879. INTONATIONS AND MELODY OF SPEECH. By the first-is meant the movement of the voice through the different notes of the scale, AS-cending and DE-scending, with an appropriate and agreeable variety of sounds; by the second, an agreeable succession of sounds, either in speech or song. A dull repetition of words or sounds, on nearly the same pitch, is very grating to the car, and disgusting to correct taste; and yet it is one of the most common faults of the bar, the senate and pulpit; indeed, in every place where there is public speaking: which is the melancholy result of the usual course of teaching children to read. 380. EXAMPLES PARTIALLY EXHIBITED. Laconies. 1. By mining our own business, we shall be more useful, more benevolent, more respected, and ten times happier. 2. That stu dent will live miserably, who lies down, like a camel, under his burden. 3. Remember, while you live, it is by looks-that men deceive. 4. A foolish friend may cause more wo, Than could indeed the wisest foe. 5. He, who confides in a person of no honor, may consider himself very lucky, if he is not a sufferer by it. 6. The condition of mankind is such, that we must not believe every smooth speech-the cover of a kind intention. 7. Who is wise? He who learns from every one. S. Who is rich? He, who is contented. 9. Nothing is so dumb--as deep emotion. 10. Where there is much mystery, there is generally much ignorance. 11. Catch not soon at offence. 12. 1 (5) Seest thou a man (5) diligent in his (6) bu-Whoso loseth his spirits, loseth all. Anecdote. Choice of a Husband. An siness? (5) He shall stand before (4) kings, (3) he shall not stand before (5) mean men. 2. (3) Athenian, who was hesitating, whether to O swear not by the (6) moon, the (5) inconstant give his daughter in marriage to a man of (4) moon, (3) that monthly (5) changes in its worth with a small fortune, or to a rich man, circled (3) orb. 3. Said Mr. Pitt, to his aged who had no other recommendation, went to accuser, in debate, (4) “But (6) youth, it consult Themistocles on the subject. "I scems, is not my (5) only (3) crime, (4) I have would bestow my daughter," said Themistobeen accused-of (5) acting (6) a (8) theatri- cles, "upon a man without money, rather cul part." 4. (5) Standing on the ascent of than upon money without a mun.” the (6) past, we survey the (5) present, and (4) extend our views into (3) futurity. 5. (5) No one-will ever be the (4) happier, for (5) talents, or (4) riches, (3) unless he makes a right (3) use of them. 6. (5) Truths--hive (4) life in them; and the (6) effect of that life is (3) unceasing expansion. 7. (6) He, who loves the (5) Lord, with all his (4) heart, and his neighbor as (4) himself, needs no (5) compass, or (4) helm to steer his (3) course; because (5) fruth and (4) love are his (3) wind and (2) tide. N. B. The inflections, circumflexes, &c., commence with the accented vowel, which is supposed to be on the note indicated by the preceding figure. 381. PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES WITHOUT NOTATION. The predominant characteristic of the female mind is effection: and that of the male mind is thought: tho' both have of fection and thought; but disparity-does not imply inferiority. The sexes are intended for different spheres of life, and are created in conformity to their destination, by Him, who bids the oak-brave the fury of the tempest, and the Alpine flower-lean its check on the bosom of eternal snow. Abstract Question. Is not that propensity of the human mind, which seeks for a medium of communication, between two physical phenomena, to be traced to the fact, that e ery admitted truth, is derived from a medium of knowledge; and that there is a connection among all intellectual phenomena; so much so, that we cannot conceive a new idea, without a medium of communica ion? True Philosophy-consists in doing all the good that we can, in learning all the good we can, in teaching to ethers all the good we can, in bearing, to the best of our ability, the various ills of life, and in enjoy. ing, with gratitude, every honest pleasurethat comes in our way. Varieties. 1. Should not our intentions, as well as cur actions-be good? 2. True love-is of slow growth, mutual and reciprocat, and founded on esteem. 3. Graces, and accomplishments-are too often designed for beaux-caching, and coquetry. 4. There is time for all things. 5. An individual-inclined to magnify every good, and minify every evil-must be a pleasing comparion, or partner-for life,—whether male or female. 6. Knowledge—is not wisdom; it is only the raw material, from which the beautiful fabric of wisdom is produced; therefore, let us not spend our days in gathering materials, and live, and die, without a shelter. 