England, in company with Leopold, the king of Belgium, and spent some time at the court of Queen Victoria. In November, 1839, she formally announced to the Privy Council her intention to form a matrimonial alliance with Prince Albert. The marriage was solemnized Feb. 10, 1840. He was a man of refined taste, and an accomplished musician and draughtsman. The progress of the arts and sciences, and general philanthropic subjects, such as the "dwellings of the working classes," sanitary arrangements, &c., engaged his attention. He was also a patron and president of numerous charitable institutions. As President of the Society of Arts, he was the chief promoter of the Great Exhibition of 1851. With a single exception, for a brief space of time, he enjoyed great popularity with all classes.

The Prince was taken ill about the 1st of December. Symptoms of fever, accompanied by a general indisposition, made their appearance. For some days the complaint was not considered to be serious, but from the 7th the medical men in attendance and the persons about the court began to feel anxious. It was not until the 11th, when the fever gained head and the patient was much weakened, that the first bulletin was issued. Even then it was stated that the symptoms were not unfavorable. It is said that the death of the king of Portugal had an unfortunate influence over him during his illness, and possibly assisted the progress of the malady. On the 11th he is said to have expressed a belief that he should not recover. No material change took place on the 12th, and on the 13th the Queen took a drive, with no idea of danger. When she returned the patient's extremities were already cold, and from that time he was in the greatest danger. On that evening he was not expected to survive the night. On Saturday forenoon, the 14th, there was a rally, which so often precedes dissolution, but it gave great hopes to the physicians. At 4 P. M. a relapse took place, and the Prince, who, from the previous Friday, had been sustained by stimulants, began to sink gradually. Congestion of the lungs, the result of complete exhaustion, set in. Prince's breathing became continually shorter and feebler, and he expired without pain at a few minutes before 11 o'clock. He was sensible to the last moment. Deep sympathy for the Queen and regret for the death of one so universally respected, was the only sentiment apparent throughout England. The warmest enlogiums were passed on the deceased Prince by the press and the public.

The

ALEXANDRIA is a city in Alexandria County, Virginia; it is on the right bank of the Potomac, and 8 miles below Washington. The river is here one mile wide, and forms a commodious harbor for the largest ships. The streets cross each other at right angles and are generally well paved. The Alexandria, Loudon, and Hampshire Railroad terminates here. This road extends to Leesburg, passing through the

following places: to Arlington Heights, 6 miles; Carlinville, 7 miles; Falls Church, 11 miles; Vienna, 15 miles; Hunter's Mill, 18 miles; Thornton, 21 miles; Herndon, 23 miles; Guilford, 27 miles; Farmwell, 31 miles; Leesburg, 38 miles. The Orange and Alexandria Railroad also terminates here. It extends from Alexandria through Manassas Junction to Gordonsville, 88 miles, where it unites with the Virginia Central. The distance to Springfield is 9 miles; Burke's, 14 miles; Fairfax, 18 miles; Union Mills, 23 miles; Manassas Junction, 27 miles from Alexandria. When the District of Columbia was ceded to the United States by Virginia and Maryland, Alexandria was in the part conveyed by the former. It was subsequently retroceded to Virginia by an act of Congress, passed July 2d, 1846. The city was occupied by Ellsworth's Zouave Regiment and a Michigan Regiment, on the morning of the 24th of May, 1861, and continued in the possession of the Federal troops through the year.

The effect of its military occupation is thus described: "Its trade was almost broken up. The Corn Exchange room was entirely deserted. The counters where the merchant exposed his samples of flour and grain, the little sample boxes lying here and there, the desk with the books of sales on it and the newspaper stand, all remained as they used to be; but there was no grain scattered around or in the boxes, no entry on the books of the Exchange since May, and the last newspapers bore date on May 23d, 1861. Of all the merchants who were accustomed to do business there only a few remained."

Six months previous to its military occupation, Alexandria was a thrifty, growing city, with an energetic, prosperous, and happy population It occupied an enviable position, and in a social point of view stood preeminently high. Soon after its occupation a large number of the oldest and most respected families no longer remained, having left their homes at the beginning of the war; their houses were closed or occupied by others, and their wonted life and cheerfulness departed. The wharves, too, where once were crowded vessels from foreign and domestic ports, and where all was bustle and activity, were now, save when a transport or pungy arrived, almost bare, and on the river no ships appeared, save those used in the service of the Federal Government. But very few warehouses on the wharves were open or occupied, and Union street, next to King the principal business street of the city, was now, except as a burden train passed, as quiet as on Sundays. Prince, Duke, Cameron, and Queen streets lost their vitality, and King alone resembled what it was wont to be. The city Government was no longer administered upon its chartered basis, the Mayor and night and day police having been deposed; and the sound of the watchman's horn heard in the town at 10 o'clock at night-"since time whereof the

memory of man runneth not to the contrary" -was now silenced, the bugle's signal and drum's tattoo having taken their time-honored place.

