call him Pigman, and Pigman he calls himself. This name may be now seen over the door of a public house which this man keeps in Staffordshire.' cerity, which they do not deserve. The poetical licenses which these imaginative people allow themselves in their ardent professions of attachment, are no more to be taken literally than the unbounded liberality of the Spaniard, who, on your first introduction to him, earnestly requests your acceptance of his house and all that it contains. Divesting their flowery cloquence of its "taste of the blarney," there will be found beneath it a rich fund of noble and generous feelings, which a little kindness never fails to ripen into warm and genuine friendship. "But this is nothing to the practice of bearing a double set of names, which, we are assured, prevails among these colliers. Thus a man may at the same time bear the names of John Smith and Thomas Jones, without any intention of concealment, but it must not be imagined that such regular names are in common use. These are a kind of best names, which, like their Sunday clothes, they only use on high-days and holydays, as at christenings and marriages. For every- The lower order of the population of Cork are a lively and day purposes they use no appellative, except a nickname, | hard-working race-improvident in their habits-strongly as Nosey, Soiden-mouth,* Soaker, or some such elegant de-attached to old customs-intelligent and ready withal-warm signation; and this is employed, not by their neighbours alone, but by their wives and children, and even by themselves! A correspondent of Knight's Quarterly Magazine,+ who is my authority for these statements, says, "I knew an apothecary in the collieries, who, as a matter of decorum, always entered the real names of his patients in his books; that is, when he could ascertain them. But they stood there only for ornament; for use he found it necessary to append the sobriquet, which he did with true medical formality, as, for instance, Thomas Williams, vulgo dict'. OLD PUFF. . . . Clergymen have been known to send home a wedding party in despair, after a vain essay to gain from the bride and bridegroom a sound by way of name, which any known alphabet had the power of committing to paper!" A story is told of an attorney's clerk who was professionally employed to serve a process on one of these oddly-named gentry, whose real name was entered in the instrument with legal accuracy. The clerk, after a great deal of inquiry as to the whereabouts of the party, was about to abandon the search as hopeless, when a young woman, who had witnessed his labours, kindly volunteered to assist him. "Oy say, Bullyed," cried she, to the first person they met, does thee know a mon neamed Adam Green?' "The bull-head was shaken in token of ignorance. "Loy-a-bed, dost thee?' "Lie-a-bed's opportunities of making acquaintance had been rather limited, and she could not resolve the difficulty. "Stumpy (a man with a wooden leg), Cowskin, Spindleshanks, Cockeye, and Pigtail, were severally invoked, but in vain; and the querist fell into a brown study, in which she remained for some time. At length, however, her eyes suddenly brightened, and slapping one of her companions on the shoulder, she exclaimed triumphantly, Dash my wig! whoy he means mo feyther!' and then turning to the gentle. man, she added, Yo should'n ax'd for Ode Blackbird!' "I could adduce similar instances, where persons among the peasantry of my native county are much better known by sobriquets than by their proper surnames; and many only know them by the former. This is particularly the case where several families in one locality bear the same name. A friend of mine informs me, that he lately knew fifteen persons in the small town of F —, on the coast of Kent, whose hereditary name was Hall, but who, gratia distinctionis, bore the elegant designations of Doggy Hall, Feathertoe, Bumper, Bubbles, Pierce-Eye, Faggots, Cula, Jiggery, Pumble-Foot, Cold-Flip, Silver-Eye, Lumpy, Sutty, Thick-Lips, and Old-Hare." (To be continued.) THE CORKONIANS. THE manners of the Cork people are exceedingly urbane; a natural kindness and suavity of disposition at once removes the chilling barriers to social intercourse, which require long and tedious formalities to surmount in the sister island, and renders a sojourn in Cork peculiarly gratifying to a stranger. This habit, however, of using the gentle oil of flattery in conversation, which amongst the lower classes is carried to an extent perfectly Oriental,-has obtained for the Corkonians the epithet of "sweet-tongued,” and a character for insinWith the mouth awry. + Vol. i. p. 297 et seq. and sudden in friendship, but equally sudden and violent in Whipping out the Herring.