A Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts

things are quoted from the incomparable descriptions of Bigelow. I am under obligations to Dr. Gray for suggestions in regard to the distribution into families and genera; but I should be sorry, to have him considered responsible for any thing in its execution. Mr. Oakes has furnished me with many beautiful specimens, such as nobody else can make. To Mr. Russell, I am indebted for a communication upon the Pitch Pine, and for other favors, as well as for the catalogue of Mosses. To my friends, Messrs. E. Tuckerman and B. D. Greene, I owe thanks for the use of specimens from their extensive herbaria. Dr. Barratt, of Middletown, Conn., has given me important assistance in the study of the Poplars and Willows; and from the invaluable Report of my friend Dr. Harris, I have, with his consent, obtained much information, not to be found elsewhere, in regard to insects.

To so many citizens of the Commonwealth am I indebted for aid received in conducting the Survey and ascertaining the condition of the forests, that I can do no more than mention their names. From Hon. D. P. King and Messrs. S. P. Fowler, of Danvers; Josiah Newhall, of Lynnfield, and Lilley Eaton, of South Reading; J. L. Lewis, of Hingham, Samuel A. Turner, of South Scituate, and my friend G. P. Bradford, then of Plymouth; from Messrs. Chester Adams, of South Natick, and Daniel Adams, 3d, of Newbury; Daniel Davis, of Fairhaven, Thomas A. Greene, of New Bedford, and Hezekiah Barnard, of Nantucket; S. Davis, of Truro, Solomon Freeman, of Brewster, and E. Swift, of Falmouth; from Messrs. Jabez Newel, and Abijah M. Ide, of South Attleborough; Rhodolphus Sanderson, of East Whately, and D. Willard, of Greenfield; C. B. Rising, of Worthington, and Joseph Field, of Charlemont; C. S. Darling, of Gill, and Samuel Mixter, of New Braintree; Allen C. Metcalf, of Lenox, J. H. Cobb, of Dedham, and S. Salisbury, of Worcester; from Henry Colman, of the Agricultural Survey, and especially from Wm. Bacon, of Richmond, Austin Bacon, of Natick, and Henry W. Cushman, of Bernardston, I received very useful letters,—from the three latter gentlemen, communications of great value.

From Messrs. P. T. Jackson, N. Hale, Ch. L. Storrow, B. T.

Reed, W. Raymond Lee, of Boston, and A. E. Swasey, of Taunton, I received facilities in ascertaining the quantity of wood consumed on rail-roads; and from my friends, T. B. Curtis, of Boston, and H. Kingsbury, of Kennebunk, Me., letters containing valuable information in regard to the kinds and quantities of wood employed in ship-building.

To my friends, Dr. O. W. Holmes, whose poetical eye is also an eye for trees, and J. J. Dixwell, who knows how to represent them, I am indebted for numerous measurements of trees; and to my learned friend Dr. A. A. Gould, who, to his other attainments in natural science, unites a familiar knowledge of botany, I am particularly indebted for most important advice and assistance in very many instances.

In the ship-yards in Boston, New Bedford and other towns in the State, and the numerous saw-mills, machine-shops, and manufactories of furniture, of agricultural implements, and of all other articles of wood, and on the farms and wood-lots in all parts of the Commonwealth, whither I went, in almost all instances, a stranger, to make inquiries,-every where, with one solitary exception, I was very civilly received, and had my questions answered with the greatest kindness and intelligence; and every where I found a readiness to furnish me, or let me furnish myself, with specimens of the flowers, leaves, fruit and wood of the trees I was examining. To all persons from whom I have received these acts of kindness, I would here make my cordial acknowledgments. I shall always esteem it one of the best fruits of my labors in this Survey, that they have brought me better acquainted than I otherwise could have been, with the intelligence, hospitality, and good and kind manners of the common people in every part of the State. If there are better manners and a higher intelligence among the people in other countries, I should like to travel amongst them; but I very much doubt whether, in any country on which the sun shines, there are, amongst the people in common life, more of those qualities which are always pleasant to meet with, delightful to remember, and most honorable to our common humanity to record, than are found among the independent mechanics and yeomanry of Massachusetts.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Furnish ma-

THE Forests, page 1. Object of the Report, 2. Uses of the forests ;-form a soil, 3.