Among the appointments made after the military occupation of Alexandria, was that of Provost Judge Freese. In the exercise of his duties it was decided by him that Southern merchants within the Union lines should pay their debts to Northern merchants. The decision was received with much favor in commercial cities at the North, and the business of the Court in which the Judge presided, was rapidly increasing. But this involved a point within the sphere of the civil Government, rather than within the jurisdiction of a Provost-Judge, and instructions were given by the military authorities to their Judge to confine himself to the limits of his military jurisdiction.

ANNAPOLIS, the capital of Maryland, is situated on the right bank of the Severn River, two miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. It is twenty-five miles south by east of Baltimore, and thirty-seven miles east by north of Washington. The Annapolis and Elkridge Branch Railroad connects it with the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, at a spot called the Junction. The United States Naval Academy was established here in 1845. After the attack at Baltimore on the Massachusetts Sixth Regiment, on the 19th of April, the troops then on their way to Washington were brought from Perryville by water, to Annapolis, and thence by railroad to the Junction, thus passing around Baltimore. When the order was sent from Baltimore, amid the exciting scenes of the 19th, to stop the progress of more troops towards that city, General Benjamin F. Butler, with a Massachusetts regiment numbering eight hundred men, then on his way to Washington, stopped at Havre-deGrace, and taking the steam ferry-boat Maryland, reached Annapolis on the morning of the 21st. Governor Hicks sent a protest against the landing of the troops at Annapolis. To this General Butler replied that he would land at the Naval Academy, over which the Federal Government had exclusive jurisdiction. At the same time, the New York Seventh Regiment arrived by another boat from Perryville. There was now no communication by railroad with Washington. Some part of the track between Annapolis and the Junction had been torn up by disaffected inhabitants along the line. The Seventh Regiment proceeded on foot to the Junction, and thence by railroad to Washington. General Butler, with a force from his regiment, took possession of the frigate Constitution,

attached to the Naval School, and removed her beyond the danger of seizure by those sympathizing with the Confederate Govern

ment.

A consultation of officers was held at the Naval School on the 23d, and it was determined that the passage of troops through Maryland to the city of Washington should be conducted in such a manner as to give no cause of offence to the people of the State, and that nothing should be taken without prompt pay. Should the people, however, destroy the bridges, make a hostile attack, or offer any interruption to the troops, it should immediately be resented, and with proper severity.

The officers of the Seventh Regiment of New York conversed freely with the citizens of Annapolis and some from Baltimore, in relation to what they deemed the unexpected and inexplicable course of Maryland. They anticipated no hostile reception in Maryland, where each man claimed to have many intimate personal friends. "If, in the performance of duty," they added, "we shall be compelled to meet our old friends of the Baltimore City Guard and the Richmond Grays in hostile array, we shall return their first fire by presenting arms; but on the second fire we shall be compelled to defend ourselves."

On the 23d there were over 2,600 troops in the city, and on the same day 8,000 more arrived from New York and Pennsylvania. A detachment of the Massachusetts Volunteers, on the same day, took possession of the railroad leading from Annapolis to Washington and Baltimore. No resistance was offered; as soon as the demand was made, the gates were thrown open to them; and, after placing fifty men on guard, the remainder began to repair the engines and cars which had been disarranged by the company in order to prevent the troops from using them. In a few hours this object was accomplished, and a train run out by an engineer in one of the volunteer companies. Fifty men were detached to proceed in advance and examine the track, which resulted in finding that at various places it had been taken up. The damages were entirely repaired, the track put in working order, and the forwarding of troops and provisions commenced.

After these events the city relapsed into her former quiet condition.

ANTHRACITE. The progress of this trade and the production of the different coal districts are exhibited in the following table. For its history and production previous to 1857, ses NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA.