-This is a humorous ceremony, performed by the Roman Catholic populace on the last day of Lent, to celebrate their release from fish-diet. To typify this event they suspend a herring from a pole, which is carried through the streets by a man wrapped in an ox-hide; a crowd of boys and idle fellows following and whipping the meagre emblem of their late abstinence until they have whipped it outside of the town. Throwing Bran on the new Mayor.-On the day of the mayor's election, the populace assemble, and following him from the court to his residence, throw bran upon him, as emblematic of the plenty they hope for during his year of office. From this custom, the phrase bran new," it is supposed, has been derived. The practice is evidently borrowed from the mysteries of Paganism; wheat, salt, milk, and flour, being esteemed by almost every nation as symbolic of peace and plenty. Going to Shellig-Skellig is a small rocky islet to the westward of Cork harbour, which has long been a famous place of pilgrimage, particularly for lovers desirous of being united in gentle Hymen's bonds, who resort to it in great numbers on a certain day in summer. This circumstance has not escaped the humourists of Cork, who publish every year, at the period of going to Skellig, a string of doggerel rhymes, called "The Skellig List," in which the names of almost all the marriageable maids and bachelors of the city are coupled, sometimes with a great deal of humour, as love pilgrims to the celebrated Irish Paphos-Skellig Island. Hunting the Wren on St. Stephen's day, is as popular an amusement amongst boys and young fellows in Ireland as it is in England.-From Scenery and Antiquities of Ireland, by N. P. Willis. Varieties. Big Animals. An animal has been dug up in “Big Bone Lick," we are informed by the Louisville Messenger, which measures sixty feet in length, in height twenty-two feet, and is twelve feet broad at the hips! It is called the "Kentuckian," and the owners of the "Missourian" have concluded to give up their small skeleton as a bad job. Indian Eloquence.-The following specimen of elegiac pathos was delivered by an Indian woman over the contiguous graves of her husband and infant:-" The Father of life and light has taken from me the apple of my eye and the core of my heart, and hid them in these two graves. I will moisten the one with my tears, and the other with the milk of my breast, till I neet them again in the country where the sun never sets!" Good Reason.-A secretary of state being asked by an intimate friend why he did not promote merit, aptly replied, "Because merit did not promote ine.” Meteorite. The Agram (Croatia) Zeitung, mentions the falling of a meteoric stone, in the adjoining district, on April 26, 3 o'clock pin. The fall was accompanied by a great storm of thunder, and a noise in the air, which lasted fifteen minutes. The stone had sunk about one foot into the earth, but when removed from the field it weighed only a little more than 2 lbs., because the persons who first hastened to the spot had broken off pieces to keep as curiosities. The stone is brittle; the fracture is granulated, and ash grey, interspersed with small reddish-yellow points. Another stone feil on the same day, about two miles from the first. It was broken to pieces and carried off, so that only a bit about the size of a plummet remained.-Prussian State Gazette. Borrowing Arms.-A certain plebeian high-sheriff of Sussex, not many years since, on being asked by his coachmaker what arms he would have painted on his carriage, replied: Oh, I don't care-suppose we have Lord Chichester's-I think they're as pretty as any!" Epitaph in a churchyard in the North of England: "Here lies (alas!) and more's the pity, All that remains of JOHN NEW.CITY." To which the following somewhat important nota bene is attached :"The man's name was New Town, which would not rhyme." Quid pro Quo.-"Nobody likes you," cried a crabbed foundling, in a quarrel with a neighbour. "Nor you," replied the latter, "not even your mother." Anagram.-George Thompson, Esq. the eloquent antislavery advocate, was solicited to go into parliament, with a view to his more efficiently serving the cause of negro emancipation. This question being submitted to the consideration of his friends, one of them found the following answer, in the letters of his name:GEORGE THOMPSON, O go-the Negro's M.P. Lower, on English Surnames. Long Name-An Englishman riding one dark night among the mountains of Wales, heard a cry of distress, proceeding apparently from a man who had fallen into a ravine near the highway; and on listening more attentively, heard the words, "Help, master, help!" in a voice truly Cambrian. "Help! what, who are you?" inquired the traveller. "Jenkin-apGriffith-ap-Robin-ap-William-ap-Rees-ap-Evan," was the response. "Lazy fellows that ye be." rejoined the Englishman, setting spurs to his horse, to lie rolling in that hole, half-a-dozen of ye; why in the name of common sense don't ye help one another out?"