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"Italian Peninsula.

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But the British Government will be much gratified if the result of those negotiations should be such a "reconciliation between the Pope and his subjects as might enable "the former with the free good-will and consent of the latter to return "to his capital, and there to resume his spiritual functions and his "temporal authority. But it is the opinion of Her Majesty's "Government that such a reconciliation could scarcely be effected, or if effected for the moment, could never be permanent, unless the 66 basis upon which it was founded were to be that the Pope should engage to maintain the constitutional and representative system "of government which he granted last year to his subjects, and "unless the separation between the spiritual authority and the "temporal powers and institutions of the State were so clearly and so distinctly established as to put an end to those manifold grievances which the mixture of the spiritual with the temporal power "has for so long a period of time produced in the Roman States. "The great importance of admitting laymen to administrative and judicial functions in the Roman States was pointed out to the "late Pope by the Memorandum presented in 1832 to the Roman "Government by the Representatives of Austria, France, Great "Britain, Prussia and Russia, and the events which have happened "since that time, not only in the Roman States, but in the rest of Europe, have tended to make it still more important that such a "reform should be carried out into full and complete execution. "Your Excellency will give the Nuncio a copy of this despatch. PALMERSTON."

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66 I am, &c.

"(Signed)

No. 4.

On the 12th of July, 1859, Antonelli addressed to the representatives of the Papal Government at foreign Courts a circular, in which he dwelt upon the evils brought upon the Papacy by the revolution in Italy and the assistance given to it by the " King "of Piedmont," and then invoked the forcible intervention of foreign States to keep the Pope on his throne, as follows:

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"All the measures taken with the view of preventing or extenuating this series of evils having been in vain, the Holy Father, not forgetful of the duties incumbent upon him for the protection of "the States and for the preservation in its integrity of the temporal "domain of the Holy See, which is essentially connected with the "free and independent exercise of the Supreme Pontificate, protests against the violations and unsurpations committed, in spite of the 66 acceptance of neutrality, and desires that his protest may be com"municated to all the European Powers. Confident in the justice "which distinguishes these Powers, he feels assured that they will support him, that they will not permit the success of a manifest

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"violation of the law of nations and the rights of the Holy Father. "He trusts that they will not hesitate to co-operate in the vindica"tion of those rights, and to that end he invokes their assistance " and protection" (b).

On the 3rd of September, 1859, the Assembly of Romagna adopted the following resolution, by which they formally cast off their allegiance to the Pope :

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"Considering that the people of Romagna, after having in former "centuries lived under their own statutes and laws, and in the "beginning of the present century formed part of a civil kingdom, were in 1815 placed under the temporal government of the Pope "against their will; considering that that Government, while it did "not revive the old privileges, destroyed the good institutions of "the Italian kingdom, and afflicted its subjects by its bad adminis"tration, well known to Europe; considering that from that moment "the history of these provinces became a painful succession of "revolutions and reactions, so that at length exceptional measures "and the state of siege became the ordinary rule of government; "considering that this produced serious evils, not only by destroying public prosperity, but also by overthrowing the moral sense of "the people, with incessant danger to the tranquillity of Italy and "Europe; considering that every attempt at reform was vain, that "the prayers of the people remained unheard, as well as the advice "of the Potentates of Europe, and that the promises made were "never kept; considering that the said Government has been found "to be incompatible with Italian nationality, with civil equality and political liberty; considering that it was not even able to defend "the lives and property of its subjects; considering that it abdi"cated its sovereignty de facto, giving up its noblest prerogatives "into the hands of Austrian Generals, who for many years held the "civil and military government of these provinces in their hands, "and conducted it ill; considering that it cannot support itself by "its own strength, but only by foreign or mercenary armies, and "has therefore become imcompatible with public tranquillity and "permanent order; lastly, considering that the temporal governแ ment of the Pope is substantially and historically distinct from "the spiritual government of the Church, which these populations "will always respect, we, representatives of the people of Romagna, "convoked in general assembly, and calling God to witness as to "the rectitude of our intentions, declare that the people of Romagna "refuse to live any longer under the temporal sway of the Pontiff " (c).

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(b) Ann. Reg. 1859: History, pp. 257, 258.
(c) Ann. Reg. 1859: History, pp. 258, 259.

No. 5.

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ENCYCLIC AND SYLLABUS, DECEMBER, 1864 (d). "DIE VIII. DECEMBRIS, MDCCCLXIV.

66 SS. DOMINI NOSTRI PII IX.

"EPISTOLA ENCYCL

"VENERABILIBUS FRATRIBUS PATRIARCHIS, PRIMATIBUS, ARCHIEPISCOPIS 66 ET EPISCOPIS UNIVERSIS GRATIAM ET COMMUNIONEM APO66 STOLICE SEDIS HABENTIBUS.