Conduct electricity, 4. Soften the climate, protect from winds, 5. Give beauty to

a country, 6. Variety of our forest trees, 9. Use for shade, 10.

terials for the arts, 11. Shipbuilding, 12. The forests wasted, 13. Maple sugar,

14. Fuel, 14. Continuation and improvement of the forests, 16. Species of trees,

17. Names little known, 18. Trees for fuel, shipbuilding, 19. Fencing, fur-

niture, implements, tanning, 20. Improvable lands, 21. Rocky hills; marshes,

22. Thinning and pruning, 23. The principle of pruning; mode, 24. Select-

ing, 25. Cutting smooth; how soon renewed, 25. Age, 27. Season, 27. Suc-

cession of forests, 29. Things injurious to a forest: browsing, injudicious prun-

ing, sea breeze, 31 Upon planting near the sea; on exposed hills, 32. Strength

and durability of timber, 33. Buffon's mode of felling, 34.

Woody Plants of Massachusetts; distribution into families and genera; description

of a flower and fruit, 37. Figures, 38. Division into families, 39. Plants with

opposite leaves, 40. Plants with alternate leaves, 41. Division into genera, 42.

FIRST GENERAL DIVISION. DICOTYLEDONOUS Plants, 45.

CHAPTER I. Plants with naked seeds.

FAMILY I. Pine Family, 47. Products of the pines, 48. Root; trunk, 49.

Branches; wood, 50. Leaves, 51. Buds; flower, 52. Fruit, 53. Insects on

the pines, 54. Soil for pines, 56. Propagation and culture, 57. Transplanting;

division, 59. SECTION FIRST. PINE AND FIR Tribe. Genus 1. The Pine. Sp. 1.

White pine, 60. Sp. 2. Pitch pine, 66. Planting with, 71. Sp. 3. Red or Nor-

way pine, 74. Genus 2. Spruce. Sp. 1. Hemlock, 77. Sp. 2. Black or Dou-

ble Spruce, 81. Sp. 3. Single or White Spruce, 84. Genus 3. Fir. Sp. 1. Bal-

sam fir, 85. European fir. Sp. 2. Double balsam fir, 88. Genus 4. Larch.

Sp. 1. Hacmatack, 89. Planting with larch, 91. Cedar of Lebanon, 95.

SECTION SECOND. CYPRESS Tribe. Genus 5. Arbor Vitæ. Cedar. Sp. 1. Ameri-

can arbor vitæ, 96. Genus 6. Cedar or Cypress. Sp. 1. White cedar, 98. Fence

of, 100. European cypress, Southern cypress, 101. Genus 7. Juniper. Sp. 1.

Red cedar, 102. Cedar apple, 106. Sp. 2. Juniper, 108. SECTION THIRD.

The Yews. Genus 8. Yew, 110. Sp. 1. Ground hemlock, 111.

FAMILY II. Oak Family, 113. Genus 1. Oak, 115. Value, 116. Insects on,

117. Bark, 120. Root, 121. Flowers; fruit, 122. Growth, 123. Species, 124.

Arrangement, 125. Table of species, 126. Sp. 1. White oak, 127. Sp. 2.

Sp. 3. Post or Rough, 133.

Sp. 6. Rock chestnut, 138.

Sp. 4. Swamp White, 135.

Sp. 7. Little Chincapin, 140.

Overcup White, 132.

Sp. 5. Chestnut, 137.

Sp. 8. Black or Yellow-barked, 141. Sp. 9. Scarlet, 144. Sp. 10. Red, 148.

Sp. 11. Bear, 150. Grouping of the oaks, 151. Planting with oaks, 152.

English oaks, 157. Genus 2. Beech. Sp. 1. American, 158. European, 162.