ANTIQUITY OF THE HUMAN RACE. Among the interesting subjects that are occupying the attention of geologists is that of the greater antiquity of the human race than the historic period; and new arguments from various sources are brought to sustain this view, some of which will be presented below. The subject was first brought prominently before the public by the discoveries, made by M. Boucher de Perthes, of flints fashioned by hand, found in the drift in the valley of the Somme, in France. The localities have been examined by many distinguished geologists, as Joseph Prestwick, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir Roderick Murchison, and others, most of whom are satisfied, that the conclusions arrived at by M. de Perthes cannot be questioned. Mr. Murchison, in his address before the geological section of the British Association, 1861, not only expresses his full belief "in the commixture in that ancient alluvium of the works of man with the reliquiæ of extinct animals;" but adds his gratification "in learning that England, in several localities, is also affording proofs of similar intermixture." Professor H. D. Rogers, who also examined the localities, while admitting that the flints were really shaped by human agency and are found buried together with bones of extinct mammalia, still questions the fact of the men who left the flints, and of the animals that possessed the bones, having necessarily lived together in the same epoch. Or, admitting that they were contemporaneous, it is not proved that the Elephas primigenius and the other mammals of the diluvium may not have belonged to the historic period. (See his paper in "Blackwood's Magazine" for October, 1860.)

Among other evidences adduced to establish a high antiquity for the human race, are the mounds of shells discovered of late years in numerous places along the coasts of Denmark. These are of vast extent, and contain, mixed up with the shells, broken bones of deer, beaver, wild boar, bos, mus, &c., together with charcoal, fragments of coarse pottery, stone hatchets, arrow-heads, and knives of flint, and various implements and ornaments of horns and bones, all indicating the existence at an unknown and very distant period of savage and populous tribes, of whom no other vestiges nor traditions remain. Bearing upon the same subject, Sir Charles Lyell has called attention to the large Indian mound of similar character at Cannon's Point, on St. Simon's Island, in Georgia. "This covers 10 acres in area, having an average height of 5 feet, and is chiefly composed of cast-away oyster-shells, throughout which arrow-heads, stone axes, and Indian pottery are dispersed." Similar mounds are scattered over the swamps near New Orleans, and their materials were employed by Gen. Joseph Swift, for constructing the foundation of the Lake Pontchartrain Railroad; and by his advice they have since been used for macadamizing the streets of New Orleans, and forming the

shell-roads in its vicinity. The vast extent of these mounds and their evident human origin have perplexed all who have studied them.

A paper was recently read by M. Lartet, before the London Geological Society, "On the Co-existence of Man with certain Extinct Quadrupeds, proved by Fossil Bones from various Pleistocene Deposits bearing incisions made by sharp instruments."

If, says the author, the presence of worked flints in the gravel and sands of the valley of the Somme, have established with certainty the existence of man at the time when those very ancient deposits were formed, the traces of an intentional operation on the bones of Rhinoceros, Aurochs, Megaceros, Cervus somenensis, etc., supply equally the inductive demonstration of the contemporaneity of those species with the human race. M. Lartet points out that the Aurochs, though still existing, was contemporaneous with the Elephas primigenius, and that its remains occur in preglacial deposits; and, indeed, that a great proportion of our living mammifers have been contemporaneous with E. primigenius and R. tichorhinus, the first appearance of which in Western Europe must have been preceded by that of several of our still existing quadrupeds.

The author also remarks, that there is good evidence of changes of level having occurred since man began to occupy Europe and the British Isles, yet they have not amounted to catastrophes so general as to affect the regular succession of organized beings.

Lastly, M. Lartet announced that a flint hatchet and some flint knives had lately been discovered in company with remains of elephant, aurochs, horse, and a feline animal, in the sands of the Parisian suburb of Grenelle, by M. Gosse, of Geneva.

The late discovery of ancient bronze implements near Moskowie, in Bohemia, also bears upon this interesting question. These are coated with successive layers of malachite, the copper derived from the bronze, and evidently very slowly produced. It has even been supposed that these prove that bronze instruments were in use in middle Europe at a period far beyond that of historical research.

Lastly, the "evidence of language " has been adduced to assign to man a high antiquity in the following paper, read before the British Association in 1861, by Mr. Crawfurd:

"The periods usually assigned for man's first. appearance on earth, date only from the time when he had already attained such an amount of civilization as to enable him to frame some kind of record of his own career, and take no account of the many ages which must have transpired before he could have attained that power. Among the many facts attesting the high antiquity of man, the formation of language might be adduced, and his object was to give a few of the most striking facts which it yields. Language was not innate, but adventitious. Infants were without language, and

ing implied an advanced state of civilization, the fruit of very long time; and from the sketch he had given of the formation of language, the conclusion was, he thought, inevitable that the birth of man was of vast antiquity."

