its prorogation (d), first for six months, then for a year, then for another year. Francis was taken prisoner at Pavia in 1524: the consternation ensuing on this calamity was favourable to the Concordat. The King referred the cognizance of contested elections as to the consistorial, or more important benefices, to the Council of State. Henry II. confirmed this decree in 1552, and thus a great obstacle was removed from the path of the Concordat. In 1560 Francis II. sent an edict to Parliament, referring causes of religion to Ecclesiastical Judges. Parliament took an opportunity of addressing the King to restore the liberty of elections and the Pragmatic (e), essential, they said, to the welfare of his subjects. In the same year the successor of Francis, Charles IX., received remonstrances from the States at Orleans. CCCXXXI. The earliest Concordat of the German Empire with the See of Rome was the Concordatum Calixtinum, betwixt Henry V. and Pope Callixtus II., A.D. 1122 (ƒ). Its historical and legal importance is but slight; it contained the arrangement respecting investitures which has been already mentioned. The Concordata of the fifteenth century (g) were in great (d) See what the French call the "disposition ampliative," which they distinguish from the Concordat itself, though it begins tit. xvii. :T. xx. is "De prorogatione temporis ad recipiendum," &c. 1. "Ad postulationem Regis" (six months). 2. "Eo quod propter varias occupationes non fuit Concordatum approbatum et receptum a regnicolis" (one year). 3. "Conceditur secundus annus a fine prima computandus ad hoc ut Concordata recipiantur et observentur a regnicolis." -D. de Maillane, voce CONCORDAT. (e) "Ce règlement toujours cher aux Français," says D. de Maillane, Voce CONCORDAT, t. i. p. 621; but which Leo X. calls, in his condemnatory Bull (Dec. 19, 1516), "Regni Franciæ corruptelam Bituri censem." (f) Eichhorn, Kirchenrecht, I., B. ii. Absch. ii. cap. 1, iv. Die Concordata. (g) Audisio, Juris naturæ et gentium-1. 3, t. xii. De Concordatis. "Au moyen âge, l'Eglise catholique romaine se regardait comme la plus measure founded upon the Basle decrees, which were formally accepted by a decree of the Empire at Mayence, in A.D. 1439 (h), and the firm attitude of the Electoral Princes extorted a ratification of this act from Eugenius IV. But in 1448 the Emperor Frederic III. entered at Vienna into a separate Concordat with Nicholas V., whereby a large part of the claims sacrificed by his predecessor were regained by him for the Roman See. It would appear, however, from the reply of Eneas Sylvius (i) to the haute autorité internationale. Mais le droit international actuel repose, non sur l'autorité de la religion ou de l'Eglise, mais sur une autorité politique, celle de l'humanité et des Etats. On reconnaît cependant une personnalité aux églises, et on considère les traités passés entre ces dernières et l'Etat, à peu près comme des traités entre Etat et Etat. C'est en particulier le cas, lorsque l'église n'est pas nationale, c'est-à-dire restreinte au territoire d'un Etat déterminé, mais qu'elle a pour caractère distinctif son organisation spéciale. La nature des concordats conclus entre certains Etats et le Saint-Siége, le démontre clairement. L'église nationale d'un Etat peut aussi avoir, en vertu de conventions, certains droits vis-à-vis de l'Etat auquel elle se rattache; mais leurs rapports seront plutôt du domaine du droit constitutionnel que de celui du droit international." Bluntschli, p. 64, x. 26. See, also, Calvo, t. i. 1. xii. p. 703. (h) Sanctio Pragmatica Germanorum illustrata (confirmatory of, and suppletory to, Decrees of Basle and Mayence, accepted in Germany), Koch c. 9 (ed. Argentorati, 1789), consists of three parts: 1. Historia Sanctionis Pragmaticæ. 2. Argumentum S. P. This part includes- II. Power of General Councils. P. 61, c. ii. 1. Jura Pontifici ablata, Reservationes generales et speciales, Gratiæ expectatæ. 3. Sylloge Documentorum quibus Sanctio Pragmatica Germanorum P. 201. Tabulæ Concordatorum inter Nicolaum V. Pont. et Præf. 2. "Palladium hoc Ecclesiæ Germaniæ et sacram quam The Bulls of Ratification, issued February 5 and 7, 1447, were called, in honour of the Princes, "Die Fürsten- Concordate."