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English Vice-Chancellor, that an acquired domicil". "mains until a subsequent domicil be acquired, unless the party die in itinere (i) towards an intended Domicil." And in Colville v. Lauder it was observed, on the Scotch Bench, that when the deceased (a native of Scotland) was at St. Vincent's, his succession must have been regulated by the law of England; but after leaving that island, he must, in the whole circumstances, be considered as in transitu to Scotland (k).

LXIV (). A vagabond is said to be a person who, without travelling in quest of a domicil, has really and truly no certain domicil at all.

LXV. A familiar example occurs in the instance of Gipsies. In one of the cases recorded in Cochin, it appears that it was attempted to include a "comédien," a travelling player, under this class. Cochin, however, combatted

(i) Pothier seems to think that the change is not effectual till the actual arrival at the new place: "La volonté de transférer notre domicile dans un autre lieu doit être justifiée. Elle n'est pas équivoque lorsque c'est un bénéfice, une charge ou un autre emploi non amovible qui nous y appelle. En ce cas, dès que nous y sommes arrivés nous y acquérons domicile et nous perdons l'ancien.”—Introd. Gén. aux Cout 13.

(k) Morrison's Succession, App. i.; see this case below. Craigie v. Lewin, 3 Curteis' Ecclesiastical Reports, p. 445.

(1) Domat, liv. i. t. xvi. s. 9. So it was argued in the Duke of Guise's case, that, being exiled from France, he had no domicil where he served as a general; he would be a vagabond—which D'Aguesseau pronounced absurdum. See Vattel, liv. i. c. xix. s. 219, Des Vagabonds: “Les Vagabonds sont des gens sans domicile. Par conséquent ceux qui naissent de parents vagabonds n'ont point de patrie : puisque la patrie d'un homme est le lieu où, au temps de sa naissance, ses parents avaient leur domicile, ou l'État dont son père était membre alors, ce qui revient à la même chose car s'établir pour toujours chez une nation, c'est en devenir membre, au moins comme habitant perpétuel, si ce n'est point avec tous les droits des citoyens. Cependant on peut regarder la patrie d'un vagabond comme celle de son enfant, en tant que ce vagabond sera censé n'avoir pas absolument renoncé à son domicile naturel ou d'origine." This is little more than a repetition of Wolff's language, Jus Gentium, c. i. s. 245.

this doctrine, declaring that every man was born with a domicil, and that till he had acquired another animo permanendi, it would remain till his death (m).

LXVI. In the leading American case of Guier v. O'Daniel it was contended, among other things, that Thomas Guier, being a seafaring man, a sort of vagabond on the ocean, was without a domicil; but the Court held that his Domicil of Origin remained (n).

The rule is laid down by one of the latest writers upon Private International Law, that children of unknown parents must be considered as domiciled in the territory where they actually are: this is said to be a rule generally acknowledged and received (0).

(m) Cochin, Euvres, tome i. p. 20, pour Dame Louise Françoise de Samsons.

Carpzovius says, "Vagabundum nuncupamus eum qui nullibi

domicilium contraxit habitationis, ita ut nec forum sortiatur certum, originis verò domicilium si quis usque velit, parum efficiet si vagabundus ibidem non reperiatur, licet nec inficias eamus conveniri ipsum posse in domicilio naturali modo, copia ejus haberi queat, vel ex hoc ipso generali asserto: Vagabundum ubique conveniri, nec utitur exceptione incompetentiæ, qui est vagabundus" (tit. iii. art. i. s. 65; Processus Juris, &c.).

(n) Guier v. O'Daniel, 1 Binney's (Pennsylv.) Reports, p. 349, note; vide antè.

(0) Traité du Droit International Privé, &c., par M. Fœlix, liv. i. t. i. s. 28, note 1.

CHAPTER VII.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF DOMICIL.

LXVII. THE kinds of Domicil are sometimes classed as follows:-1. The Domicil of Birth (Domicilium naturale). 2. The Domicil by Operation of Law (necessarium). 3. The Domicil of Choice, where one is abandoned and another acquired (Voluntarium, adscititium-Domicile de Choix) (a).