7. Every eri-has its limit; which, when pusse !, plunges the wicke! into mis r. 8. One thief in the house, is more to be dreaded than ten-in the street. 9. The more haste, generally the worst speed. 10. The moral government, under which we live, is a kingdom of uses; and whatever we pos➡ sess, is given us for use; and with it, the opportunity and power of using it. Thou art. O God, the life and light Are but reflections-caught from thee; Proverbs. 1. The remedy for injures 19— not to remember them. 2. To read, and not understand, is to pursue, and not overtake. 3. Truth refines, but does not obscure. 4. He who teaches, often learns himself. 5. Worth-has been under rated, ever since wealth-Las been overrated. 6 382. INTONATIONS CONTINUED. Listen attentively, to a person under the influence of nature, of his own feelings and thoughts: he relates stories, supports arguments, commands those under his authority, speaks to persons at a distance, utters exclamations of anger and rage, joy and rapture, pours forth lamentations of sorrow and grief, breathes affection, love, &c. in different pitch es, tones, qualities, emphasis, inflection, and circumflexes, elevations and depressions of voice. The only possibility of success, therefore, is to get perfect control of the vocal Anecdote. The emperor of Ching -inorgans, by practicing these principles, and|quired of Sir George Staunton, "out the conforming the whole manner to the sense and objects of the composition. 383. INTONATION AND MELODY. These examples are given as general guides; the figures refer to the notes in the Diatonic Scale. 1. (4) But, (5) from the (4) tomb, (5) the (4) voice of (5) nature (6) crics, (6) And, (5) in our (4) ashes, (5) live (4) their won-(3) ted (2) fires. 2. But (5) yonder comes, (4) rejoicing in the (6) EAST, (5) The (4) powerful (3) king of (2) day. 3. (6) AWAKE!) ARISE! (6) or (5) be (3) forever (2) fullen. 4. (3) He expired in a (5) victualing-house, (4) which I hope (5) 1 (3) shall (2) not. 7. (5) Fair (6) angel, thy (5) desire, which tends to (6) KNOW The works of (5) God, doth (4) | merit (3) praise. 8) Such (4) honors Ilion to (6) HER lover aid, And (5) peaceful slept (4) the mighty (3) Hector's (2) shade. Note. Construct a scale on faint ruled paper, and place the words on it as indicated; the same as notes are on the musical staff. Antiquity-camot sanction an error, nor novelty horse that runs away with him. 8. A small kak injure a truth. 7. A man in a passion, rides a will sink a great ship. 9. Never forget a good turn. 10. Lying-is the vice of a slave. 11. Selfconceit is the attendant of ignorance. 12. The love of society is natural. manner in which physicians ere paid in England. When he was ine to understand what the price was, exclaimed,—“ Can any man in England offord to be ill! Now, I have four physicians, and pay all of them a weekly saly; but the moment I am sick, that salar, is stopped, till I am well again; therese, my indisposition is never of long dration." Woman. The prevailing manners of an age depend, more than we are aware of, or are willing to allow, on the conduct of the women: this is one of the principal things on which the great machine of human society turns. Those, who allow the influence which female graces have in contributing to polish the manners of men, would do well to reflect, how great an influence female morals must also have on their conduct. How much, then, is it to be regretted, that women-should ever sit down, contented, to polish, when they are able to reform-to entertain, when they might instruct. Nothing delights meu more than their strength of understanding, when Miscellaneous. 1. Beauty-is the outward form of goodness: and this is the reason, we love it instinctively, without think-true gentleness of manners is its associate; ing why we love: but we cease to love, when we find it unaccompanied with truth and goodness. 2. Make not your opinions, the criterion of right and wrong: but make right and wrong-the criterion of your actions and principles. united, they become irresistible orators, bless'd with the power of persuasion, fraught with the sweetness of instruction, making woman the highest ornament of human nature. Varieties. 1. Fear-is a bad preserver of anything intended to endure; but loveFew-bring hack at eve, will generally ensure fidelity, even to the end. Immaculate, the manners of the morn; 2. He, who knowingly defends the wrong Something we thought-is blotted, we resolved-side of a question, pays a very bad compli Is shaken, we renounced-returns again. There is no greater punishment of viceThan that it have its own will; Hence, guilty-infernal love becomes the Most deadly hate. The intent, and not the deed, 6. Words are things; a small drop of Too much the beautiful-we prize, ment to his hearers: as much as to say; Futsehood, supported by my talents, is stronger than truth, supported by yours. 