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"PIUS PAPA IX.

“VENERABILES FRATRES,

"SALUTEM ET APOSTOLICAM BENEDICTIONEM.

"Quanta cura ac pastorali vigilantia Romani Pontifices Prædecessores Nostri, exsequentes demandatum sibi ab ipso Christo Domino "in persona Beatissimi Petri Apostolorum Principis officium, munus"que pascendi agnos et oves, nunquam intermiserint universum "Dominicum gregem sedulo enutrire verbis fidei, ac salutari doctrina "imbuere, eumque ab venenatis pascuis arcere, omnibus quidem ac "Vobis præsertim compertum, exploratumque est, Venerabiles Fratres. "Et sane iidem Decessores Nostri, augustæ catholicæ religionis, "veritatis ac justitiæ assertores et vindices, de animarum salute "maxime solliciti nihil potius unquam habuere, quam sapientissimis "suis Litteris, et Constitutionibus retegere damnare omnes hæreses "et errores, qui Divinæ Fidei nostræ, catholicæ Ecclesiæ doctrinæ, morum honestati, ac sempiternæ hominum saluti adversi, graves frequenter excitarunt tempestates, et Christianam civilemque rempublicam miserandum in modum funestarunt. Quocirca iidem "Decessores Nostri Apostolica fortitudine continenter obstiterunt "nefariis iniquorum hominum molitionibus, qui despumantes tamquam fluctus feri maris confusiones suas, ac libertatem promit"tentes, cum servi sint corruptionis, fallacibus suis opinionibus, et perniciosissimis scriptis catholicæ religionis civilisque societatis "fundamenta convellere, omnemque virtutem ac justitiam de medio "tollere, omniumque animos mentesque depravare, et incautos imperitamque præsertim juventutem a recta morum disciplina aver tere, eamque miserabiliter corrumpere, in erroris laqueos inducere, 66 ac tandem ab Ecclesie catholicæ sinu avellere conati sunt. "Jam vero, uti Vobis, Venerabiles Fratres, apprime notum est, "Nos vix dum arcano Divinæ Providentiæ consilio nullis certe "Nostris meritis ad hanc Petri Cathedram evecti fuimus, cum videremus summo animi Nostri dolore horribilem sane procellam tot

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(d) See pp. 400, 425, 442.

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"pravis opinionibus excitatam, et gravissima, ac nunquam satis "Jugenda damna, quæ in christianum populum ex tot erroribus "redundant, pro Apostolici Nostri Ministerii officio illustria Prædecessorum Nostrorum vestigia sectantes Nostram extulimus vocem, "ac pluribus in vulgus editis Encyclicis Epistolis et Allocutionibus "in Consistorio habitis, aliisque Apostolicis Litteris præcipuos "tristissimæ nostræ ætatis errores damnavimus, eximiamque vestram "episcopalem vigilantiam excitavimus, et universos catholicæ "Ecclesiæ Nobis carissimos filios etiam atque etiam monuimus et "exhortati sumus, ut tam diræ contagia pestis omnino horrerent et "devitarent. Ac præsertim Nostra prima Encyclica Epistola die "9 Novembris anno 1846 Vobis scripta, binisque Allocutionibus, quarum altera die 9 Decembris anno 1854, altera vero 9 Junii anno 1862 in Consistorio a Nobis habita fuit, monstrosa opinionum portenta damnavimus, quæ hac potissimum ætate cum maximo "animarum damno, et civilis ipsius societatis detrimento dominantur, quæque non solum catholicæ Ecclesiæ, ejusque salutari doctrinæ ac "venerandis juribus, verum etiam sempiternæ naturali legi a Deo in " omnium cordibus insculptæ, rectæque rationi maxime adversantur, "et ex quibus alii prope omnes originem habent errores.