LXVIII. The Civilians generally use the expression Domicil of Origin (domicilium originis) as synonymous with Domicil of Birth (domicilium nativitatis). Though if the parents were on a journey, or temporarily absent from their own domicil, that, and not the accidental place of birth, was the domicil of the child. "The Domicil of Origin "is that arising from a man's birth and connections,” according to the case of Somerville v. Lord Somerville (b).

(a) Wolff, c. i. s. 138, Jus Gentium; Vattel, liv. i. c. xix. s. 218; Pothier, Introd. Gén, aux Cout. s. 12.

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(b) Exemplo senatorii ordinis patris originem unusquisque sequatur."-Code, lib. x. t. xxxi. 36.

"Est autem originis locus in quo quis natus est, aut nasci debuit. Licet forte re ipsâ alibi natus esset, matre in peregrinatione parturiente."-J. Voet, lib. v. t. i. s. 91.

According to the law of England, even the children of aliens not at enmity with the Crown, if born within the realm, are natural-born subjects; and all children, whose fathers or grandfathers by the father's side were natural-born subjects, are, with certain exceptions, deemed natural-born subjects themselves. -Stephen's Commentaries, vol. ii. book iv. part i. chap. ii. For the 33 Vic. c. 14, “An Act to amend the law relating to the legal condition of aliens and British subjects," and 35 & 36 Vic. c. 39, see vol. i. p. 653, Appendix v. ; Cutler's Law of Naturalization, 1871. See also Kent's Commentaries,

LXIX. But this expression "Domicil of Origin is incorrect, and tends to confound the distinct ideas of "Origin" and "Domicil." There is a time, indeed, when they happen to be identical; for instance, a child born in the State in which his father is domiciled has, generally speaking, his Origin and his Domicil in that State : because, in the case of a person who has never acquired a domicil, you must go back to the epoch when a domicil was chosen for him; this epoch is the time of his birth.

This is the true meaning of "Origo," to which jurists have referred when they have spoken of the forum originis; though they have sometimes confounded Origin with the accidental place of birth, and sometimes have not had a clear idea of the relation which modern Origin bears to the Roman Origo (c).

Savigny explains the matter in this way :

The Romans called by the name Origo the right of citizenship which a man acquired by his birth. The moderns call by the name of Origo the fiction that a man has a Domicil in the place at which his parents at the time of his birth had a domicil. This notion of Origo in modern law is equally applicable to the jurisdiction (d) as forum originis, and to the local law which attaches to the person, or lex originis (e).

The expression, therefore, domicilium originis is, with reference to the language of the Roman Law, unintelligible, and confounds two distinct and independent ideas; while, with reference to modern law, it signifies a domicil not founded upon choice, but upon descent from a parent, and therefore in some sort upon a fiction.

LXX. The effect of origin, as an ingredient in the

vol. ii. Lecture 25; Somerville v. Lord Somerville, 5 Vesey's Reports, p. 750; Traité du Droit International Privé, &c., par M. Fœlix (Paris, 1856), liv. i. t. i. s. 28.

(c) Savigny, R. R. viii. ss. 350-359.

(d) Ib. viii. s. 369 (103).

(e) Ib. viii. s. 459 (103).

consideration of the circumstances which constitute a change of domicil, will be discussed in a later chapter in which the "Domicil of Choice " finds its place.

LXXI. Domicil by operation of Law comprises two classes of persons: 1. Those who are under the control of another, and to whom the State gives the Domicil of another. 2. Those on whom the State affixes a Domicil(i.) By virtue of the employment or office they hold; (ii.) By virtue of some punishment inflicted upon them.

LXXII. Under the first class may be reckoned the Domicil of-1. The Wife. 2. The Minor (i.) legitimate, and (ii.) illegitimate. 3. The Student. 3. The Student. 4. The Lunatic.

5. The Servant.

Under the latter class may be reckoned-1. The Officer employed by the State, whether Civil or Military. 2. The Ecclesiastic. 3. The Prisoner. 4. The Exile. 5. The

Emigrant.

[The Domicil of a Corporation will also have to be considered.]