-Ibid. 66 A Six-wheel Diligence is about to be established between the Paris and Belgian frontier. Light Guineas.- Now that gold coin is so often "weighed in the balance, and found wanting," it may be important to know that coin, though apparently much worn, is not consequently of short weight. Many years since, Mr. Hatchett, (in the Philosophical Transactions,) proved that the oblitera tion of the impressions on gold coins is not always attended with diminution of weight; but that the supposed abrasion of the prominent parts is, in fact, a depression of those parts into the mass, bringing them to a level with the rest. Diamonds.-Lieutenant Newbold mentions the universal belief among the miners of India that diamonds grow; that worn-out excavations, after a lapse of rest of fifteen or twenty years, may again be examined, and fresh diamonds will be found in them. Although at first little disposed to pay any attention to such a belief, Lieut. Newbold found, subsequently, reason to consider it more fully: and he is now of opinion that the belief is not without foundation. He has generally found that the opinions of the natives on these matters are, in the main, correct; and has himself witnessed the extraction of diamonds in tolerable abundance, from excavations long neglected as worn out. At many mines the natives content themselves with working the old excavations in succession, which they constantly find profitable after a sufficient lapse of time, although abandoned before as unproductive. The smaller size of diamonds in modern times may perhaps be accounted for on this hypothesis, the cupidity of the contractors not allowing a sufficient interval of rest to intervene between the workings. Diamonds are divided by the Hindus into castes, to which they give the names of their own civil distinctions; the best diamond being called a Brahman, and the lowest a Sudra. The largest recently found was dug up at Punnah, and it was sold to the Asiatic Society. 46 Quackery." Ma'am," said a quack of Long Island to a nervous old lady, your case is a scrutunuturury complaint.” "Pray, Doctor, what is that?" "It is the dropping of the nerves, ma'am, the nerves having fallen in the pizarintum, the chest becomes morberous, and the head goes tisarizen, tisarizen." "Ah! Doctor," exclaimed the old lady, "you have described my feelings exactly." Spirit-drinking.-The decrease in Ireland, in one quarter of the year 1840, appears to have been upwards of half a million gallons! Bankruptcy of Mr. Homer: That HOMER should a bankrupt be Is not so very ODD-D'YE-SEE, If it be true, as I'm instructed, So ILL-HE-HAD his books conducted!" Heraldic Ano.nalies. London: Published for the Proprietors, by W. BRITTAIN, Paternoster Row. Edinburgh: JOHN MENZIES. Glasgow: D. BRYCE. London: J. Rider, Printer, 14, Bartholomew Close. LONDON SATURDAY JOURNAL. CONDUCTED BY JOHN TIMBS, THIRTEEN YEARS EDITOR OF THE MIRROR," and 66 LITERARY WORLD." No. 81. NEW SERIES.] SATURDAY, JULY 16, 1842. LONDON LODGINGS. FROM GODFREY MALVERN; OR, THE LIFE OF an author. BY THOMAS MILLER. THE following very graphic, and we must add, accurate, picture of a phase of London life, is slid into the fourth part of Mr. Miller's already popular serial, Godfrey Malvern. To paraphrase a somewhat eccentric title, it represents, to the letter, "the Pursuit of" Comfort "under Difficulties," and is, at the same time, a well-drawn scene of common-life excellence in sketching, which is far more rare than is generally imagined; thousands forgetting the Horatian maxim: · "Difficile est proprie communia dicere." The characters are Godfrey, and his friend the Editor: "There is a way of doing things in London very different to what you see elsewhere, especially in the lodgingletting department. In a country town you see a dirty piece of paper stuck in the window, with four red wafers, which tells you bluntly and boldly that there are either 'lodgings to let,' or 'good beds for travellers.' Not so in a decent lodging-letting, good-looking, London street. There you are informed in gold letters, on a shining black or blue ground, surrounded with a neat-looking frame, that there are genteel apartments to let for a gentleman.' Or, perchance, you see written, in a very neat hand, on a richly-embossed card, deeply fringed with riband, and looking quite like an ornament to the window, apartments to let respectably furnished;' or, still neater and more astounding, 'a back bed-room for a gentleman, with the use of the parlour;' which means, that if a friend calls he can be shown into the parlour, until you can show him into the back bed-room; for the