limits of his governorship. On the 21st March the prince had an opportunity of witnessing a jereed tournament executed by some Arnouts and Arab chiefs located on the river between Assiout and Denderah. Continuing the course down the river, Memphis and other celebrated ruins were severally inspected; and, after an absence of eighteen days, Cairo was again reached on Sunday, 23rd March. The following day was occupied in visiting places of interest in and about the capital. On the 25th, his royal highness was at Suez, when a small steamer was placed at his disposal by the Egyptian government, in which the royal party crossed over to Ain Mousseh (the Wells of Moses). This little trip was attended with an incident, such as imparts to Eastern travel its characteristic zest. As the steamer approached Ain Mousseh, small as was her draught of water, she stranded in the sand while still at some distance from the shore. The horses provided by the government had not yet arrived, and the difficulty admitted but of one solution. Trousers were tucked up, and the whole party waded to the land, in the most dignified attitudes possible to the situation. The following day was again spent in Cairo in a few final excursions; and on Thursday, the 27th, his royal highness returned to Alexandria. The last day of this portion of the royal expedition was devoted to visiting the Obelisks and the Pillar. The prince then, having bidden farewell to the magnificent hospitality of the Egyptian Viceroy, re-embarked on board the royal yacht, under a salute from the batteries of the harbour, and on the following morning the Osborne got under weigh for Jaffa. A rough ride of two days from Jaffa brought the royal party to Jerusalem, on the evening of the 31st of March. On receiving tidings of the prince's approach, the Pacha of Jerusalem went forth to meet him on the Jaffa road, and in his company the little English party performed the last stage of its journey, preceded and followed by a numerous and picturesque escort of Turkish horsemen. The welcome offered to the prince by these accomplished cavaliers was according to the picturesque custom of the East. They galloped to and fro at the top of their speed, pulling up their horses suddenly when they seemed about to ride over their friends; they brandished their spears and guns, discharged their guns and pistols in full career, and indulged in mimic combats. On the 6th of February the prince left Osborne for | accompanied the expedition to every place within the London, and embarked the same evening at Dover on his way to Trieste, where the royal yacht Osborne was appointed to be in waiting to convey his royal highness and suite to Alexandria. Under the present mournful circumstances the prince travelled in strict incognito, as Baron Renfrew: the suite of his royal highness consisted of Major-General the Hon. R. Bruce; the Hon. R. Meade, of the foreign office (a gentleman formerly attached to Lord Dufferin's mission to the East); Dr. Minter, physician; Lieutenant-Colonel Keppel and Major Teesdale, R.A., equerries to his royal highness; and, lastly, the Rev. Dr. Stanley, the accomplished historian of the land about to be visited, who joined the prince at Alexandria. Crossing the continent, the prince stopped for a short time at Munich, arrived at Vienna on the 12th, where he was visited by the Emperor, and by the Archdukes of Austria, and proceeded thence, after a few days, to Venice, at which place the beautiful Empress of Austria was then residing. At length, leaving Europe behind, his royal highness and suite crossed the Mediterranean, and landed at Alexandria on the 1st of March. In setting foot upon Egyptian soil the incognito of the prince had to yield for the moment to the exigencies of Eastern etiquette, and a salute of twentyone guns was deemed indispensable to the dignity of the royal visitor. The prince proceeded at once to Cairo, where the Viceroy awaited his arrival. The prince and his suite occupied a palace placed at his disposal by the generous pacha. With a few unavoidable exceptions the prince's visit to Cairo differed but little in its circumstances from that of a private gentleman, and on his excursions into the town few of the Cairenes who beheld him riding through the bazaars could have suspected that they looked upon the future King of England. On the 4th March the prince left Cairo for the purpose of visiting the pyramids and the wonders of Upper Egypt. From Djizeh the journey was performed on dromedaries provided by the Viceroy, and the cavalcade wound its way through the green fields and palm groves of the district to the platform of the pyramids. The wonderful scene was reached that evening in just sufficient time to survey the colossal features of the Sphinx and the general outline of the pyramids by the fading light; and then the prince and his party retired, not to the ordinary bivouac in which European travellers rough it in the desert, but to sumptuous tents supplied by the Viceroy. At dawn on the following day an ascent of the Great Pyramid was made by the unaided efforts of the prince-to the mingled amusement and astonishment of some Bedouins who witnessed the feat, and who exclaimed in their broken English, "Is