Table of Fees payable to the Brokers of Stettin, as fixed the 8th January, 1834.

Sup.)

Iron,

STOCKHOLM, the capital of Sweden, situated at the junction of the lake Maelar with an inlet of the Baltic, in lat. 59° 20′ 31′′ N., lon. 17° 54' E.; a well-built, handsome city. Population 80,000. The entrance to the harbour is intricate and dangerous, and should not be attempted without a pilot; but the harbour itself is capacious and excellent, the largest vessels lying in safety close to the quays. Stockholm possesses half the foreign trade of Sweden; but this is confined within comparatively narrow limits, in consequence of the impolitic efforts of the government to promote industry by excluding foreign products. timber, and deals form the great articles of export. Swedish iron is of very superior quality, and is extensively used in Great Britain; the imports of it amounting, in ordinary years, to about 10,000 tons, exclusive of 500 tons of steel. In addition to the above leading articles, Stockholm exports pitch, tar, copper, &c. The timber is inferior to that from the southern ports of the Baltic. The imports principally consist of colonial products, cotton, dye stuffs, salt, British manufactured goods, hides, fish, wine, brandy, wool, fruit, &c. In seasons of scarcity corn is imported, but it is generally an article of export.

2 Eimers

1 1-2 Ahm
2 Oxhoft

= 1 Ahm. = 1 Oxhoft. = 1 Pipe. The pipe = 124 1-4 English wine Gallons; and, consequently, the ahm = 41 5-12ths ditto, and 100 kannor 69 1-5th ditto. The Swedish foot 11-684 English inches; the ell or alna = 2 feet; the fathom = 3 ells; the rod 8 ells. In estimating by lasts:

Pilotage.-Vessels bound for Stockholm take a pilot at the small island of Oja. Lands-hort lighthouse, 70 feet high, and painted white, is erected on the southern extremity of this island, in lat. 58° 44' 30" N., lon. 17° 52′ 15′′ E. It is furnished with a fixed light, which may be seen, under favourable circumstances, 5 leagues off. The signal for a pilot is a flag at the fore-topmast head, or firing a gun. Money.-Accounts are kept here, at Gottenburgh, and generally throughout Sweden, in rixdollars, or crowns, of 48 skillings, each of 12 rundstycks; or in rixdollars, skillings, and rundstycks, banco. The latter currency is at present (1834) 50 per cent. more valuable than the former. A rixdollar banco is worth, at the current rates of exchange, from about 1s. 5d. to 1s. 8d. sterling. Except copper, there are no coins in circulation, nor have there been any for 30 years past. Weights and Measures.-The victuali or commercial weights are punds, lispunds, and skippunds; 20 punds being equal to 1 lispund, and 20 lispunds = 1 skippund; 100 lbs. Swedish commercial weight 93 3-4 lbs. avoirdupois 42 1-2 kilog. 87 3-4 lbs. of Hamburgh. The iron weights are 3-5ths of the victuali or commercial weights; 20 marks I mark pund; 20 mark punds = 1 skippund; and 7 1-2 skippunds 1 ton English. Hence, 100 punds Swedish iron weight 75 lbs. avoirdupois, and 100 lbs. avoirdupois = 133 1-3 lbs. Swedish iron weight.

1 Last of pitch, ashes, &c.

1 ditto tar, oil, &c.

1 Last of hemp, flax, tallow, &c.

1 Ton of Liverpool common salt

= 12 barrels.

= 13 ditto.

= 6 skippunds. = 7 tuns Swed.

Metals, &c. exported from Stockholm during the year 1833. Total, 281,986 1-2 skippunds = 37,598 tons; consisting of

Bar iron-
Hoop ditto
Bolt ditto -

Skippunds

- 242,839

2,602

2,176

1,896

706

4,722

5,080

6,265

2,005

2,358

1,453 485

3,674

5,718

Pro formâ Invoice of 150 Sklb. equal to 20 Tons, Iron, shipped at Stockholm, per Captain, for

Official Account of the principal Articles, with their Values, exported from, and imported into, Sweden, in 1831.