use of the parlour' is at the service of every lodger in the house for a few minutes, and you take your turn' as they do in a barber's shop. And should your friend stay too long, a voice is soon heard in the passage, exclaiming, Gentlemen who keep company, should pay for a sitting-room, and not let people wait about in this manner.' "They surveyed several apartments, and those who had really anything respectable to let, asked two guineas per week for a first floor, which included attendance; and which attendance signified, that the poor little dirty Cinderella who opened the door, and did every thing, was to wait upon the first-floor lodgers (as well as the other half-dozen who already domiciled under the roof) when she had time. And, oh, the variety of beds, the real beds, the apologies for beds, and the concealed beds! Godfrey saw, in the course of the day, the bold four-poster, the cheap-looking tent, French-bedsteads without end, sofas, drawers, wardrobes, and the downright undisguised turnup, where a servant might sleep, after she had worked until she could no longer keep her eyes open; and he thought that they knew well how to make the most of room in London. "You find things look rather different here to what they do in the country,' said the editor, as they again continued their search. There is very little of that true, homely, English comfort to be found in such places as these. A real, downright London lodging-letting house is one of the most uncomfortable places in the civilized world. I mean one of those where the landlord lives by VOL. IV. [PRICE TWOPENCE. his lodgers, and is so good a hand at his business that he contrives to change them every week. Such houses as these are nearly all alike. I never enter one without feeling cold; there is not a single thing in the place that day before you came, and probably another takes possesyou can call your own. They were used by another the sion the day after you have gone; and neither the landlord nor landlady cares who or what they were, so long as they are paid. All the chimney-pieees seem to be alike; birds, baskets, and shells, all looking like lumps of ice, they are ornamented with a number of little white dogs, and these the poor little dirty, half-fed servant girl has to dust every morning. If you chance to get up a little earlier than usual, you have to sit down and look on while she dusts them. I always feel a strong inclination to throw such useless trumpery out of the window. And the fire-irons look so cold and bright, they make you feel as if you were freezing. They always stand in the same position; it pains you to see them so long in the same place; and were you to remove them only an inch, when you came back you would find them standing in the selfsame spot as they did before. As for the fire, you might carry it all away in your hat without burning yourself. Then there is sure to be a mirror over the mantel-piece, the frame covered with gauze. You would feel much more comfortable if the mirror was but cracked; you might then think that somebody or another had been merry in that cheerless room; but there are no signs of any one having played and romped there; no marks of restless children's hands to tell that they have used things as if they were their own, for they rarely let apartments to those who have children; the moody, the thoughtful, and the silent, are their favourites. Even the table-cover is free from grease; there is no drop of ink upon it, although it is nearly worn threadbare. As for the chairs and carpets, you feel half afraid either to sit down on the one, or tread upon the other. Then your breakfast, they bring it up on a half-worn tray, bread, butter, tea, half cold, and a rasher of bacon that looks as if it had been laid in the sun to warm. It comes and goes, and what is left, diminishes somehow in the dark kitchen below; for what could the poor hungry servant do, were it not for the lodgers? If a friend comes in on an evening, to take a glass of grog with you, you ring the bell; and after a long interval, the servant appears:-ten to one, if you want hot water, the fire is out. I always prefer cold grog, when I visit any of my friends in these trim abodes of misery. As for a cigar,— where could you shake off the ashes?