that the governor? Why does he go alone?" After a brief examination of the other antiquities in the neighbourhood the cavalcade returned to Djizeh, whence the final start for Upper Egypt was made the same afternoon. The party proceeded up the Nile to the first cataract with as little delay as possible. The first sight of an Egyptian temple was obtained at Esneh, when, during the necessary halt by night, on the upward voyage, the grand Roman portico of that temple was well seen by torchlight. From Assouan the prince visited Philæ, the holy island on the frontiers of Egypt and Nubia; and, after exploring its picturesque group of temples, returned the same day to Assouan, and immediately commenced the descent of the river. After spending a day among the magnificent temples of Edfou, Esneh was next visited, and then at Thebes, on Saturday, the 15th, a three days' halt was made. The first day was spent on the eastern bank of the river among the ruins of Karnac, and the second and third days were devoted to the temples and tombs on the western bank. At Thebes the Prince of Wales was met by the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg, who were about to make an exploratory tour in Africa. Kench was reached next day, where the prince took leave of Fadil Pacha, the governor of Upper Egypt, who had The entry of the Prince of Wales a welcome guest into the Holy City affords a remarkable historical contrast. But two of the prince's ancestors had set foot in the Holy Land. The first, Richard Cœur de Lion, also landed at Joppa; but an entry into Jerusalem was denied to his armed hand, and he deemed himself unworthy even to look upon the Holy City which he was not worthy to enter. The other, Prince Edward, the father of the first Prince of Wales, could not force his way beyond Acre. The pacha offered the prince the hospitality of his house; but his royal highness decided in favour of tent life, and the party accordingly encamped on the northern side of the city, near the Damascus gate. The two following days were devoted to the business of exploring the numerous points of interest in and about the city. Admission was then obtained into the chamber adjoining the tomb of David, into which, with the exception of the Duke of Brabant (the prince's cousin), no Christian had for centuries been permitted to enter. In the afternoon of the same day (4th April) the prince left for Bethlehem and the Dead Sea, and returned to Jerusalem on the following day. On Monday, the 7th April, came the excursion to Hebron, which will undoubtedly be long regarded as the memorable event of the prince's pilgrimage. This city, which occupies so prominent a place in the history of the Hebrews, was originally called Kirjath-Arba, and was the capital city of David until Jerusalem was taken. It is, however, more distinctly known to us as the site of the Cave of Machpelah, which Abraham purchased of Ephron the Hittite for a burial-place; in which he and offered an ejaculatory prayer to the dead patriarch: buried Sarah his wife; in which he was himself laid; 'Oh, friend of God! forgive this intrusion. We then in which Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah were en- entered. The chamber is cased in marble. The so-called tombed. It is singular that after the passage of Genesis tomb consists of a coffin-like structure, about six fest which records the dying wish of the patriarch Jacob high, built up of plastered stone or marble. (Genesis 1. 13), this sepulchre of the founders of the race Fictitious as the actual structure was, it was impossible of Israel is not again mentioned in the Bible, notwith- not to feel a thrill of unusual emotion at standing on standing that the city of Hebron and its neighbourhood such a spot. Within the area of the church were the scene of many remarkable events recorded in or mosque were shown the tombs of Isaac and Rebekah. the Old and New Testament. It is not until the time They are placed under separate chapels, in the walls of of Josephus that the burial-cave of Machpelah is again which are windows, and of which the gates are grated mentioned; but the passages of his Antiquities and not with silver but iron bars. . . To Rebekah's tomb History of the Jewish War are of great importance, since the same decorous rule of the exclusion of male visitors they are the intermediate links which connect, in a very naturally applied as in the case of Sarah's. But on reclear manner, the biblical accounts with the notices of questing to see the tomb of Isaac, we were entreated not modern discoverers. That the cave and its traditions to enter; and on asking, with some surprise, why an were well known to the early Christians is certain, for objection which had been conceded for Abraham should a Byzantine church was built within the ancient en- be raised in the case of his far less eminent son, were closure, the walls of which now form part of the Mus-answered that the difference lay in the characters of the sulman mosque. Throughout the Middle Ages, pilgrims | two patriarchs. Abraham was full of loving-kindness; from the Holy Land brought back accounts of an early he had withstood even the resolution of God against Christian church and a mosque over the Cave of