3. Before a man should be convicted of a libel, the jury must be satisfied, that it was his intention to libel; not to state facts, which he believed to be true, or, reasonings, which he thongan just. 4. The difference between e word of God, and the composits of man, is as great, as betweer tal flame and painted flame. 5. Lesimulation, even the most innoc, is ever productive of embarrassments; whether the design is evil, or not, artifice is always dangerous, and almost inevitably disgraceful. 384. REVISIONS. Let all the preceding | principles be reviewed, with an illustration of each, and endeavor to fix them, permanently, in the mind, by seeing their truth, and feeling their power in practice; so that you can write a work yourself on the philosophy of mind and voice. Remember, that nothing is yours, till you make it your own, by understanding it scientifically, rationally and affectuously, and then by applying it to its proper object: do not forget effects, causes, ends, their successive order, and simultaneous development. EVE'S LAMENT ON LEAVING PARADISE. (Plaintive, with quantity.) O, unerpected stroke, worse than of Death! My early visitation, and my last Laconies. 1. The great battle and contest among politicians is not how the government shall be administered, but who shall administer it. 2. They who go to church out of vanity, or curiosity, and not for worship and instruction, should not value themselves on account of their religion; for it is not worth a straw. 3. Allow time for is done by force or violence. 4. Occasional mirth. consideration; everything is badly executed, that is not incompatible with wisdom; and the man of reserved habits, may sometimes be gay. 5. Happy are they, who draw lessons of prudence-from the dangers, in which others are involved. 6. Eoquence--can pierce the reluctant wonder of the world, and make even monarchs tremble on their thrones. Anecdote. Spinola. "Pray, of what did your brother die ?" said the Marquis Spinola. one day to Sir Horace Vere. "He died, sir," replied he," of having nothing to do." "Alas! O flowers, (that never will in other climate grow,) sir," said Spinola, “that is enough to kill any general of us all." Mostesquieu says, We, in general, place idleness among the beatitudes of heaven; it should rather, I think, be put amid the tortures of hell. Austin calls it -the burying a man alive." Atev'n, which I bred up, with tender hand, And wild? How shall we breathe in other air, Female Education. How greatly is it to be regretted, that for the benefit of both sexes, women are not generally so educated, that their conversations might be still much more useful to us, as well as beneficial to themselves! If, instead of filling their heads more 385. How mean,-how timid,-how ab- with trifles, or worse than trifles, they were ject, must that spirit be, which can sit down, early taught what might be really useful, -contented with mediocrity. As for myself they would not then be so continually in -all that is within me is on fire. I had ra- pursuit of silly, ridiculous, expensive, and ther be torn into a thousand pieces, than relax many times criminal amusement; neither my resolution, of reaching the sublimest would their conversation be so insipid and heights of virtue-and knowledge, of good-impertinent, as it too often is. On the conness-and truth, of LOVE-and WISDOM. tray, were their minds properly improved Nothing is so arduous,―nothing so ADMIR- with knowledge, which it is certain they are ABLE, in human affairs, but may be attained exceedingly capable of, how much by the industry of man. We are descended agreeable would they be to themselves, and from heaven; thither let us go, whence we how much more improving and delightful to derive our origin. Let nothing satisfy us, us? How truly charming does beauty aplower than the summit of all excellence. pear, when adorned by good nature, good Nominalists and Realists. The Nom-sense, and knowledge? And when beauty inalists —were a sect, the followers of Ros-fades, as soon it must, there will then be celinus and Abelard: according to these those qualities and accomplishments remainphilosophers, there are no existences in na-ing, which cannot fail to command great reture corresponding to general terms, and the gard, esteem, and affection. objects of our attention in all our