 N. J. Law, 225, where it is held that the power to exact a license from a street railway company must be found as a condition annexed to the grant of the franchise to the company or in the grant of legislative power to the city by the legislature and in the case under consideration both grounds were found wanting. eise of the rights pertaining to the franchise or privilege.815 Conditions of the character above indicated have been uniformly sustained, as the grant of a privilege or franchise is usually regarded as in derogation of common right and one, therefore, for which a payment can be legally demanded.81 816 § 856. Conditions having for their purpose the maintenance of the highway in its original condition. Another class of conditions frequently imposed is that which involves the exercise of an unquestionable right on the part of the state or municipality to require that the railroad authorized to occupy a highway shall first, in the construction of its roadbed, and second, in the maintenance and operation of it, pre 817 815 People v. Craycroft, 111 Cal. 544, 44 Pac. 463; State v. West Side St. R. Co., 146 Mo. 155, 47 S. W. 959. Mo. Act April 9, 1895, relative to the sale at public auction street car franchises held void because uncertain and indefinite. People v. Barnard, 110 N. Y. 548, 18 N. E. 354, reversing 48 Hun, 57; People v. Pratt, 138 N. Y. 655, 34 N. E. 513. invalid franchises. Sale of City of Houston v. Houston City St. R. Co., 83 Tex. 548; Henderson v. Ogden City R. Co., 7 Utah, 199; Gallagher v. Johnson, 30 Wkly. Law Bul. (Ohio) 139. A proposal cannot be rejected on the ground that it is not made in good faith except for things done and said by the bidder in the presence of a city council. Ohio Rev. St. § 2502; N. Y. Ry. Law 1890, art. 4, c. 565. But see New Orleans City & L. R. Co. v. Watkins, 48 La. Ann. 1550, 21 So. 199. With reference to grant of franchise to steam railroad company for use of street. See, also, Goodrich V. Houghton, 134 N. Y. 115, 31 N. E. 516, in regard to understanding between competitive bidders. 816 Hook v. Los Angeles R. Co., 129 Cal. 180, 61 Pac. 912; Covington St. R. Co. v. City of Covington, 72 Ky. (9 Bush.) 127; City of Springfield v. Smith, 138 Mo. 645, 40 S. W. 757, 37 L. R. A. 446; City of New York v. Eighth Ave. R. Co., 118 N. Y. 389, 23 N. E. 550; City of New York v. Dry-Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co., 47 Hun (N. Y.) 199; City of New York v. Manhattan R. Co., 143 N. Y. 1, 37 N. E. 494. The manner of payment may be prescribed by statute. City of Providence v. Union R. Co., 12 R. I. 473. 817 Denver, U. & P. R. Co. v. Barsoloux, 15 Colo. 290, 25 Pac. 165, 10 L. R. A. 89. A railroad under original grant of authority may change the width of its tracks from a narrow to a broad gauge and the company will not be enjoined from doing this at the instance of abutting owners. Fulton County St. R. Co. v. McConnell, 87 Ga. 756, 13 S. E. 828; Cline v. Crescent City R. Co., 41 La. Ann. 1031, 6 So. 851; Offutt v. Montgomery County Com'rs, 94 Md. 115, 50 Atl. 419. Grade of road. Dickinson v. New Haven & Northhampton Co., 155 Mass. 16, 34 N. E. 334; City of Detroit v. Ft. Wayne & |