-not on those cold, bright fire-irons; not on that clean, threadbare carpet:no! there is no home-feeling about such places. Then your bill at the end of the week-you know to a minute when it will be brought in; it is sure to be served up with the cold tea, and the sun-warmed bacon, at breakfast; and Heaven help the lodger who cannot pay it! They watch you as if you were a thief; you no sooner go out, than they are up in your rooms, to see whether you have taken anything or not; they count the white dogs, and the birds, and the little baskets, to see that you have not carried any off in your pockets. To be friends with any one under their roof, is against their principles; for, once familiar, they would begin to suspect that you wanted to run into debt: then with what face could they bully you for the E money, if you did not pay to the day? They like your quiet, sullen, saucy-looking lodger the best; one who, when he goes out, slams the door in their faces, as if to say, ' D―n you, I pay.' "Breakfast was brought up by the Cinderella of the establishment, a little dirty trollops, such as can be found nowhere in the world, saving in a regular London lodginghouse. Poor girl! the kind manner in which Emma spoke to her, was so unlike the general treatment she received, that she scarcely knew what she was about; and when she left the room, she staid on the landing to wipe away the tear from her begrimed cheek. either by hook or by crook.' And tell Mr. Potts we kept his fire burning last night, until just before he came home; and that the old clothes dealer would only allow five shillings for the things he left out to be sold; and here, take it up-stairs, and never call that man in again— they were well worth a pound, though he would give no more than fifteen shillings; but the Jews have no consciences! If he gives you anything out of the five shillings, give it me towards a new gown which I mean to buy you some day or another, if you are a good girl.' 'Yes, ma'am,' was the reply; and she again hurried upstairs to answer the bells, first looking in upon our hero and his beautiful wife, for the sweet smile and soft voice of Emma, had won her heart. "Oh! how different was her reception in the parlour, "Genius is, after all, a queer commodity to bring into where sat the big, vulgar, gin-drinking mistress of the the market. Cotton or coffee, tea or turnips, are things house. 'What a while you've been up-stairs !' exclaimed which most people understand at once; but a poem, or the landlady; I could have waited on twenty people in a little prose-sketch, are not articles of daily consumption. the time. Remember there are more folks than one to be Authorship is the last trade that will affect the funds; we attended to. Put some more water in the tea-pot, and find it not in the money market; it is not even whispered answer the bell up-stairs. Mr. Potts has rung for his on 'Change; the manuscripts read there belong not to the shaving-water this half-hour. But first bring a little more poetical: a drama of Shakspeare's would stand at a discoal up, and fetch some sugar in-I have not enough for count. Weath and fame have but little fellowship with breakfast; and tell Mr. Dent it must be better than the one another. Wealth wings himself only for the day; he last, or I shall seek another shop. Don't you hear Mr. waves his condor-like plumes, and startles the country for Malvern's bell?-why do you stand there like a stupid ?' a few brief moments, then sinks into-carrion. The wings "Poor Cinderella! no marvel that among so many of Fame are more endurable: though they flap but weakly various orders, she knew not which to execute first. But at first, yet in that very flapping there is fire, and when it was of little consequence, for she was sure to do wrong; consumed there lie the ashes of a phoenix-another head she was always doing from morning until night;-she bears up above the blaze. Immortality claims the ashes worked, and the landlady growled-and so they passed for her own. The wings of Fame are silvered with moonthe day. light, and tipped with the rays of the sun; and while there is light in the world, those plumes will catch its last ray. It is the last gold eternity will gild, the last earthly thing the closing gates of heaven will darken upon." "It would have frightened any servant but a real London Cinderella, to have gone down into the kitchen in a morning, and have seen the work those little hands had to do. The rows of boots and shoes she had to clean-the candlesticks to rub bright-the dishes to wash up-the pots and pans to scour the rugs to shake-the washing she had about of her own, all the week, and which never was done, although she was always a-doing. Then the number of times she went in and out in a day-she seemed to flit to and fro like a swallow while building its nest; she was here and there in a moment-in and out like a dog in a fair. Now off for tea-then butter-next time, a chopthen a bottle of soda-water for the gentleman who had drunk too much over-night.