The world's production of tungsten ore, 1905-1913, by countries, estimated as far as possible in short tons of concentrates containing 60 per cent of tungsten trioxide-Continued.

a Wallace, W. H. The progress of the mineral industry of Tasmania. Quarters ending June 30 and Dec. 31, 1913, Hobart, 1913 and 1914. As given, the output was 68.1 long tons of wolframite. The percentage of WO, is unknown, but is supposed to be about 70, as in Australia.

Annual report of the secretary for mines, Victoria, Melbourne, p. 28, 1912. The production was 171 long tons of wolframite concentrates and 15 hndredweight of mixed wolframite and bismuth concentrates. The latter quantity has been considered as half wolframite, making 25 long tons, which is treated as 70 per cent WO3.

Where no data are available the production of the last preceding year for which the figures are obtainable has been introduced to assist in forming an estimate of the production during 1912.

d Western Australia, Dept. Mines Report, 1911. Perth, p. 11, 1912. The exports were 9 long tons of wolframite.

e So far as can be learned, no tungsten ore was produced during the years indicated.

f Letter from the Nederlandsche Handels-Maatschappij, dated Oct. 27, 1911.

Report of Singkep Tin Co., quoted in the Mining Journal, London, vol. 100, p. 1249, Dec. 14, 1912. The report states that 169 bags of wolfram were produced in connection with the tin workings during the fiscal year 1911-12. The figure (about 8 long tons) given is an estimate based upon the supposition that the bags probably hold about 100 pounds each.

h Statistik des Bergbanes in Österreich, 1912. Wien, pt. 1, pp. 101-103, 1913. From Teplitz and Elbogen, 659.34 metric zentners of wolframite. Percentage of WO, in ore unknown.

i Mines and quarries: General report, with statistics for 1913, pt. 1, p. 13, district statistics: Home office London, 1914. The quantity is given as 182 (long) tons. The percentage of WO3, contained is not given. Wolframite.

Ministère des travaux publics. Statistique de l'industrie minérale pour l'année 1911, p. 34, and pour l'année 1912, pp. 34 and 111. The figures as given are: For 1911, 146 tonnes; for 1912, 193 tonnes, containing 137 tonnes of "metal." It seems probable that WO3 is meant and it has been so interpreted.

Mining Journal, London, vol. 104, p. 129, Feb. 7, 1914. Wolframite, 101 metric tons. Percentage of WO3 not given.

Figures received from Spr. E. A. Ivo de Carvalho, Eng. das Minas, Lisbon, under date of Aug. 12, 1913. The figures as given are: Wolframite, in 1911, 902.5 toneladas, and in 1912, 1,227.473 toneladas, carrying 65 per cert WO3.

m Revista Minera, Madrid, ano 65, p. 197, 1914.

65 per cent WO3.

Figures given as 169 metric tons. Supposed to be about

n Spain in 1913: Min. Jour., Jan. 3, 1914, p. 4. Figures given as 150 (metric ?) tons. See note q. • Mir es statement: New Zealand Mines Dept., Wellington, 1913, p. XIV. The figures given are for the exports during the year 1911, 135 long tons of scheelite. The output is reduced to a 60 per cent basis on the assumption that it carried 72 per cent WO3.

P Notes from the annual report of the department of mines of Nova Scotia. Year ended Sept. 30, 1912. Canadian Min. Jo r., Toronto, vol. 34, p. 189. 14 tons scheelite, 72 per cent WO3..

El comercio exterior argentino, No. 156, ano 1912. Direccion general de estadistica de la Nacion (Benos Aires, 1913), p. 204. Figures as given are: "Wolframio, 637,170 kilos, val. $63,717" (Argentine dollar). The percentage of WO, is not known. Wolframite.

From figures furnished by Franklin D. Adams of the Pan American Bureau. The figures as obtained were 536 tons (metric), valed at 53,570 pesos (peso 97 cents). The ore is thought to carry about 63 per cent WO3.

Jiménez, C. P., Estadística minera en 1912: Cherpo Ing. Minas Bol. 80, pp. 74-78, Lima, 1914. The figures as given are 195 metric tons, carrying 64 to 68 per cent WO, (131,070 kilograms WO3), hübnerite and wolframite.

RADIUM. URANIUM, AND VANADIUM.

By FRANK L. HESS.

The production of carnotite-bearing ores during 1913 was the largest to date, and amounted to about 2,269 short tons of dry ore, which contained about 81,990 pounds of U,O,, equivalent to 34.8 tons (31,560 kilograms) of metallic uranium. Rutherford has estimated that the quantity of radium in equilibrium with uranium is equivalent to about 1 grain of radium to 3,000 kilograms of uranium, and workers in the Bureau of Mines have estimated that the uranium in carnotite is accompanied by about 90 per cent of the radium required for equilibrium. On the supposition that these figures are approximately correct and that 90 per cent of the radium present is recoverable, then the ores produced contained 8.5 grams of recoverable metallic radium, equivalent to 15.9 grams of hydrous radium bromide (RaBr,.2H2O) valued, at $120,000 a gram of metallic radium, at $1,020,000.

In the United States uranium minerals were produced in commercial quantities during 1913 only in Colorado and southeastern Utah, and the quantity produced in Colorado was much in excess of the Utah output. The great bulk of the uranium mineral was carnotite, but a small tonnage of pitchblende ore was taken from the Belcher and Calhoun mines, near Central City, Gilpin County, Colo. Only a few pounds were sold, and this was apparently for specimens or experimental use. Fifty dry tons of low-grade material, carrying 1.49 per cent uranium oxide (U,O,), was shipped from the Kirk mine, which lies adjacent to the Calhoun and Belcher mines. This material had been mined in a previous year and had been picked over for pitchblende several times. It was too lean to ship under ordinary circumstances, but was bought by a French firm for experimental treatment.