Mach- Sodom and Gomorrah; he was goodness itself, and pelah, and they are mentioned by Benjamin Tudela and would overlook any affront. But Isaac was proverbially Maundeville; but since the time of the Mahommedan jealous, and it was exceedingly dangerous to exasperate conquest no European or Christian has been permitted him. When Ibrahim Pacha (as conqueror of Palestine) to enter the sanctified spot. In recent times the pre- had endeavoured to enter, he had been driven out by cincts have been surreptitiously entered by three persons; Isaac and fell back as if thunderstruck. The chapel, in but their observations were very hasty and imperfect, fact, contains nothing of interest. and their accounts of little value. To obtain an author ised and careful inspection of this remarkable place was one of the principal points laid down in the scheme for the prince's tour. The prejudices of the Mussulmans against permitting Christians to enter their sacred places actuated the authorities at Constantinople but slightly, but they did not venture to issue a direct firman; they sent a recommendatory letter to the governor of Jerusalem, Suraya Pacha, leaving the matter to his judgment. The pacha, partly from the dangers which would really attend the attempt, and partly from his personal prejudices, held out for long against the request of the prince; and was not brought to assent until the royal party relinquished the design in anger, and left Jerusalem in another direction. The pacha then became alarmed at the displeasure of so powerful a personage, followed the prince in haste to his encampment in Bethlehem, and not only yielded the point, but himself accompanied the prince with a strong escort, and took advantage of the occasion himself to see the wonders of the place. The little place was taken military possession of by the escort, and guards were stationed in every house or spot whence it was possible that some fanatical Moslem might attempt to avenge the intrusion of the infidel prince upon the sanctuary of the patriarchs. "I now," says Dr. Stanley, "proceed to describe the tombs of the patriarchs, premising always that these tombs, like all those in Mussulman mosques, and indeed like most tombs in Christian churches, do not profess to be the actual places of sepulture, but are merely monuments or cenotaphs in honour of the dead who lie beneath. Each is enclosed within a separate chapel or shrine, closed with gates or railings similar to those which surround or enclose the private chapels or royal tombs in Westminster Abbey. The first two of these shrines or chapels are contained in the inner portico or narthex, before the entrance into the actual building of the mosque. In the recess on the right is the shrine of Abraham, in the recess on the left that of Sarah, each guarded by silver gates. The shrine of Sarah we were requested not to enter, as being that of a woman. A pall lay over it. The shrine of Abraham, after a momentary hesitation, was thrown open. The guardians groaned aloud, but their chief turned to us with the remark, The princes of any other nation should have passed over my dead body sooner than enter, but to the eldest son of the Queen of England we are willing to accord even this privilege.' He stepped in before us "The shrines of Jacob and Leah were shown in recesses, corresponding to those of Abraham and Sarah, but in separate cloisters, opposite the entrance of the mosque. The gates of Jacob's tomb were opened without difficulty, though with a deep groan from the bystanders. We have now gone through all the shrines, whether of real or fictitious importance, which the sanctuary includes. It will be seen that up to this point no mention has been made of the subject of the greatest interest, namely, the sacred cave itself, in which one, at least, of the patriarchal family may possibly still repose intact, the embalmed body of Jacob. It may be well supposed that to this object our inquiries were throughout directed. One indication alone of the cavern beneath was visible. In the interior of the mosque, at the corner of the shrine of Abraham, was a small circular hole, about eight inches across, of which one foot above the pavement was built of strong masonry, but of which the lower part, as far as we could see and feel, was of living rock. The cavity appeared to open into a dark space beneath, and that space (which the guardians of the mosque believed to extend under the whole platform) can hardly be anything else than the ancient cavern of Machpelah. This was the only aperture which the guardians recognised. Once, they said, 2,500 years ago, a servant of a great king had penetrated through some other entrance. He descended in full possession of his faculties and of remarkable corpulence: he returned blind, deaf, withered, and crippled. Since then the entrance was closed, and this aperture alone was left, partly for the sake of allowing the holy air of the cave to escape into the mosque, and be scented by the faithful, partly for the sake of allowing a lamp to be let down by a chain, which we saw suspended at the mouth, to burn upon the sacred grave. We asked whether it could not be lighted now. No,' they said; the saint likes to have a lamp at night, but not in