general speculations, are not ideas, but words. The Realists--were their opponents, and adhered to the principles of Aristotle. Oft-may the spirits of the dead-descend To watch-the silent slumbers of a friend; To hover-round his evening walk-unseen, And hold sweet converse-on the dusky green; To hail the spot-where first their friendship grew, And heaven-and nature-opened to their view. Oft, when he trims his cheerful hearth, and sees A smiling circle-emulous to please, There may these gentle guests-delight to dwell, And bless the scene they loved in life so well. VARIETIES. But-shall we wear these glories for a day, In faith, and hope, the world will disagree, 386. As so much depends upon the proper Laconies. 1. The antidote, to the ban ful in movement of the voice, through the different fluence of flattery is, for every one to examine notes of the scale, and as our primary in-himself, and truly estimate his own qualities, and struction in reading is often diametrically op- character. 2. Let us make ourselves steadfast in what is certainly true, and we shall be able to posed to what is natural, it is deemed necesanswer objections, or reject them as unworthy of an sary to be more explicit in directions, as well answer. 3. Argument-cannot disprove fact; no as in examples. Imitate, with the voice, actwo opposing facts can be produced; all oljeecompanied by corresponding motions of the tions to a fact must therefore be negative. 4. Edhand, the gentle undulations of the waters,ucation-includes all the influences, that serve to when the waves run moderately high; let-unfold the faculties,--and determine the char ting the movement of your voice resemble acter; thus involving the mental, and physical. 5. that of a small boat. Observe the various To render good for evil, is God-like; to render movements of different kinds of birds through good for good, is man-like; to render esit for evil, is the air, some bobbing up and down, others beast-like; to render evil for good-is devil-like, moving more gracefully; some flapping their Varieties. Has a wise and good God-wings, others sailing, soaring: but the move-furnished us with desires, which have no corments of the voice are infinitely more various than all other external motions; for it contains them all. THE EIGHT NOTES OF THE SCALE. Blessed-we sometimes are! and I am now Were in my ear. just now, and gentler thoughts A streetness-in each spray, O. there is joy-and happiness, Which bids my soul rise up-and bless The God, that blesses ne respondent objects, and raised expectations in our breasts, with no other view but to disappoint them? Are we to be forever in search of happiness, without arriving at it, either in this world or in the next? Are we formed with a passionate longing for immortality, and yet destined to perish, after this short period of existence? Are we promptGres, ed to the noblest actions, and supported through life, under the severest hardships and most delicate temptations, by the hopes of a reward, which is visionary and chimerical,--by the expectation of praises, of which it is utterly impossible for us, ever to have the least kunwledge or enjoyment? Method. In speaking extempore, or in writing, METHOD, or the proper arrangement of the thoughts, is of the first importance; to allein which, you must fix, in your mind, the precise object you have in view, and never lose sight of it; then, determine the grand divisions; which should be naturai, and distinct; not an unnecessary thought, or illustration-should be admitted: and even in the amplification of the subject, every part should have its proper place, and all -present a whole. Anecdote. Mr. Summerfield. It is said, of the late Mr. Summerfield, that being asked by a bishop, where he was born, he replied, "I was born in England, and born again in Ireland." "What do you mean ?" inquired the bishop." Art thou a muster in Israel, and karowest not these things!" was the reply. Effects of Knowledge. The more widely knowledge is spread, the more will they be prized, whose happy lot it is-to ex tend its bounds, by discovering new truths, to multiply its uses-by inventing new modes of applying it in practice. Real knowledge -never prompted either turbulence, or unbelief; but its progress is the forerunner of liberality and enlightened toleration. Whoso dreads these, let him fremble; for he may be well assured, that their day is at length come, and must put to sudden flight the evil spirits of tyranny and persecutim, which haunted the long night, now gone down the sky. VARIETIES. Soft peace she brings wherever she arrives; That frowns o'er many a wate-beat shore: And deck its rough bark-sweetly o'er. And be the sure resource of drooping age. Our doubts-ure traitors, And make us lose the good-we oft might win By fearing to attempt. 