Genus 3. Chestnut, 163. Sp. 1. American, 164. Genus 4. Hazel, 170. Sp. 1.

American, 171. Sp. 2. Beaked, 173.

FAMILY III. Hornbeam Family. Genus 1. Hornbeam. Sp. 1. American, 174.

Genus 2. Hop Hornbeam. Sp. 1. American, 177.

FAMILY IV. Walnut Family, 180. Insects, 180. Genus 1. Walnut, 181. Sp. 1.

Butternut or oilnut, 182. Sp. 2. Black walnut, 185. Genus 2. Hickory, 187.

Sp. 1. Shellbark, 191. Sp. 2. Mockernut, 194. Sp. 3. Pignut, 197. Sp. 4.

Bitternut, 199.

FAMILY V. Birch Family, 201. Genus 1. Birch, 202. Sp. 1. Black, or Sweet,

203. Sp. 2. Yellow, 206. Sp. 3. Red, 208. Sp. 4. Canoe, 210. Sp. 5. White,

213. European Birch, 215. Planting, 216. Genus 2. Alder, 217. Sp. 1. Com-

mon, 218. Sp. 2. Speckled, 220.

FAMILY VI. Wax Myrtle Family. Genus 1. Myrtle. Sp. 1. Sweet Gale or Dutch

Myrtle, 222. Sp. 2. Bay Berry or Wax Myrtle, 224. Genus 2. Liquidamber.

Sp. 1. Sweet fern, 225.

FAMILY VII. Plane Tree Family, 226. Genus 1. Plane Tree.

Sp. 1. Buttonwood,

Oriental Plane, 235.

or occidental Plane, 227. Malady in the buttonwoods, 232.

Californian, 237.

FAMILY VIII. Willow Family, 239. Genus 1. Poplar, 240. Insects on, 242. Sp.

1. Large, 242. Sp. 2. American aspen, 243. Sp. 3. Balm of Gilead, 245. Sp.

4. River, 246. Sp. 5. Necklace, 249. True Balsam poplar, 251. Genus 2.

Willow, 252. GROUP 1. Sallows. Sp. 1. Sage, 255. Var. 2, 256--var. 3, 257.

Sp. 2. Muhlenberg's, 257. GROUP 2. Two-colored. Sp. 3. Bog, 258. Sp. 4.

Woolly-headed Swamp. Sp. 5. Prinos-like, 259. Sp. 6. Dense-flowered Early,

260. Sp. 7. Frost or Tender, 261. GROUP 3. Sp. 8. Brittle Gray, 262. GROUP

4. Osiers. GROUP 5. Brittle, 263. Sp. 9. Crack, 264. Sp. 10. Varnished, 265.

Sp. 11. Bedford, 266. Sp. 12. Glossy, 267. GROUP 6. White. Sp. 13. The

White, 268. Blue. Sp. 14. Yellow Willow, or Golden Osier, 269. Sp. 15.

Weeping, 270. Sp. 16. Black, 271. Sp. 17. Pursh's, 272. GROUP 7. Ochre-

flowered. Sp. 18. Beaked, 274. GROUP 8. Cordate. Sp. 19. Heart-leaved, 275.

Sp. 20. Stiff-leaved, 276. Sp. 21. Torrey's, 277.

FAMILY IX. Bread-Fruit Family, 279. Genus 1. Mulberry Tree. Sp. 1. Red

Mulberry, 280. Paper Mulberry; Osage orange, 282.

CHAPTER III. Plants whose Flowers are without Petals, and not arranged

in Aments.

FAMILY X. Elm Family, 284. Genus 1. Elm, 285. Insects on, 286. Sp. 1.

American Elm, or White Elm, 286. Sp. 2. Slippery Elm, 297. English Elm,

299. Scotch Elm, 305. River Elm; Racemed Elm, 305. Genus 2. Nettle

Tree. Sp. 1. American, 306. Sp. 2. Hackberry, 309. Planer tree; Tselkwa

tree, 312.