the full daylight.' With that glimpse into the dark void we and the world without must for the present be satisfied. Whether any other entrance is known to the Mussulmans themselves must be a matter of doubt. The original entrance to the cave, if it is now to be found at all, must probably be on the southern face of the hill, between the mosque and the gallery containing the shrine of Joseph, and entirely obstructed by the ancient Jewish wall, probably built across it for this very purpose." Besides these tombs of the patriarchs, the traditions of the place point out the tombs of Joseph and his wife, and if Judah. The tomb of Abner is shown in the town, and that of Jesse on the hill facing Hebron on the south. From Hebron the prince again returned to Jerusalem, and, on the 10th April, his royal highness and suite finally left to proceed on their journey towards the north. The first night after leaving Jerusalem was passed at Bethel, and on the following day the royal party proceeded by way of Shiloh to Nablûs, arriving on the eve of the Samaritan Passover. After visiting Jacob's Well, the whole party ascended Mount Gerizim, and there witnessed the ancient ceremony, the only direct vestige of the earliest Jewish ritual. The whole Samaritan community-amounting, it is said, to 152, from which hardly any variation has taken place within the memory of man-were encamped in tents on a level space a few hundred yards below the actual summit of the mountain. The women were shut up in the tents, but the men were assembled on the rocky terrace in sacred costume. About half an hour before sunset the prayers began, and six sheep, tended by young men in white garments, appeared among the crowd. As the sun sank behind the western ridge, the young men burst into a wild chant, drew their long bright knives, and brandished them in the air. In a moment the sheep were thrown on their backs, and the flashing knives rapidly drawn across their throats. In the stream of blood which poured from them the young men dipped their fingers, and a small spot was marked on the foreheads and noses of the children. The next process was that of the fleecing and roasting of the slaughtered animals-the first in a trough, the second in a hole prepared for the purpose. The prince and most of his suite returned to the tents, one or two remaining through the night on the mountain-top to witness the feast," which was not to commence till early morning. Girded and shod, with staves in their hands, the Samaritans awaited the appointed moment, and then in rapid silence and with eager hands, as of men in hunger, the blackened masses of the sacrifice were torn away piecemeal and consumed, until in ten minutes all was gone but a few remnants. Descending from the hills of Samaria to the plain of Esdraeldon and Megiddo, the royal party encamped, on the 15th of April, at the foot of Mount Carmel, crossing the plains to Acre on the following day. Proceeding thence over the hills of Galilee, they reached Nazareth by Good Friday, and at sunset on Easter-eve the first view of the Sea of Galilee broke upon the party. The tents were pitched by the old walls of Tiberias, on the very edge of the lake; and here on Easter Day, Dr. Stanley, after the usual service, administered the Holy Communion to all the party. On Monday, April 21, they explored the shores of the lake northwards, and then mounted to Safed, where they passed the night. The following day, Kadesh Naphthali was reached; whence a descent was made into the valley of the Lake of Merom, and so on to the hill of Dan, at the first source of the Jordan. The rest of the week was spent in crossing the plain to the celebrated "Crusader" fortress of Belfort, and in exploring the banks of the wild and mysterious river, the Litâny. On the following Monday the royal party approached Damascus. Their descent to the city was accompanied by the crowd and tumult which always greeted the prince's arrival; but within the city unusual signs of aversion were manifested at the appearance of a Christian prince. The fierce passions which had been aroused in the recent massacre of the Maronites still smouldered among the populace of Damascus; and along the streets and bazaars many a Mussulman remained sullen and immovable on his seat, instead of rising to salute the Christian cavalcade as it approached. The prince received here a visit from Abd-el-Kader, whose heroic resistance in the summer of 1860 to the fanaticism of his co-religionists was warmly complimented by his royal highness. From Damascus the royal party turned westward, VOL. IV. and by the route of Ain Fijeh, Abila, and Baalbec, reached Bierût on the 6th of May. From Bierût the prince visited Tyre and Sidon, on the south, and the entrance of the Lycus, or Dog River, on the north; and, on the 10th of May, the royal party landed at Tripoli, in order to visit the Cedars of Lebanon. They rode up into the hills to the village of Ehden, where they encamped till Monday, May 12. From this village the ascent to the cedars is usually made. The cedar grove is literally on the very edge of the height of Lebanon. It stands as if on an island eminence, broken into seven knolls, of which six are arranged round the seventh, on a square