A few pounds of uraninite, the crystalline form of pitchblende, were saved in South Carolina as a by-product in feldspar and mica mining. The exact quantity is unknown, but was small-probably less than 100 pounds.

Carnotite, as the word is ordinarily used, includes both true carnotite (KO.2UO,.V2O,.xH2O), the hydrous potash uranium vanadate, and tyuyamunite (CaO.2UO,V,O,.xH2O), the hydrous lime uranium vanadate. A number of vanadium minerals occur with the carnotite, so that in mining for uranium a great deal of vanadium is also obtained. In general the vanadium in the ore amounts to more than twice the uranium content, although in pure carnotite there is approximately 43 (4.68) times as much uranium as vanadium, or, in terms of the oxides, 3.09 times as much U,O, as V2O,. In only two instances, so far as the Geological Survey is informed, was the vanadium in the carnotite ores paid for, the purchase price ordinarily

1 Rutherford, Ernest, Radioactive substances and their radiations: p. 16, 1913.

covering only the uranium content; and this base was used not because the uranium was wanted, but because it afforded an almost positive index to the quantity of radium present.

At Vanadium (formerly Newmire), San Miguel County, Colo., the Primos Chemical Co. mines a sandstone which is impregnated with the vanadium-bearing mica, roscoelite. An estimate of this output, added to that of the vanadium contained in the carnotite ores, gives an apparent production of 772 tons of V2O, for the year, equivalent to 432 tons of metallic vanadium.

The vanadium in the carnotite ores is saved as a by-product, probably most of it as ferric vanadate, which is sold to manufacturers of ferrovanadium.

In Colorado, no new discoveries of carnotite-bearing territory are known to have been made during the year. The deposits are found from Routt County south to Dolores County, but only in restricted areas have economically valuable carnotite deposits been found. The greatest area is around Paradox Valley, where carnotite was discovered.

In Utah, deposits have been found on the northwestern, southwestern and southern flanks of the La Sal Mountains, and adjoining areas; and on the San Rafael Swell near Greenriver station. During the year deposits were discovered in Canyon Pintado (East Canyon) and adjoining areas a few miles north of Monticello; on Green River, 8 miles south of Greenriver station; along San Rafael River, 18 miles southwest of Greenriver; and on the east and southwest sides of the Henry Mountains. The last-named deposits are about 100 miles from a railroad, and it seems probable that to be profitably worked the ores must be concentrated before shipping.

Of the carnotite ores produced, 1,125 dry tons, carrying 36,022 pounds of U,O, and 3.7 grams of radium, equivalent to 7 grams of hydrous radium bromide, were kept in this country, and 1,134 dry tons, carrying 45,068 pounds of UO, and 4.8 grams of radium, equivalent to 8.9 grams of hydrous radium bromide, were shipped to Europe.

8

The Standard Chemical Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa., and the Radium Co. of America, at Sellersville, Pa., endeavored during 1913 to isolate radium salts, and at the end of the year both companies were apparently about ready to produce refined radium salts. Of the two, the Standard Chemical Co. worked on ores from the vicinity of Paradox Valley, Colo., and the Radium Co. of America worked on ores from the San Rafael Swell, Utah.

The value of imports of radium salts, according to figures obtained from the Division of Statistics, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, have been as follows:

1 Viol, Charles II., Radium output of Standard Chemical Co.; Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 98, p. 25, 1914. Dr. Viol states: "The first finished product was obtained in January, 1914, and contained the equivalent of 560 milligrams of pure radium bromide, or about 300 milligrams of radium element."

During the last three months of 1913, the figures included "radium salts and radioactive substitutes." The quantities of salts are not given.

GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN UTAH

IN 1913.

(MINES REPORT.)

By V. C. HEIKES.

PRODUCTION.

The ore mined in Utah aggregated 10,202,566 short tons in 1913, the metal output of which, with a small placer yield, was valued at $44,858,210, an increase of $1,935,908, as compared with 7,770,270 short tons of ore in quantity and $42,922,302 in value in 1912 from deep mines and placers. There were 217 properties, 7 of which were placers, producing ore and bullion, as against 198 lode producers and 9 placers in 1912. The copper production was over half the total value and amounted to $25,024,124, an increase of $2,368,389. Gold production decreased from $4,265,851 in 1912 to $3,565,229, or $700,622, and the value of the silver yield decreased from $8,509,080 to $7,903,240, or was $605,840 less in 1913. An increase in value of the lead output from $6,314,001 in 1912 to $7,309,579 in 1913 added $995,578 to the total value, but the zinc or spelter output, although increasing in quantity, decreased in value in 1913 from $1,177,635 to $1,056,038, or $121,597. The placer production of gold decreased from $5,680 in 1912 to $1,920 in 1913.

A comparison of totals for metals produced in 1912 and 1913, with differences between the two years, follows:

Mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in Utah in 1912 and 1913.

The total metal output of Utah from 1865 to 1913, inclusive, given in the following table, shows a gross value of $635,301,832. This total is made from figuring each of the metals at its average commercial price for each calendar year, and includes $79,314,774 in gold, $239,550,056 in silver, $167,168,711 in copper, $143,380,071 in lead, and $5,888,223 in zinc. It is assumed that half the total gross value, or $317,650,917, was paid out in freight and smelting charges, and that the other half was charged to the cost of mining, milling, development work, and to the payment of dividends. The last item, partly estimated, amounted to $111,139,693, paid by 82 known dividend payers.