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CARBON COUNTY.1

A small quantity of placer gold was recovered from operations south of Rawlins. Some assessment and development work was done on lode claims in the county, but most of the properties were inactive.

The Penn-Wyoming mines and smelter, near Encampment, from which much of the copper output from Wyoming has come, were idle.

The following table shows the production of the Encampment district from the year of first output, 1898, to 1913:

Production of gold, silver, and copper in the Encampment a district, Carbon County, Wyo., from 1898 to 1913.

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• Including various small yields from other districts of Carbon County (being the output of Carbon County).

b Estimated by Charles W. Henderson.

c Smelter figures.

a The Encampment production for 1901-2 is the total Wyoming copper production less the Douglas Creek, Albany County, copper production. The Douglas Creek figures are available only for the two years combined. This combined production has been subtracted from the total Wyoming production for 1902, none being subtracted from the 1901 figures. In either event, the total pounds of copper produced in each camp would be unchanged.

• Mine figures.

/ Placer output.

CONVERSE COUNTY.

At the Saul's Camp property, near Esterbrook, opened by a 90-foot shaft, 30 feet of drifts, and 700 feet of diamond drill holes, it is reported that some copper-sulphide ore, carrying also gold and silver, and an iron-sulphide ore, carrying nickel, was stored in ore bins during development work.

1 Spencer, A. C., Mineral resources of the Encampment copper region, Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 213, pp. 158-162, 1903.

Speneer, A. C., Copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 25, 107 pages, 1904.

See also Spencer, A. C., Reconnaissance examination of the copper deposits at Pearl, Colo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 213, pp. 163-169, 1903.

CROOK COUNTY.

Sluicing in the Hurricane district, northwest of Tinton, S. Dak., resulted in a small placer output.

Considerable development work was done on properties in the Bear Lodge district,1 near Sundance. A test run was made in the Hunt

ington mill of the Reuter Co.

FREMONT COUNTY.

From 4 deep mines and 3 placers in the Atlantic City district there was a production in Fremont County of $23,276 in gold and 115 ounces of silver, valued at $69, as compared with $21,804 in gold and 146 ounces of silver, valued at $90, in 1912, with $18,672 in gold and $161 in silver for 1911, and with a total value of $1,786 in 1910 for the county.

Atlantic City (South Pass) district. The production of gold in the Atlantic City district was 92 per cent, and of silver 15 per cent of the State totals for these metals. During 1911-13 there has been a reopening of the mines of this district, which was known as the Sweetwater district in 1842-1875.2 At the Duncan mine, the 30-ton amalgamation-cyanidation mill was operated for 7 months on ore from stopes of the upper levels and from the dumps. This mine is opened by an incline (68 degrees) shaft, 280 feet deep, by 2,900 feet of drifts, one 190-foot adit, and one 225-foot adit for drainage. Oxidized ores extend to a depth of 170 feet. A small quantity of gold was extracted from the Big Chief mine. From the Hidden Hand property, near Grosvenor, opened by a 35-foot shaft, a laboratory test of several hundred pounds of ore yielded considerable gold. Some gold was recovered by sluicing in the district. Development work and unwatering of the property was done at the Carissa mine, which is opened by a 400-foot shaft, 4,000 feet of drifts, and 600 feet of crosscuts. The Monte Carlo is opened by a 100-foot shaft; the Glendale by a 112-foot shaft, 400 feet of drifts, and an adit 160 feet long; the Copper Surprise by a 500-foot shaft. Development work was started on the Jerry Dain and the Bobtail properties, and a mill is in prospect. The unwatering of the Miners Delight mine is in prospect.

Copper Mountain district. Some development work was done in the Copper Mountain district in 1913, and the 3-stamp Merrill mill of the Gold Nugget property was tested early in 1914.

Dredges on Bighorn River and tributaries.-The Shoshoni Gold Dredging Co.'s Marion dredge of 61 buckets, closed down in 1912, was removed to Tincup, Gunnison County, Colo., in 1913.

JOHNSON COUNTY.3

Several tons of ore from the Kelly Creek property were tested at the 10-stamp mill, with Lounsberry amalgamator, in the Bull Camp district of Johnson County. Some development work was done in the Big Goose district, in the Big Horn Mountains.