FAMILY XI. Sandal Wood Family, 312. Genus 1. Tupelo, 313. Sp. 1. Tupelo

tree, Snag, Horn Pine, or Pepperidge, 313.

FAMILY XII. Cinnamon Family, 317. Genus 1. Sp. 1. Sassafras, 319. Insects

on, 321. Genus 2. Benzoin. Sp. 1. Fever Bush or Spice Bush, 324.

FAMILY XIII. Mezereum Family.

FAMILY XIV. Crowberry Family.

berry, 327.

Genus 1. Dirca. Sp. 1. Leather wood, 325.

Genus 1. Oakesia. Sp. 1. Plymouth Crow-

Genus 1. Privet. Sp. 1. Com-

Genus 2. Ash, 332. Sp. 1.

European, 339.

CHAPTER IV. Monopetalous Plants.
FAMILY XV. Olive Family, 329. 1. OLIVE Tribe.
mon Prim, 330. 2. LILAC Tribe. 3. ASH Tribe.
White, 333. Sp. 2. Red, 337. Sp. 3. Black, 338.

FAMILY XVI. Holly Family, 340. Genus 1. Holly. Sp. 1. American, 341.

Genus 2. Wild Holly. Sp. 1. Mountain, 343. Genus 3. Winter Berry. Sp. 1.

Black Alder, 344. Sp. 2. Single Berry Black Alder, 345. Sp. 3. Ink Berry, 346.

FAMILY XVII. Madder Family, 347. Coffee, 348. Genus 1. Sp. 1. Button Bush,

349. Genus 2. Sp. 1. Partridge Berry, 351.

FAMILY XVIII. Honeysuckle Family, 352. Genus 1. Linnæa. Sp. 1. Twin-

flower, 353. Genus 2. Triosteum, 354. Sp. 1. Fever Root, 355. Genus 3.

Lonicera. Sp. 1. Hairy Honeysuckle, 356. Sp. 2. Small-flowered Yellow Hon-

eysuckle, Woodbine. Evergreen Honeysuckle, 357. Japan Honeysuckle. Sp.

3. Fly Honeysuckle, 358. Sp. 4. Hairy Fly Honeysuckle. Genus 4. Diervilla.

Sp. 1. Three-flowered Bush Honeysuckle, 359.

FAMILY XIX. Elder Family, 360. Genus 1. Elder. Sp. 1. Panicled, 361. Sp.
2. Common, 362. Genus 2. Guelder Rose. Viburnum. SECTION 1. Sp. 1.
Naked Viburnum. Sp. 2. Sweet, 364. Sp. 3. Arrow Wood, 366. Sp. 4. Ma-
SECTION 2. Sp. 1. Cranberry Tree, 368. Sp. 2.

ple-leaved Arrow Wood, 367.

Wayfaring Tree, 369.

FAMILY XX. Heath Family, 370. ANDROMEDA Tribe. Genus 1. Andromeda, 371.

Sp. 1. Water Andromeda, 372. Genus 2. Cassandra. Sp. 1. Dwarf, 373. Ge.

nus 3. Lyonia, 374. Sp. 1. Panicled. Genus 4. Zenobia, 375. Sp. 1. Cluster-

ed, 376. Genus 5. Clethra. Sp. 1. Alder-leaved, 377. Genus 6. Epigæa. Sp.

1. May Flower, 378. Genus 7. Gaultheria, 379. Sp. 1. Chequer Berry, 380.

Genus 8. Bear Berry. Sp. 1. Common, 381. RHODORA Tribe, 382. Genus 9.

Rhododendron, 383. Sp. 1. American Rose Bay, 384. SECTION Azalea. Sp.

1. Swamp Pink, 387. Sp. 2. Upright Honeysuckle, 389. RHODORA. Sp. 1.

Canada. Genus 10. Kalmia, 390. Sp. 1. Mountain Laurel, 392. Sp. 2. Nar-

row-leaved Kalmia. Sp. 3. Glaucous, 394. Genus 11. Ledum, 395. Sp. 1.