Carbon, which contains a part of the Uinta coal basin, extending through eastern Utah almost to the central part of Colorado. The developments are principally along the line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. Some of the Carbon County coal possesses coking qualities, and considerable quantities of coal (chiefly slack) are made into coke annually. The production of coal in Utah increased from 3,016,149 short tons, valued at $5,046,451, in 1912, to 3,254,828 tons, valued at $5,384,127, in 1913. Of the total production in 1913, Carbon County produced 2,830,102 tons, or nearly 90 per cent.

The manufacture of Portland cement, which is of very recent development in Utah, having been begun in 1910, amounted in 1913 to 950,469 barrels, valued at $1,233,421, against 760,668 barrels, valued at $937,119, in 1912. The principal clay products of the State are common brick and front brick, with smaller quantities of vitrified brick, drain and other tile, and a little pottery. The value of the clay products, exclusive of pottery, decreased slightly, from $724,978 in 1912 to $708,906 in 1913.

The principal stone quarried is limestone, a large part of which is used for flux in smelters, though some is used for foundation work and for building. The limestone quarries are located principally in Cache, Morgan, Salt Lake, San Juan, San Pete, Tooele, and Utah counties. Relatively small quantities of sandstone, granite, and marble are also produced in the State.

The other mineral products are asphalt, gems (occasional), grindstones, gypsum, lime, mineral waters, phosphate rock, pumice, salt, sand and gravel, and scythestones. The distribution of the production by substances during the last two years is shown in the following table:

VERMONT.

Vermont, like the other New England States, bases its claim to distinction as a mining State upon the output of its marble, granite, and slate quarries. Vermont is the leading State in the production of marble and granite, and the second in the production of slate. Exclusive of the slate production, the stone quarries contributed more than 75 per cent of the total mineral product of the State, value considered; and when the product of the slate quarries is added to that of the marble and granite, the total quarry product is found to be over 90 per cent of the total value of the mineral production of the State. The marble quarries are chiefly in Rutland County in the west-central part of the State and in the immediate vicinity of Rutland and Proctor, with smaller quarries in Franklin County. It has also been quarried in Addison, Bennington, Chittenden, and Washington counties. The granite quarries are principally in the central and northern portions of the State, northeast and southeast from the marble producing region. The principal quarries, both in number and size, are in the vicinity of Barre, in Washington County, with important operations also in Caledonia and Windsor counties and less important ones in Essex, Orange, and Windham counties. The slate production is almost exclusively from Rutland County. The total production of stone, exclusive of slate, in Vermont in 1913, was valued at $7,313,355, of which slightly more than 50 per cent, or $3,782,235, was from the granite quarries, and something less than 50 per cent ($3,513,405) was from the marble quarries. In 1912 the total production was valued at $6,554,851, of which $3,494,253 was the value of the marble and $3,074,306 the value of the granite. A small quantity of limestone was also produced in both years. In considering the granite-quarrying operations of Vermont it should be understood that a large part of the stone produced is sold by the quarrymen in the rough. Three fourths of the granite quarrymen sell their product in the rough, and values are given for the rough stone. It is only when stone is dressed at the quarries that higher value of the dressed stone is given in the Survey reports. The result of this condition is that the unit of output of granite of Vermont frequently shows lower value than that of many other States, which is due simply to the fact that such a large proportion of the product is dressed in yards not connected with the quarries. Considerably more than three-fourths of the granite quarried in Vermont is used for monumental purposes, and 20 per cent for building. Marble is used largely for interior work, but is also used for building and other purposes. The slate production for 1913 was valued at $1,697,820, against $1,849,975 in 1912. Including lime and slate the total value of the quarried products in 1913 was $9,182,313 out of a total value of all products of $9,647,985. In 1912 the quarried products were valued at $8,610,235 out of a total of $9,087,560.