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"Etsi autem haud omiserimus potissimos hujusmodi errores sæpe proscribere et reprobare, tamen catholicæ Ecclesiæ causa, "animarumque salus Nobis divinitus commissa, atque ipsius humanæ "societatis bonum omnino postulant, ut iterum pastoralem vestram "sollicitudinem excitemus ad alias pravas profligandas opiniones, quæ ex eisdem erroribus, veluti ex fontibus, erumpunt. Quæ false ac perversæ opiniones eo magis detestandæ sunt, quod eo potissimum spectant, ut impediatur et amoveatur salutaris illa vis, quam "catholica Ecclesia ex divini sui Auctoris institutione et mandato, "libere exercere debet usque ad consummationem sæculi non "minus erga singulos homines, quam erga nationes, populos summosque eorum Principes, utque de medio tollatur mutua illa inter "Sacerdotium et Imperium consiliorum societas et concordia, quæ "rei cum sacræ tum civili fausta semper extitit ac salutaris. [Gregor. "XVI. Epist. Encycl. Mirari. 15 Aug. 1832.] Etenim probe noscitis, Venerabiles Fratres, hoc tempore non paucos reperiri, "qui civili consortio impium absurdumque naturalismi, uti vocant, principium applicantes audent docere, optimam societatis pu"blicæ rationem, civilemque progressum omnino requirere, ut humana "societas constituatur et gubernetur, nullo habito ad religionem respectu, ac si ea non existeret, vel saltem nullo facto veram inter falsasque religiones discrimine.' Atque contra sacrarum Litterarum, Ecclesiæ, sanctorumque Patrum doctrinam, asserere non dubitant, optimam esse conditionem societatis, in qua Imperio non agnoscitur officium coercendi sancitis pœnis violatores catho"lica religionis, nisi quatenus pax publica postulet.' Ex qua "omnino falsa socialis regiminis idea haud timent erroneam illam "fovere opinionem catholicæ Ecclesiæ, animarumque saluti maxime

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"exitialem a rec. mem. Gregorio XVI. Prædecessore Nostro delira"mentum appellatam [Eadem Encycl. Mirari'], nimirum 'liber"tatem conscientiæ et cultuum esse proprium cujuscumque hominis "jus, quod lege proclamari et asseri debet in omni recte constituta "societate, et jus civibus inesse ad omnimodam libertatem nulla "vel ecclesiastica, vel civili auctoritate coarctandam, quo suos conceptus quoscumque sive voce, sive typis, sive alia ratione palam publiceque manifestare ac declarare valeant.' Dum vero "id temere affirmant, haud cogitant et considerant, quod libertatem "perditionis [S. Aug. Epist. 105, al. 166] prædicant, et quod si "humanis persuasionibus semper disceptare sit liberum, nunquam "deesse poterunt, qui veritati audeant resultare, et de humanæ sapientiæ loquacitate confidere, cum hanc nocentissimam vanitatem quantum debeat fides et sapientia christiana vitare, ex ipsa Domini "nostri Jesu Christi institutione cognoscat.' [S. Leonis Epist. 164, "al. 133, § edit. Ball.]

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"Et quoniam ubi a civili societate fuit amota religio, ac repudiata "divine revelationis doctrina et auctoritas, vel ipsa germana justitiæ "humanique juris notio tenebris obscuratur et amittitur, atque in "veræ justitiæ legitimique juris locum materialis substituitur vis, "inde liquet cur nonnulli certissimis sanæ rationis principiis penitus "neglectis posthabitisque audeant conclamare, voluntatem populi, publica, quam dicunt, opinione vel alia ratione manifestatam "constituere supremam legem ab omni divino humanoque jure "solutam, et in ordine politico facta consummata, eo ipso quod "consummata sunt, vim juris habere.' Verum ecquis non videt, planeque sentit, hominum societatem religionis ac veræ justitiæ "vinculis solutam nullum aliud profecto propositum habere posse, "nisi scopum comparandi, cumulandique opes, nullamque aliam in "suis actionibus legem sequi, nisi indomitam animi cupiditatem "inserviendi propriis voluptatibus et commodis? Eapropter hujus" modi homines acerbo sane odio insectantur Religiosas Familias quamvis de re christiana, civili, ac litteraria summopere meritas, "et blaterant easdem nullam habere legitimam existendi rationem, atque ita hæreticorum commentis plaudunt. Nam ut sapientissime rec. mem. Pius VI. Decessor Noster docebat, 'regularium abolitio "lædit statum publicæ professionis consiliorum evangelicorum, "lædit vivendi rationem in Ecclesia commendatam tamquam Apostolicæ doctrinæ consentaneam, lædit ipsos insignes fundatores, quos super altaribus veneramur, qui non nisi a Deo inspirati eas "constituerunt societates.' [Epist. ad Card. de la Rochefoucault, "10 Martii 1791.] Atque etiam impie pronunciant, auferendam 66 esse civibus et Ecclesiæ facultatem. qua eleemosynas Christianæ "caritatis causa palam erogare valeant,' ac de medio tollendam legem qua certis aliquibus diebus opera servilia propter Dei "cultum prohibentur,' fallacissime prætexentes, commemoratam "facultatem et legem optimæ publicæ œconomiæ principiis obsistere. "Neque contenti amovere religionem a publica societate, volunt

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