387. Cadence-means a descent, or full of the voice: here, it means the proper manner of closing a sentence. In the preceding examples, the pupil sees how it is made. The best cadence, that which rests most pleasantly on the ear, is the fall of a triad; i. e. a regular gradation of three notes from the prevalent pitch of voice; which is generally the fourth or fifth: tho' different voices are keyed on different pitches: hence, each must be governed by his own peculiaritics in this respect. Beware of confounding cadence with inflections; and never end a sentence with a feeble and depressed utterance. Tho' nature-weigh our talents, and dispense, To every man, his modicum of sense, Yet-much-depends, as in the tiller's toil, On culture, and the sowing of the soil. The brare man-is not he, who feels no fear, For that were stupid-and irrational ;—— But he, whose noble soul his fear subdues, And bravely dares the danger, which he He holds no parly with unnanly fears; Where duty bids, he confidently steers; Faces a thousand dangers at her call, And trusting in his God, surmounts them all. What is life? [from. shrinks Tis not to stalk about, and draw in fresh air, Laconics. 1. No change in external appear. ance, can alter that, which is radically wrong. 2. Seize an opportunity, when it presents itself; if once lost. it may never be regained. 3. Vicious men, endeavor to impose on the world, by assum ing a semblance of virtue, to conceal their bad habits, and evil propensities. 4. Beware of selflove, for it hardens the heart, and shuts the mind to all that is good and true. 5. The excessive pleas ure one feels-in talking of himself, ought to make him apprehensive, that he affords Ettle to his auditor. 6. In our intercourse with the world, we should often ask ourselves this question-How would I like to be treated thus? 7. In all ages and countries, unprincipled men may be found, who will slander the most upright character, and find others as base us themselves, to join in the propagation of their falsehoods. Confinement of Debtors. The prosper. ity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed. To the community, sedition is a fever, corruption is a gangrene, and idleness is an atrophy. Whatever body, and whatever society wastes more than it acquires, must gradually decay: and every being, that continues to be fed, and ceases to labor, takes away something from the public stock. The confinement, therefore, of any man in the sloth and darkness of a prison, is a loss to the nation, and no gain to the creditor. 388. WORD-PAINTING. There is noth- For, of the multitudes, who are pining in ing in any of the other fine arts, but what is those cells of misery, a very small part is involved in oratory. The letters are analo- suspected of any fraudulent act, by which gous to uncompounded paints; words to they retain, what belongs to others. Tha paints prepared for use; and, when arranged rest are imprisoned by the wantonness of into appropriate and significant sentences, pride, the malignity of revenge, or the acrithey form pictures of the ideas on the can-mony of disappointed expectation. vas of the imagination: hence, composition, whether written or spoken, is like a picture, exhibiting a great variety of features, not only with prominence, but with degrees of prominence: to do which, the painter. speaker, or writer, applies shades of the same color to features of the same class, and opposing colors to those of different classes. Government. The ordinary division of governments into republican, monarchical, and despotic, appears essentially erroneous; for there are but two kinds of government. good and bad: governments are national and special. The essence of the formerconsists in the will of the nation constitutionally expressed; that of the latter, where there are other sources of power, or right, than the will of the nation. Anecdote. Punctual Hearer. A woman, who always used to attend public worship with great punctuality, and took care to be always in time, was asked how it was she could always come sq early; she answered very wisely, that it was part of her religion-not to disturb the religion of others" I hate to see a scholar gape, Or lay his head upon his desk, VARIETIES. "Tis slander: Whose edge-is sharper than the sword, whose tongue Mercy to him that shows it, is the rule, And righteous limitatum of its act, By which heaven moves, in pardoning guilty man. Be earnest!--why shouldst thou for custom's euko, Current among the many, by the few, |