Other products of the State are asbestos, manufactured clay wares, a small quantity of copper, gold and silver, feldspar, mineral paints, mineral waters, sand and gravel, scythestones, talc, and soapstone. The distribution of the mineral production of Vermont during 1912 and 1913 by substances is shown in the following table:

63057°-M R 1913-VOL 1——VIII

Virginia ranks high among the States in the variety of mineral substances produced on a commercial scale, but somewhat low (twenty-eighth in 1912 and twenty-ninth in 1913) in the value of the production. Virginia is the leading State in the production of iron pyrite used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and in the duction of manganese ore and millstones, and is the only State in which rutile is produced. It also ranks first in the production of soapstone, most of which, before being marketed, is manufactured into heat and chemical resisting articles, such as hearthstones, mantles, griddles, sinks, etc.

The product of chief value, however, in the State is coal, which represents something more than 50 per cent of the total value of the mineral production. As noted in the chapter on the production of coal (pt. 2, p. 203), the record of coal mining in Virginia in 1913 is an interesting one. The quantity of coal produced showed an increase of nearly 1,000,000 tons over 1912, and something over 1,000,000 tons in the quantity mined by machines. The average number of working days was unusually large; the average production per man was the largest in the history of the State; the quantity of coal shot off the solid was reduced to the same extent that the machine-mined product was increased; the number of fatal accidents was reduced more than two-thirds, and there was not an instance of labor disaffection reported. The production in 1913 amounted to 8,828,068 tons, valued at $8,952,653, against 7,846,638 tons, valued at $7,518,576, in 1912. The principal increase in 1913, as in 1912, was in Wise County, whose output showed a gain of over 600,000 tons; Russell County,

the latest in the coal-mining operations to be developed, also showed a substantial increase of over 200,000 tons; and Tazewell, the oldest of the important producing counties, showed an increase of nearly 150,000 tons. The only other coal-producing county of any importance is Lee, whose output amounts to about three-fourths of a million annually, and showed a small increase in 1913. Small quantities of coal were also produced in Henrico County (Richmond Basin), and in Montgomery and Pulaski counties, the output of the last two counties being designated as semianthracite. Virginia is credited with having produced the first coal mined in the United States from a small basin contained in Henrico and Chesterfield counties, in the eastern part of the State, near Richmond. Coal was known to exist in this locality as early as 1710, and before the close of the century shipments were made from this region to some of the Northern States. With the development of the more abundant and higher grade coals of the Appalachian region the industry in the eastern part of the State lagged, and for a number of years the mines were not in operation. They were reopened in 1910, and in 1911 were again at a producing stage. The chief production of coal, however, is in Wise, Tazewell, Lee, and Russell counties, in the southwestern portion of the State, the area of which belongs to the Appalachian region. The mining of coal in southwestern Virginia was coincident with the first Survey report on the mineral resources of the United States. The first shipments from the Pocahontas district, in which Tazewell County lies, were made to Norfolk in 1883. In 1888 the production exceeded 1,000,000 tons. In 1892 the Wise County fields were opened, and in 1897 the production from this new district exceeded that of Tazewell County. The mines in Lee County were opened in 1905, and development of properties in Russell County has been active in the last two or three years. The production in 1912 was the maximum up to that year. The old Gayton mines in Henrico County were reopened in 1910, and have produced some, coal in each of the last three years.

Virginia's production of pig iron, the value of which is not included in the total mineral production, amounted in 1913 to 380,508 long tons, valued at $5,310,167 compared with 328,961 tons, valued at $4,364,708 in 1912. The production of coke, whose value is also excluded from the total, increased from 967,947 short tons, valued at $1,815,975, to 1,303,603 tons, valued at $2,840,275. No other mineral product of the State, either primary or secondary, had a value, either in 1912 or in 1913, exceeding $2,000,000. The nearest approach to this figure is the value of the clay products. These in 1913, exclusive of pottery, amounted to $1,705,651, a decrease from $1,874,174 in 1912. Brick are made from the residual clays dug at one or more places in nearly every county of the Piedmont section. Common brick is the most important of the clay products, representing about 80 per cent of the total value. The principal producing county is Alexandria (opposite the city of Washington), with Henrico County (in which is Richmond) a close second in quantity and first in value. Fire clay is dug and used at the Catawba furnace in Botetourt County; and is also dug in Appomattox, Buckingham, Chesterfield, Cumberland, Montgomery, Orange, Powhatan, Rockbridge, and Wythe counties. Small quantities of kaolin are mined in Henry County, and it has been reported in at least a dozen counties, most of them in the Piedmont region.