-Eichhorn, B. i. Abschn. i. c. v. (i) He was then Cardinal: he became Pius II. A.D. 1458, "murmur gravaminis Germanica Nationis" (j), in A.D. 1457, that on account of the difficulties and troubles of the time in 1449, a compromise only between these Basle decrees and the Papal claims had been allowed by the Roman See, for he had rejected the notion that an absolute Sovereign like the Pope could make a treaty with his subjects. In 1487, however, the entire Empire successfully resisted a tithe which the Pope sought to impose; and in A.D. 1500, the Empire granted the Pope only one-third of that indulgence, and reserved the two other parts for the war against the Turks. Nevertheless, the detestable Alexander VI. and his successor Julius II., raised the Papal power to a height which enabled them to speak, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the language held by Boniface VIII. at the beginning of the fourteenth. The accomplished and dexterous Leo X. found little difficulty in emasculating the Decrees of Basle and Constance, by a Council held at Rome (A.D. 1512-17), and at last it appeared that all the advantage that the Reforming Councils had bestowed upon States and National Churches had shrunk into a few limitations upon the arbitrary application of the Reserved Privileges of the Papal See (k). The consequence of this retrogression in Ecclesiastical Reform was that portentous event in the history of the world usually called the Reformation. The abuses and exactions (1) of the Court of Rome, and (j) "Eneæ Sylvii Epistola ad Martinum Maierum contra Murmur gravaminis Germanicæ Nationis, A.D. 1457," cited by Ranke, c. i., from Müller's Reichstagstheatorum unter Friedrich III., p. 60. Mayer was Chancellor to the Archbishopric of Mayence. Schröckh, xxxii. theil. pp. 172-215, contains a full account of the whole negotiation, and of the long correspondences between the Chancellor and Cardinal; the former defending the liberties of the German Church, the latter maintaining, in language at least, the loftiest pretensions of the Pope. (k) Schröckh, xxxii. p. 519. (1) Freely admitted by many modern Roman Catholic jurists and canonists. Phillipps, iii. 325: "Es lässt sich nicht leugnen, dass eine nicht geringe the gross wickedness of some of her Pontiffs, had heaped up that smouldering mass of disgust and discontent throughout Christendom, which, about the year 1517, the preaching of Martin Luther and Ulric Zwingle against the Indulgences of Leo X. kindled into a flame. The way of General Councils had been tried, and had failed, and the national Churches appeared to have struggled in vain for their liberty (m). Zahl von Päpsten, sowohl durch ihre Sittenlosigkeit als auch durch den vielfachen Missbrauch ihrer Gewalt, namentlich in Betreff der geistlichen Strafen, selbst einen grossen Theil der Schuld an jenem traurigen Zustande der gesammten Christenheit auf sich geladen hatte." See too p. 335: "Die völlige Sorglosigkeit der Päpste." (m) See Verhältniss des Staats zur Kirche—Zachariä, Deutsches Staatsund Bundesrecht, Bd. iii. s. 218-as to the general constitutional law of Germany on the subject. CHAPTER VI. THE PERIOD OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1563-ITS AS TO CCCXXXII. THE Council of Trent (a), which has so materially affected the status of the Roman Catholic clergy, and in some degree the laity (b), has too much of an international character to be passed by without some notice. The rapid increase of Luther's disciples, the many and admitted abuses of Rome, and the urgency of the Emperor Charles V., compelled Paul III. to convene this assembly. It began in 1545 and ended in 1563. During these eighteen years it had many intervals and interruptions, and three distinct epochs. The first under Paul III., 1545–1547. The second under Julius III., 1551-1552. The third under Pius IV., 1560-1563. The important questions mooted during its sessions gave (a) Eichhorn, Kirchenrecht, I., B. i. Abschn. iii. c. 1; Durande de Maillane, "Trente," "Libertés de l'Eglise gallicane;" Lequeux, Manuale Compendium Juris Canon. iv. 171-348 (Paris, 1850); Landon's Manual of Councils," Trente," are works of easy access. The great works of Thuanus (De Thou), and those of Sarpi and Pallavicini, the rival historians of the Council, are well known. There is a careful criticism upon their respective merits in the Appendix to the last volume of Ranke's History of the Popes. i. s. See, too, Giesler, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Abschn. iv. c. 105. " Wirkungen der Schisma auf die allgemeine kirchliche Meynung." (b) E.g. as to the Law of Marriage, see Dalrymple v. Dalrymple, Judgment of Lord Stowell, 2 Haggard Consistory Reports, 64. Swift v. Kelly, 3 Knapp's Privy Council Reports, 283. |