-Again, for the newspapera letter to the post-office-a pair of shoes to mend-a bundle to be carried to the laundress-a quartern of gin for the landlady. And she was ever taking down her little bonnet, which she never tied, and throwing on the halfshawl, she never pinned-then with the latch-key in her hand, pointing her head twenty different ways-goingreturning-then diving into the kitchen for a few moments to do her work-then up again to answer the bell; and never executing a single command of the lodgers, without being called into the parlour, to tell the landlady what it was; and sometimes such a dialogue as the following took place between the she-corsair and Cinderella:-'What's that?'-'A chop for the gentleman.'— What did you pay for it? Fourpence-halfpenny I've got seven pencehalfpenny out of the shilling he gave me.' Then put the three-halfpence on the mantel-piece, and say it cost sixpence. And reach me a knife to take a slice off that half-pound of butter, before it goes up.-And tell the gentleman he wants some bread getting. We ate the last of his loaf, last night—but don't tell him that!-And say his tea is nearly out. Then bring me up his ham; I think I could eat a mouthful for my lunch. And never take anything up-stairs again without letting me first see it. If people will put us to so much trouble, we must be paid : AN APOLOGY. OH lady! blame me not because thy form Hath passed unnoticed in the crowded throng; And dark and gloomy are our prospects here; Angelic smiles play o'er his features now; As though some ray from Heaven benignantly, His cheek illumed with smiles, or dimmed by tears, Is silvered o'er by time's all-changing hand; He pants to join in heaven the seraph band: In crowded courts, or on the village green, DUELS BETWEEN FRENCH WOMEN. THAT Women, who can mostly get silly people to fight for them, should not themselves fight, is natural; but there are instances on record in which ladies have shown their determination to avenge their own wrongs. Madame de Villechcu mentions a duel fought with swords by the Henriette Sylvie of Molière with another woman, both in male attire. In the letters of Madame Dunoyer, a case is mentioned of a lady of Beaucaire, and a young lady of rank, who fought with swords in their garden, and would have killed each other, had they not been separated; this meeting had been preceded by a regular challenge. De la Combière mentions a duel that took place on the Boulevard St. Antoine between two ladies, in which they inflicted on each other's face and bosom several wounds, two points at which female jealousy would naturally aim. St. Foix relates the case of Mademoiselle Durieux, who, in the open street, fought her lover, of the name of Antinotti. But the most celebrated female ducilist was the actress Maupin, one of the performers at the Opera. Serane, the famous fencing-master, was one of her lovers, and from him she received many valuable lessons. Being insulted one day by an actor of the name of Dumeny, she called him out; but, as he refused to give her satisfaction, she carried away his watch and snuff-box as trophies of her victory. Another performer having presumed to offend her, on his declining a meeting, he was obliged to kneel down before her and implore her forgiveness. One evening, at a ball, having behaved in a very rude manner to a lady, she was requested to leave the room, which she did, on the condition that those gentlemen who had warmly espoused the offended lady's cause should accompany her. To this proposal they agreed-when, after a hard combat, she killed them all, and quietly returned to the ball-room. Louis XIV. granted her a pardon, and she withdrew to Brussels, where she became the mistress of the Elector of Bavaria. However, she soon afterwards returned to the Parisian Opera, and died in 1707, at the age of 37. Under the regency, a pistol meeting took place between the Marquise de Nesle and the Countess Polignac, for the possession of the Duc de Richelieu; and in more modern times, so late indeed as 1827, a Madame B, at St. Rambert, received a challenge to fight with pistols; and at about the same period, a lady of Chateauroux, whose husband had received a slap in the face without resenting the insult, called out the offender, and fighting him with swords, severely wounded him. In 1828, a duel took place between a young girl and a garde du corps. She had been insulted by the gallant soldier, and insisted upon satisfaction, selecting her own weapons, by the right of an offended party. Two shots were exchanged, but without any result, as the seconds very wisely had not loaded with ball. The young lady, however, ignorant of this precaution, fired first, and received the fire of her adversary with the utmost coolness; when, to try her courage, after taking a long and deliberate aim, he fired in the air, and thus terminated the meeting, which no doubt led to many others of a less hostile nature. In the same month, as a striking instance of the contagion of this practice, a duel was fought near Strasbourg between a French woman and a German lady, both of whom were in love with an artist. The parties met on the ground armed with pistols, with seconds of their own sex. The German damsel wanted to fire across a pocket-handkerchief, but the French lady and her seconds insisted upon a distance of twenty-five paces. They both fired without effect, when the exasperated German insisted that they should carry on the contest until one of the parties fell. This determination, however, was controlled by the seconds, who put a stop to further proceedings, but were unable to bring about a reconciliation.