1 Darton, N. H., Geol. Atlas, U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Sundance folio (No. 127), 1905. See note to table of production of gold, silver, and copper in Wyoming, 1842-1913.

See Darton, N. H., U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Bald Mountain-Dayton folio (No. 141) and CloudPeak-Fort McKinney folio (No. 142), 1906; also Geology of the Big Horn Mountains, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 51, 1906.

PARK COUNTY.

Some little development work was done in the Sunlight and Kirwin districts of Park County.

PLATTE COUNTY.2

A considerable tonnage of silver-bearing copper ore was shipped from the Sunrise iron mine, near Sunrise, and several cars of copper ore were shipped from the Green Hope mine, in the Hartville district of Platte County.3

The following table shows the production of the Hartville district since its discovery in 1881:

Production of the Hartville district, Laramie County, Wyo., from 1882 to 1913, a

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a For basis of figures, see Kirchhoff, C., jr., The copper industry of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources for 1881-82, pp. 216, 229, 1883; idem for 1883-84, p. 329, 1885. Knight, W. C., The Hartville district: Wyoming Univ. Agr. Coll. Dept. Bull. 14, pp. 135-136, October, 1893.

Estimated by Charles W. Henderson on Mr. Kirchhoff's statement that ore contained to 4 ounce of silver for every per cent of copper.

Estimated on basis of 15 per cent copper per ton (Kirchhoff).

d Mineral Resources records, collected from the mines.

• Mineral Resources records 1911-12.

Estimated on 1911-12 record for 1907, 1908, 1909.

UINTA COUNTY.4

There was no production in Uinta County in 1913.

1 See Hewett, D. F., The ore deposits of Kirwin, Wyo.; U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 540, pp. 121-132, 1914.

Laramie County prior to 1913.

Smith, W. S. T., U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Hartville folio (No. 91), 1903. Ball, S. H., Copper deposits of the Hartville uplift, Wyo.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 315, pp. 93–107, 1907.

Schultz, A. R., Gold developments in central Uinta County, Wyo., and at other points on Snake River: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 315, pp. 71-88, 1907.

MANGANESE AND MANGANIFEROUS ORES.

By D. F HEWETT

INTRODUCTION.

For the year 1913 the production of manganese ore in the United States was 4,048 long tons, a notable increase over the output of 1912 and the largest production since 1908. This increase was due largely, however, to the activity of one mine which is now idle and can not, therefore, be depended upon as a continuous source of supply. No important new sources were discovered, though several deposits have been continuously developed and may become important sources during 1914.

Though exact figures are not yet available, the production both in India and in the Caucasus region appears to have been considerably greater than in 1912. An unofficial statement of exports from Russian ports shows an increase from 957,800 tons in 1912 to 1,100,000 tons in 1913. This increase was accomplished in spite of strikes at the mines at Tchiaturi and at the port of Poti during the months of June and July, 1913.

In the United States, probably owing to the increase in production of ores in foreign countries, the price of ferromanganese declined steadily from the high figures reached in 1912.

SOURCES OF MANGANESE.

Manganese minerals.-For commercial purposes materials containing manganese are separated into four classes: (1) Manganese ores, (2) manganiferous iron ores, (3) manganiferous silver ores, and (4) manganiferous zine residuum. This classification is based on the character of the materials now available in the United States and is due largely to the nature of the deposits, and as it is purely commercial it may be incomplete if applied to resources in foreign countries, or it may contain superfluous classes. Thus the United States alone possess large deposits of franklinite, which when roasted yields manganiferous zinc residuum. Though manganese forms a part of about a hundred minerals and is a relatively widespread element, practically all the manganese of commerce is derived from material containing one or more of the first seven of the minerals named in the following table.2

1 Staff correspondence Min. Jour., London, Jan. 3, 1914.

2 For details concerning manganese minerals the reader is referred to a recent exceptionally complete and valuable work by L. Leigh Fermor (The manganese deposits of India: Geol. Survey India Mem., vol. 37, pt. 1, pp. 1-209, 1909).

Bulletin 427 of the United States Geological Survey (Manganese deposits of the United States, by E. C. Harder, 1910) contains brief descriptions of most of the known deposits of the United States, as well as the imporant deposits of the world, and concise summaries of the chemistry and mineralogy of manganese.

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