APPLETON, NATHAN, died at Boston, July 14, 1861. He was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, Oct. 6, 1779, and was the seyenth son of Isaac Appleton. At fifteen years of age he was examined and admitted to Dartmouth College. It was decided, however, that he should proceed no further in his collegiate studies. His brother Samuel, who had been in trade in New Ipswich and was about to remove to Boston, proposed that he should accompany him. This was accepted, and as he himself says, "It was determined that I should become a merchant rather than a scholar." His brother commenced business in a small shop in Cornhill; it consisted mostly in purchasing goods at auction and selling them to country traders for cash or short credit, for a small profit. In 1799, his brother made a voyage to Europe, leaving his business in the charge of Nathan. On the return of the former he removed to a warehouse in State street, and proposed to the latter, who had become of age, to be a partner. This was accepted, and Nathan now had at hand opportunities for enlarging his observation and experience. He was sent out to England to purchase goods while Europe was in a state of war. The news of peace reached him on landing, and changed the whole condition and current of trade. He postponed his purchases and travelled on the Continent; shortly afterwards returning to America, and resuming his mercantile career. In 1806 he married Maria Theresa Gold, the eldest daughter of Thomas Gold, of Pittsfield, and for the health of his wife soon crossed the ocean again. In Edinburgh he met Francis C. Lowell at the moment the latter was first conceiving the policy to which the cotton manufacture of New England owes its origin; with him he held an earnest and encouraging consultation in regard to it.

As capital accumulated in his hands, he took a very active part in connection with Francis C. Lowell, Patrick T. Jackson, Paul Moody, and others, in establishing the cotton factory at Waltham, Massachusetts. He says: "When the first loom was ready for trial, many little matters were to be adjusted or overcome before it would work perfectly. Mr. Lowell said to me, that he did not wish me to see it until it was complete, of which he would give me notice. At length the time arrived, and he invited me to go out with him and see the loom operate. I well recollect the state of satisfaction and admiration with which we sat by the hour watching the beautiful movement of this new and wonderful machine, destined, as it evidently was, to change the character of all textile industry." He was also one of the chief associates in the company which made the first

purchases for a like purpose at Lowell. They purchased the water power at Pawtucket Falls, on the Merrimac River, and a large portion of the land adjacent, on which the city of Lowell now stands. He was also the projector and largest proprietor of the Hamilton Company, where new varieties of goods were first made in this country.

On different occasions he was elected a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and in 1830 was chosen a member of the Twentysecond Congress. His first speech was an effort to show that South Carolina was the author of the system of minimums, which was only another name for specific duties and a system capable of defence, the tariff being under discussion. He writes: "I took the occasion to state, that we could convert a pound of our cotton into the common cloth we were making, for less money than the British could do. This being a fact well known to me, the statement was made advisedly, wishing the matter to stand on its true basis; but, being so contrary to the general impression, it quite alarmed some of the friends of the protective system, as I learned afterwards. My speech gave a new turn to the debate. It brought up McDuffie and Cambreleng, and the debate occupied the whole day. The vote showed a majority of about twenty in favor of the protective system."

In 1842 he was again sent to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Robert O. Winthrop in Congress. Though not a frequent debater in Congress, he was listened to with attention. His mind turned to the financial and commercial view of questions. He was a member of the American Academy of Science and Arts, and of the Massachusetts HistoricalSociety. In February, 1833, his wife died, leaving to him four children. In 1839 he was agath married to the daughter of Jesse Sumner of Boston. Their children were three in number.

AQUIA CREEK is located on the right bank of the Potomac, at the termination of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad. This was a part of the through route from New Orleans and Mobile to New York. The connection between Aquia Creek and Washington was made by steamboat, 55 miles. It is 15 miles from Fredericksburg. The creek itself, after which the railroad termination takes its name, flows through Stafford County into the Potomac, and is navigable for vessels of light raft for several miles from its mouth. Batteries were erected here by the Virginia troops, which were cannonaded by Commander H. J. Ward in the gunboat Freeborn, supported by the Anacostia and Resolute on the 31st of May. He thus reported the affair:

"After an incessant charge, kept up for two hours by both our 32-pounders, and the expenditure of all the ammunition suitable for distant firing, and silencing completely the three batteries at the railroad terminus, the fir