-Dr. Milligan's History of Duelling. SEPULCHRAL REMAINS IN EUROPE. FROM DR. PRICHARD'S NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN. SEPULCHRAL remains are in Europe much more rare and imperfect than in Egypt; yet there are, if we view them collectively, a great number of such relics, and in some districts they are comparatively frequent. The north of Italy, and especially the country of the ancient Etruscans, abounds in magnificent tombs or places of sepulture. They have been described by Professor K. O. Müller. It appears clearly that these remains, as described by Müller, belong to a people whose physical characters were very different from those of the modern Italians, their descendants. The following observations appeared in a memoir on this subject, contributed by Müller to the Transactions of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. The countenances of the Etruscans appear to have been of a large and round shape; their eyes large; the nose not long, but thick; the chin strong and somewhat protruding. The figures display in their proportions men of small stature, with great heads, short thick arms, and a clumsy and inactive conformation of body—the " obesos et pingues Etruscos." 66 The male figures are all beardless, quite smooth and shaven about the chin, dressed in the tunic, or toga, which is sometimes drawn up over the hinder part of the head. On the head they generally wear a wreath of leaves; some hold in their right hand a drinking-cup, and in their left a patera. They repose in an easy posture, a little raised, with their left elbow rested, as if in the attitude of persons who leave the festival of life as well-satisfied guests. The little finger of the left hand is commonly ornamented with a ring. The women lie in the same position as the men: they are clothed with a tunic, some having below their breast a broad girdle, fastened before by wheel-shaped buckles, and with a peplum, which sometimes veils the hinder part of the head. In one hand they hold an apple, or some similar fruit, and in the other a fan. These figures are embossed on the coverings of the sarcophagi, which are formed of stone or of clay. On the clay coverings, where a variety of colours is used on the reliefs, these figures are also painted. In them the hair is of a yellow brown colour, and the eyes brown, and the armour and shields of a bluish black, which seems intended to show that they were made of iron.* Sepulchral tumuli are spread over all the northern and western parts of Europe, and over many extensive regions in northern Asia, as far eastward at least as the river Yenisei. They contain the remains of races either long ago extinct, or of such as have so far changed their abodes and manner of existence that the ancestors can no longer be recognised in their descendants. They abound on the banks of the great rivers Irtish and Yenisei, where the greatest numbers of the then existing people were collected by the facilities afforded to human intercourse. In Northern Asia, these tombs are ascribed to Tschudes, or barbarians, nations foreign and hostile to the Slavic race. The erectors of these sepulchral mounds were equally distinct and separate from the Tartar nations, who preceded the Slaves; for the tombs of the Tartars, and all edifices raised by them, indicate the use of iron tools; and the art of working of iron mines has ever been a favourite attribute of the Tartar nations. But silver and golden ornaments of rude workmanship, though not in abundant quantity, are found in the Siberian tombs. The art of fabricating ornaments of the precious metals seems to have preceded by many ages the use of iron in the northern regions of Asia. In the plains where these tombs are found, it is not unfrequent to meet with circles of upright stones, like those which in Europe are termed Druidical, but which are by no means confined to the countries where Druidism is known to have prevailed. In the western and northern parts of Europe, are innumerable sepulchral mounds, or barrows. Many have been examined, both in the British Isles, and in Denmark and This information is interesting in connexion with the fine Etruscan antiquities in the British Museum.-ED. L. S. J. |