mount, in the midst of which stands a rude Maronite chapel. The outskirts of the eminence are clothed with the younger trees, whose light feathery branches veil the more venerable patriarchs in the interior of the grove. This younger growth, which has entirely sprung up within the last two centuries, amounts now to more than three hundred. The older trees, which are so different in appearance from the others as to seem to belong to a different race, are now about twelve in number. Their massive trunks, clothed with a scaly texture, and contorted with all the multiform irregularities of age, may well have suggested those ideas of regal, almost divine, strength and solidity which the Sacred Writers ascribe to them. In ancient days, the grove must have been much more extensive, and the great trees probably then overspread the whole. Now, they are huddled together on two or three of the central knolls, and the peculiar grace of the cedar as seen in Europe, with its long sweeping branches feathering down to the ground, is there unknown. The grove of cedars in this locality can never have been very extensive, but there were probably other forests in different parts of the Libanus range. The cedars of Lebanon seem to have attained an early reputation for their excellence for forming statues, and the more ornamented parts of temples and palaces. Large quantities were felled for these purposes, and transported to Tyre and Sidon; and they were in demand for the palaces of the Jewish princes before the building of Solomon's temple. The great devastation of this sacred grove is, however, due to Sennacherib, who, on his conquest of the whole sea-coast of the Mediterranean, penetrated into the Libanus, and cut down the forests. The superstition of the Eastern nations caused a continuous felling of such trees as had attained a large growth, and the natural succession of young wood was prevented by the browsing of goats and the gnawing of wild animals as the young shoots sprung up; and thus this celebrated grove has shrunk to its present limited dimensions. For the last two centuries, however, the cedars have become invested by the veneration of pilgrims, and the associations that attach to them, with a sanctity almost approaching to that with which they were formerly revered as special miracles of divine power by the psalmist of Israel. They are regarded with great veneration by the Maronites, in whose country they are, and who have erected a rude wooden chapel within the grove. This was the last expedition of the royal party in Syria. It had been the prince's wish that divine service should be held under the shade of the cedars, but the royal party had hardly reached the grove when a heavy storm drove them back to their encampment at Ehden. On the 13th of May the prince left the shores of Syria, visiting only one more spot in departing-the Island of Ruad, the ancient Arvad, to see the remains of the oldest of all the monuments of Syria. On May 15th the royal yacht reached Rhodes, where the prince landed and explored the excavation of one of the tombs at Camirus. The following day was spent among the islands, two of which his royal highness visited. One was the extinct volcano of Santorin, the other was the celebrated grotto in the Island of Antiparos. On May 17, the royal party P landed at Patmos, and visited the grotto of St. John, | of the interests involved therein, might with justice be and proceeded, on the evening of the same day, to the designated as national. ruins of Ephesus. The homeward route was taken through the well-known scenes of Smyrna, Constantinople, Athens, Cephalonia, and Malta; and the prince's Eastern tour finally terminated in the harbour of Marseilles. A rapid journey brought the prince to Paris, whence a brief visit was paid to the Emperor at Fontainebleau. On the evening of the 14th of June his royal highness reached Windsor Castle; and the travellers, who had lived together in unbroken intercourse for more than four oventful months, parted to their several homes. From one, it was parting for life. General Bruce, on the 27th of June, within a fortnight of his return, sank under the effects of a fever contracted during the latter part of the journey. VISIT OF THE PACHA OF EGYPT TO Among the illustrious guests whom the fame of the International Exhibition had brought to our island, not the least remarkable or least respected was Said, the Pacha of Egypt. This prince had many claims upon the attention of our nation. He was the fourth son of the great Mehemet Ali, the founder of the dynasty; was, during the life of his father and brother, and nephew Abbas Pacha, grand admiral of the Egyptian fleet; and succeeded to the pachalic on the death of Abbas, in 1854. His government was, for an Oriental prince, eminently enlightened. His claims upon the consideration of the English were numerous and great. He had throughout given every facility to promote the overland communication with India by the Isthmus of Suez; had protected our commerce with zeal and fidelity; and when the Indian mutiny broke out, gave us an eminent proof of his attachment to our interests by offering the free passage through his dominions of such troops as we might wish to despatch by