Regulations as to the working of Mines in Sweden.-The following paper, which we have received from Sweden, and on the authenticity of which our readers may rely, shows the nature of the obstructions laid on the principal branch of industry carried on in that kingdom. They appear to us to be in the last degree absurd and oppressive. It might be proper to enact regulations to prevent the waste of the forests; but having done this, every one ought to be at liberty to produce as much iron as he pleased, without being subject to any sort of regulation or control. We are surprised that so intelligent a government as that of Sweden should think of imposing such preposterous regulations. "Sweden has at present from 330 to 340 smelting furnaces, which produce annually from 90,000 to 95,000 tons of pig iron. In converting the pig into bar iron, about 23 per cent. is allowed for waste; and as near as can be ascertained, the annual manufacture of bar iron is from 63,000 to 65,000 tons. The number of iron works is between 420 and 430, having about 1,100 forges (hearths). The annual exportation of bar iron, at an average of the 10 years ending 1831, was 49,568 tons; of which were, for

"The smelting furnaces and iron works are licensed for particular quantities, some being as low as 50 tons, and others as high as 400 or 500 tons; and some fine bar iron works have licenses for 1,000 tons each. These licences are granted by the College of Mines, which has a control over all iron works and mining operations. The iron masters make annual returns of their manufacture, which must not exceed the privileged or licenced quantity, on pain of the overplus being confiscated. The College has subordinate courts, called Courts of Mines, in every district, with supervising officers of various ranks. All iron sent to a port of shipment must be landed at the public weigh-house, the superintendent of which is a delegate of the College; and his duty is to register all that arrives, and transmit a quarterly report thereof to the college, so that it is impossible for an iron master to send more iron to market than his licence authorises. Many, however, sell iron to inland consumers at the forges, of which no returns are ever made out, and in so far the licences are exceeded; but we do not suppose that the quantity so disposed of exceeds 2,000 or 3,000 tons a year. Every furnace and forge pays a certain annual duty to the Crown. Its amount is fixed by the College when the licence is granted; and care is taken not to grant a licence to any one, unless he has the command of forests equal to the required supply of charcoal, without encroaching on the supply of this material required

for the existing forges in the neighbourhood. As the supply of pig iron is limited*, the quantity licenced to be made being never exceeded, the College, in granting new licences to bar iron works, always takes into consideration how far this may be done without creating a scarcity of pig iron. Hence, the erection of new forges depends-1st, on having a supply of charcoal, without encroaching on the forests which supply your neighbours; and 2dly, on the quantity of pig iron which the College knows to be disposable. The courts of the mines decide all disputes that arise among the iron masters regarding the exceeding of their licences, encroachments, &c.; an appeal to the College lying from their decision, and ultimately to the king in council, or to the supreme court of the kingdom. In 1824, the mines produced 850 tons of copper, 50 tons of brass, 40 tons of lead, 1,700 tons of alum, 46,629 lbs. of cobalt, 3,000 lbs. of silver; and of late years several mines of manganese have been worked, the produce of which may be from 300 to 400 tons."

STOCKINGS, as every one knows, are coverings for the legs. They are formed of only 1 thread entwined, so as to form a species of tissue, extremely elastic, and readily adapting itself to the figure of the part it is employed to cover. This tissue cannot be called cloth, for it has neither warp nor woof, but it approaches closely to it; and for the purposes to which it is applied, it is very superior.

