book I have read in."

Thence entering Yorkshire our traveller comes to Richmond, crowned by the ruins of an old castle, but "so decayed and sad shattered that it is like a disregarded place and there were only two good houses, one belonging to M. Darcy the Earl of Holderness's brother."

Celia Fiennes's repeated journeys to Yorkshire had been prompted by the care of her health and the use of the mineral springs of Haragate (Harrowgate) and Knaresborough, and here again, as well as at the Holy well of St. Winifred, some superstitious feelings as well as worldly views brought Catholic pilgrims to resort to those spaws which she calls "stincking on account of Brimstone. Bones are secretly dug out of the ruins of an old abbey and taken away as sanctifying relics."

In praise of Leeds our traveller has much to say, being fond of new cities, as "it is a Large town, severall Large and broad Streetes, Cleane and well pitch and good houses all built of stone. This is esteemed the wealthyest town of its bigness in the Country its manufacture is the woollen cloth, in which they are all employed and are esteemed very Rich and very proud; here if one calls for a tankard of Ale wch is always a groate, their Ale is very strong, but for paying this Groate for your Ale you may have a slice of meate or Else butter and Cheese gratis into the Bargaine—This town is full of discenters, there are two large meeting places, here also a good schoole for young gentlewomen." She says quite as much of several towns in Devonshire and Cornwall, those western parts in which Monmouth found the greatest number of his adherents,

and Jeffreys made the greatest number of his victims under James II.

Of the now large and prosperous city of Halifax she writes" she resolved not to goe to that ragged and almost ruined town (p. 186) and ye Engine that town was famous for to behead their Criminalls at one Stroake wth a pully was destroyed since their Charter was taken from them." Few people are aware that the guillotine was not of French origin. She does full justice and gives a full tribute of praise to the beauty of York Minster, especially to the vast proportions of the lofty windows which adorn the Quire (Choir) and to their pictures, but she finds fault with the narrow streets and the old-fashioned houses too much clustered together and the bridge over the river Uise (Ouse) which is obstructed, being built upon with houses as was the old London Bridge and the bridge over the Avon at Bristol, while she praises the bridge over the Medway at Rochester for the reverse. From the few lines given to York Minster she soon goes astray (p. 58, 66, 68, 69 and 74, 77, 198) on fish cooking, codfish, salmon, pigs of Rippon and Chesterfield ale "generally esteemed the best in the Kingdom." She mistakes the river Derwent in Yorkshire for the one which flows through Derbyshire. She experiences a special and well-deserved fondness for Herrifordshire (Herefordshire), which she repeatedly visited, not indeed exclusively for its smiling landscape, but also for its fruitful orchards (p. 8) and its skilful method of cider pressing. She several times mentions (p. 33, 287, 191 and 268) the Manborn or Manbern Hills. (Malvern hills) which rise. like the Alps between Herefordshire and Worcester

shire and "seem vastly higher than these in the neighbourhood of London and whose descent is as long and steep in some places as its riseing was." As a compensation for such comforting truisms and for a dry and prosaic description (p. 196) of the New House built at Stoake by her relation, Mr Folies, let us borrow a few lines which were written at the same spot by Motley (Letters II., p. 298) when he spent a few days at Madresfield Court, "an old moated house dating far back into the Plantagenet days, belonging to Lord Beauchamp, who took me one day to visit Witley, the magnificent place of Lord Dudley, which I did not admire. They say that £200,000 have been spent in remodelling and furnishing it since he bought it of Lord Foley. But it is altogether too smart, gilt gingerbready. We ascended to the summit of the Malvern hills, and enjoyed the view over the smiling hills of Herefordshire on one side with the hills of Wales in the background and the wide sweep and beautiful highly cultivated hills and dales of Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and I know not what else. Another day I went with Lord Beauchamp to Worcester to visit the cathedral, which is not a very admirable church. We went duly through the famous Worcestershire potteries, passing on the road a splendid villa built by the proprietor of the Worcester Sauce and subsequently I went with Lord Beauchamp to Tewkesbury, famous for the bloody meadow fight, for its beautiful, stately, most imposing Norman Abbey and for its mustard." Sic transit gloria. Celia Fiennes' crooked journeys, which we cannot but envy her, led her to many of the finest middle age monuments, which are very dryly disposed of; the abbey of St Alban's (p. 98) out

of repair, the Cross at Coventry (p. 91, 92),-Warwick with the monument of the "great Earle of Leisters and his Ladyes in stone curiously."

As she includes a trip to Cornwall in the Diary of her Great Northern Journey we must still follow her westwards. Over hills and vales and through the lanes of Somerset and Devonshire does she approach Exeter, conspicuous only from a distance of one mile, with the river Ex and its estuary further on. She expatiates on its prosperous industry: "Exeter is a town very well built; the streetes spatious and noble are well pitch'd, and a vast trade is carried on; as Norwich is for crapes and Damaske, soe this is for serges. There is an Incredible quantity of them made and sold in the town. It turns the most money in a weeke of anything in England. One weeke with another there is 10,000 pounds paid in ready money, sometymes 15,000 pounds. The weavers bring to market their serges and must have their money wch they Employ to provide them yearne to go to work again." She describes to perfection the intricacies and beauties of Plymouth harbor, and she saw in the distance Eddystone Lighthouse building "with God's mercy," p. 215.

On the year following that protracted journey C. Fiennes accomplished a much shorter one in the Metropolis and its vicinity, to Windsor, Eton, etc., giving us a full and minute description of the municipal constitution of the City of London, its regulations and ceremonies, Houses of Parliament, Inns of Courts and Courts of Law, the pageantry of the coronation; and shows herself fully conversant with those practical busi

ness matters.

GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES.

THE ANGLO-PORTUGUESE QUESTION.-This Society has received the Protest, sent out by the Lisbon Geographical Society on the 13th January, 1890, to the Academies and Societies, with which it maintains relations.

In this document the Lisbon Society states, from its own point of view, the causes which led to the difficulty between Portugal and England, and to the English ultimatum of January 11th; and solemnly records its protest against this ultimatum as the culmination of a policy characterized by injustice and by violence.

The Madrid Geographical Society, in a letter dated January 15th, energetically supports the Protest, and calls upon kindred associations throughout the world to unite in condemning the English aggression on the rights of Portugal in Eastern Africa.

The American Geographical Society respectfully acknowledges these communications, but can have no opinion to express with regard to the matters in dispute between England and Portugal.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE. This Society was organized, as a Department of the Brooklyn Institute, at a meeting held on the 7th of February, 1890. The purposes of the Society are thus set forth :