that route. Of this generous offer we had availed ourselves so far as to send overland corps of engineers, artillerymen, and officers, whose instant presence at the scene of the rebellion was indispensable. The last and very acceptable compliment his highness had paid to our country was the hospitable reception he gave to the Prince of Wales, when he visited Egypt, during his tour in the East. His highness had been in England more than once before. His principal object in coming to England was to visit the International Exhibition, of which he was an indefatigable inspector, and made very large purchases. In consequence of the retirement in which the court was living, his highness was not received by the queen, but was presented to some of the royal family when they met in the exhibition building. The Prince of Wales, also, on his return from his tour, hastened to make his acknowledgments to his late host. The pacha, before his departure, gave a state banquet on board his yacht, the splendour of which equalled the best descriptions of Oriental magnificence. THE COTTON FAMINE. In the occurrences of home affairs in 1862 a disaster of great magnitude fell upon the cotton manufacturing districts. This visitation was popularly known as the "cotton famine." The following particulars as to the nature and amount of the distress in the great seats of this industry were gathered by Mr. John Plummer, and may be relied upon as trustworthy. The commencement of hostilities between the two great divisions of the United States was the signal for the infliction of a fearful but not totally unexpected blow upon the prosperity of a manufacture which, judging from its enormous extent, and the magnitude By the interruption, and subsequent cessation, of the usual supply of the raw material from the cotton-producing States, the majority of our cotton manufacturing establishments were deprived of the means of continuing their operations, and the consequence was, a widely-spread want of employment amongst the workers usually engaged in those places, and an enormous increase of pauperism in the localities affected. Mr. David Chadwick, of Manchester, estimated "the num ber of persons in Lancashire directly occupied in the various branches of the cotton trade, in 1859, at 400,000 persons." Others who have studied the subject have made greater or lesser calculations, but Mr. Chadwick's estimate is generally considered to be the most reliable. The same writer also informs us that the amount paid for wages to those 400,000 persons in Lancashire, in 1859, yielded an average of 10s. 34d. to each individual; which would amount to £205,833 per week, or £10,653,000 per annum. "The number of spindles and power-looms now (1859) employed in cotton-spinning and manufac turing in Lancashire may be estimated at 28 million spindles and 300,000 looms." "It has been estimated that the cost of a spinning mill and all the requisito machinery is from 23s. to 24s. per spindle, and of a weaving establishment £24 per loom. The capital now (1859) invested in Lancashire, in cotton mills and machinery and working stock, may be estimated at 52 millions sterling, viz. : In a paper read at the Cambridge meeting of the British Association Mr. Chadwick stated that, in 1860, we received 3,366,000 bales of cotton from all sources; while during the first eight months of 1862 the total amount did not exceed 725,917 bales. The extreme prices of raw cotton ranged, from 1818 to 1859, from 4s. to 93d. per pound for "Sea Island," and from 1s. 9d. to 4d. per pound for "Orleans." The average prices of New Orleans cotton, in September, 1861, were from 71⁄2d. to 10d. per pound; but in the corresponding month of 1862 they had increased to 2s. and 2s. 6d. per pound. The effect of this state of things was to produce a complete stagnation of the cotton manufacture, and to entail a frightful amount of destitution, suffering, and misery amongst the operative classes. Mr. Chadwick informs us that the total number of persons in Lancashire who are dependent on the cotton trade is 800,000. "Of the 400,000 operatives usually employed, more than 150,000 are now (October, 1862) entirely out of employment, and more than 120,000 are working short time. Taking those working short time at three days per week, and reckoning them at half the number (60,000), it gives 210,000 persons now totally unemployed. . . . Taking the average earnings of these 210,000 persons thrown out of employment at 10s. per week, the total loss amounts to £105,000 per week, or £1,365,000 per quarter, or £5,460,000 per year. This estimate is likely to be doubled before Christmas next, and, including trades dependent upon the cotton manufacture, the loss of wages may be taken at £200,000 per week." The foregoing careful and deliberate statements of one who possessed considerable experience in these details, will afford a tolerably correct idea of the magnitude of the calamity which had overtaken the industrious operatives of Lancashire; but it is impossible fully to realise the effects of the distress on this high-spirited and comparatively independent population, unless we examine below, as well as above, the surface. The hitherto calm and patient bearing of the suffering |