1. Historical Sketch of the Stocking Manufacture.—It is well known that the Romans and other ancient nations had no particular clothing for the legs. During the middle ages, however, hose or leggins, made of cloth, began to be used; and at a later period, the art of knitting stockings was discovered. Unluckily, nothing certain is known as to the individual by whom, the place where, or the time when, this important invention was made. Howell, in his History of the World (vol. iii. p. 222.), says, that Henry VIII. wore none but cloth hose, except there came from Spain by great chance a pair of silk stockings; that Sir Thomas Gresham, the famous merchant, presented Edward VI. with a pair of long silk stockings from Spain, and that the present was much taken notice of; and he adds, that Queen Elizabeth was presented, in the third year of her reign, with a pair of black knit silk stockings, and that from that time she ceased to wear cloth hose. It would appear from this circumstantial account, that the art of knitting stockings, or at least that the first specimens of knit stockings, had been introduced into England from Spain about the middle of the 16th century; and such seems to have been the general opinion, till an allusion to the practice of knitting, in the pretended poems of Rowley, forged by Chatterton, caused the subject to be more strictly investigated. The result of this investigation showed clearly that the practice of knitting was well known in England, and had been referred to in acts of parliament, a good many years previously to the period mentioned by Howell. But it had then, most probably, been applied only to the manufacture of woollen stockings; and the general use of cloth hose shows that even these had not been numerous. There is no evidence to show whether the art is native to England, or has been imported.-(See Beckmann's Inventions, vol. iv. art. Knitting Nets and Stockings.)

It is singular that the stocking frame, which, even in its rudest form, is a very complex and ingenious machine, that could not be discovered accidentally, but must have been the result of deep combination and profound sagacity, should have been discovered so early as 1589, before, in fact, the business of knitting was generally introduced. The inventor of this admirable machine was Mr. William Lee, of Woodborough, in Nottinghamshire. He attempted to set up an establishment at Calverton, near Nottingham, for the manufacture of stockings, but met with no success. In this situation he applied to the queen for assistance but, instead of meeting with that remuneration to which his genius and inventions so well entitled him, he was discouraged and discountenanced! It need not, therefore, excite surprise that Lee accepted the invitation of Henry IV. of France, who, having heard of the invention promised him a magnificent reward if he would carry it to France. Henry kept his word, and Lee introduced the stocking frame at Rouen with distinguished success; but after the assassination of the king, the concern got into difficulties, and Lee died in poverty at Paris. A knowledge of the machine was brought back from France to England by some of the workmen who had emigrated with Lee, and who established themselves in Nottinghamshire, which still continues the principal seat of the manufacture.-(See Beckmann's Inventions, vol. iv. pp. 313-324.; and Letters on the Utility and Policy of Machines, Lond. 1780.)

During the first century after the invention of the stocking frame, few improvements were made upon it, and 2 men were usually employed to work 1 frame. But in the course of last century, the machine was very greatly improved. The late ingenious Mr. Jedediah Strutt, of Derby, was the first individual who succeeded in adapting it to the manufacture of ribbed stockings.

Statistical View of the Stocking Trade.-We subjoin, from a paper by Mr. Felkin, of Nottingham, who is very advantageously known by his statistical researches, the following view of the present state of the British hosiery trade.

*We do not mean that the manufacture of pig iron is limited; for any one can get a licence to smelt, who can prove he has a sufficiency of charcoal at his disposal; but the quantity licenced is never exceeded, but is often less.

Worsted hosiery is chiefly made in Leicestershire; silk hosiery in Derby and Nottingham; and cotton hosiery throughout the counties of Nottingham and Derby, at Hinckley, and at Tewkesbury. The analysis furnished by Blackner, in 1812, may be, perhaps, modified as follows, so as to show the kinds and qualities of goods which the frames are now employed upon, viz.

Plain cotton, 14 to 22-gauge, 1,600; 24 to 29-gauge, 1,600; 30 to 34 gauge, 2,790; 36 to 60 gauge, 1,600 frames Gauze, 600; gloves and caps, 1,000; drawers, 500; sundries, 560.

7,590

Wide frames, making cut-ups and various other kinds Worsted, 12 to 20 gauge, 4,400; 22 to 26 gauge, 3,600; 28 to 34-gauge, 1,450 frames.

2,660
6,030

9,450

L.

fashioned cot-"

cotton

1,900

lambs' wool

135,000

3,000 j

(silk.

