production of coal in 1913 amounted to 570,048,125 short tons, valued at $760,488,785. Second in the total value of the production and first among the metals is pig iron. The output in 1913 was 30,388,935 long tons, valued at $458,342,345, and the marketed production of iron ore, as represented by the shipments in 1913, was 59,643,098 tons, valued at $130,905,558, the quantity of iron ore marketed being nearly double the quantity of pig iron made, while the value of the pig iron was 3.5 times the value of the iron ore produced.

RAW AND DERIVED PRODUCTS.

In compiling the statistics of mineral production the value of the metallic products is fixed upon the refined or partly refined metals, and is of course much greater than the value of the ores from which they are obtained. During recent years the statistics of pig-iron production have been supplemented by accurate determinations of the quantity of iron ore produced and the value thereof, but the quantity and value of the pig iron have been maintained as the units of output. The ores of the precious and semiprecious metals are commonly complex mixtures of several metals, and no quantities or values can be expressed until the contents are extracted in metallic form and become articles of commerce. Chromic iron ore, manganese ore, manganiferous ores, and bauxite (aluminum ore), are marketed as such. In the nonmetals the quantities are expressed and the value placed upon the products in the condition in which they are first sold. With the fuels, with phosphate rock, and with some of the other nonmetals the quantities and values represent the raw product. With cement, however, there is no commercial pro uct until the material is in the finished state as cement. The clay products appear as finished brick, terra cotta, tile, porcelain, pottery, etc., with the exception of a small quantity of special clays sold raw. The quarry products are sold rough, partly dressed, and finished; salt appears in various refined conditions, as the content of brine, and as rock salt; gypsum is sold at first hands, as crude, as ground, and as calcined. There is no uniformity and there is no way of arriving at the quantities and values of the quarry products except in the condition as first marketed. The desirability of continuing to base the figures of iron production on the output and value of pig iron may be open to some question, particularly as accurate records of the production of ore and of the sources from which it is obtained are now available. In addition to putting a factitious value on the output, the distribution of the production of pig iron by States gives undue prominence to the States in which the blast furnaces are located and deprives the ore-producing States of proper credit.

The publication of the introductory chapter on mineral products by States, which accompanied the report for 1911, brought out the fact that in certain other mineral substances, particularly those of a metallic nature, some States did not receive the proper credit as originating the production. With metallic copper, lead, and zinc (as. reported by the smelters, not by the producers of the ores from which the metals are obtained) considered as the primary products, the value of the production of some States was unduly augmented, while that of others was correspondingly understated. In the present

3

chapter an attempt has been made to correct these discrepancies, so that in addition to crediting the iron-ore production to the originating States the recoverable value of the metallic contents of the gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc is given for the ores produced according to the States in which they are mined.

With pig iron the basis of iron values, and the refined metals (smelter production) the basis of values for gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, etc., the total value of the mineral production of the United States was $2,243,972,481 in 1912 and $2,445,805,017 in 1913, with Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and West Virginia as the four leading States. With iron ore as the basis of iron production, and with the recoverable metallic contents of ores as the basis of other metal output the total value of the mineral production was $1,918,474,249 in 1912 and $2,103,739,388 in 1913. The same four States remain at the head but in different order of precedence, all holding their rank because of their leading positions in the production of coal. Pennsylvania remains at the head, with West Virginia as second, Illinois third, and Ohio fourth. These four States are credited with about 45 per cent of the total value of the mineral output of the United States in 1913. California, with no standing as a producer of pig iron, iron ore, or coal, is fifth in rank and owes its position to its importance as a producer of petroleum and gold. Michigan was sixth in rank in 1912, but because of the decrease in the production and price of copper in 1913, dropped to eighth place, while Minnesota as the most important producer of iron ore advanced from ninth to sixth place, and Oklahoma, because of the increase in the production and the advance in the price of petroleum, advanced from twelfth place in 1912 to seventh in 1913. Michigan's production of iron ore increased in value in 1913, but this was not sufficient to overcome the large decrease in the value of copper. Arizona, which ranked eighth in 1912, fell to ninth place in 1913, and Montana, which held seventh place in 1912, dropped to tenth place in 1913, both of these being due to the decline in the copper production and value. Colorado, with gold, coal, and zinc as the principal products, ranked eleventh in both years, and Missouri, with lead and zinc as its chief products, fell from tenth to twelfth place because of the decline in the price of zinc. In the following table the States are arranged in the order of their rank as shown by the value of their mineral products in 1913, iron ore being taken as the basis of iron production, and the recoverable contents of the gold, copper, lead, zinc, etc. being taken as the basis of valuation of these metals.

63057°-м R 1913-VOL 1-II

Rank of States in alue of mineral production in 1912 and 1913.

It will be noted that in the 48 States and the Districts of Columbia and Alaska, included in the foregoing table, there were 37 in which the value of the mineral production in 1913 exceeded that of 1912; there were 13 in which the value in 1913 was less than in the preceding year. Of these 50 States 25, or exactly one-half, had a mineral production in 1913 valued at more than $20,000,000. Of these 25 States, 20 showed increase in 1913 and 5 decrease. The important increases were made in the States which are the large producers of coal, petroleum, and iron, exception being noted for Michigan, second in importance as an iron-ore State, the value of whose total production decreased because, as previously stated, of the decrease in the production of copper, until 1913 the most important mining product in the State. The principal decreases were in the States important as producers of copper, gold, and zinc, the most conspicuous decrease being in Michigan, where the decline in the output and value of copper caused a total decrease of $7,919,275 in the production of 1913 as compared with 1912, notwithstanding the fact that the iron-ore production showed a gain in value of over $4,400,000. Oklahoma led in the percentage of increased value with a total in 1913 nearly 50 per cent greater than that of 1912. Oregon, one of the less important producing States, was second in percentage of increase, with a gain of practically 40 per cent; Texas increased 39 per cent; Louisiana, 37 per cent; and Minnesota, 29 per cent. The increases in Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana were all due to the increase in the production and the sharp advance in the value of petroleum. Minnesota's gain was due to the increased production and the higher value of iron ore. The States showing the most important increases in 1913 were Pennsylvania, with coal as the most important factor, a gain of $60,667,106; Oklahoma, with petroleum as the leading product, a gain of $26,554,690; West Virginia, with the three fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas-as the leading products, a gain of $19,792,821; Minnesota, with iron oro as the leading factor, a gain of $19,141,804; and Ohio, with coal and clay products as the leading commodities, a gain of $10,461,005. The total increase in 1913 over 1912, iron ore considered as basis of iron production, was $185,265,139, or a little less than 10 per cent. Thẹ first five Statos, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, Ohio, and California, in 1913 produced almost exactly 50 per cent of the total value of the mineral products.

The States west of Mississippi River, particularly those of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast divisions, are popularly considered. as the mining States. It is interesting to note that of the ten leading States in 1913 five-Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan-are cast of Mississippi River; four-California, Oklahoma, Arizona, and Montana-are west of it; and one-Minnesota-is divided by the river. The combined production of all the States east of Mississippi River, which aggregate less than 30 per cent of the total area of the country, exclusive of Alaska, is nearly twothirds of the total; whereas the States west of the river, which aggregate about 70 per cent of the total area of the country, contribute slightly more than one-third of the total value of the output. The States ranking first in the production of coal, iron ore, stone, clay