According to this calculation, the value of the cotton hosiery annually made is $80,0001.; that of worsted, &c. is $70,0001.; and that of silk is 241,000.-To produce these goods, it is probable that 4,584.000 lbs of raw cotton wool, value 153,0001., are used; and 140,000 lbs. of raw silk (2-5ths China and 3-5ths Novi), value 91,000Z.; also, 6,318,000 lbs. of English wool, value 316,0COL. The to al origi nal value of the materials used, is, therefore, 560,0001., which, it ap pears, becomes of the ultimate cost value of 1,991,000l., in this manufacture.

In wool and yarn in process and stock

L

wages for making

86.000

150,000

35,000

STORES, MILITARY AND NAVÁL, include arms, ammunition, &c. It is enacted, that no arms, ammunition, or utensils of war, be imported by way of merchandise, except by license, for furnishing his Majesty's public stores only. (6 Geo. 4. c. 107.)

STORES, in commercial navigation, the supplies of different articles provided for the subsistence and accommodation of the ship's crew and passengers.

It is laid down, in general, that the surplus stores of every ship arriving from parts beyond seas are to be subject to the same duties and regulations as those which affect similar commodities when imported as merchandise; but if it shall appear to the collector and comptroller that the quantity of such stores is not excessive, nor unsuitable, under all the circumstances of the voyage, they may be entered for the private use of the master, purser, or owner of such ship, on payment of the proper duties, or be warehoused for the future use of such ship, although the same could not be legally imported by way of merchandise.-(3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. Q 35.)

No stores shall be shipped for the use of any ship bound to parts beyond the seas, nor shall any goods be deemed to be such stores, except such as shall be borne upon the victualling bill.--(3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. sect. 61.)

Goods delivered into the charge of the searchers to be shipped as stores, may be so shipped without entry or payment of any duty, for any ship of the burden of 70 tons at least bound upon a voyage to foreign parts, the probable duration of which out and home will not be less than 40 days: provided such stores be duly borne upon the ship's victualling bill, and be shipped in such quantities, and subject to such directions and regulations, as the commissioners of customs shall direct and appoint.-(3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 57. sect. 16.)

Rum of the British plantations may be delivered to the searcher, to be shipped as stores for any ship, without entry or payment of any duty; and any surplus stores of any ship may be delivered to the searcher, to be re-shipped as stores for the same ship, or for the same master in another ship, without entry or payment of any duty,- such rum and such surplus stores being duly borne upon the victualling bills of such ships respectively; and if the ship, for the future use of which any surplus stores have been warehoused, shall have been broken up or sold, such stores may be so delivered for the use of any other ship belonging to the same owners, or inay be entered for pay ment of duty, and delivered for the private use of such owners or any of them, or of the master or purser of the ship.-Sect. 17.

The searchers in London, on clearance of vessels coastwise to take in cargoes for foreign parts, are to apprise the collectors and comptrollers at the outports where the vessels may be bound, of the quan. tity and description of the goods which may have been shipped as stores on board such vessels, and that bond has been given by the masters of the vessels that no part of such stores shall be consumed by the crews, or any package opened or altered, until the vessels have actually been cleared on their foreign voyages; and the collectors and comptrollers at the outports are in like manner to cause a similar communication to be made to the ports where the outward cargoes

are to be taken on board, and the officers at such ports are to take care to ascertain that the several goods so shipped are actually on board the vessels on their arrival, and have neither been consumed or run on snore during the coasting voyage; and if so, to report the same to the Board.-(Min. by Com. of Customs, 19th of Feb. 1833.) List of Foreign Goods allowed to be shipped as Stores, from the bonded Warehouses free of Duty.-(Custom's Minute, 29th of Nov. 1832.)

Tea, 1-4 of an oz.; coffee or cocoa, 1 oz. per day for each person on board, with the option to ship the entire quantity required for the voyage of either species of these articles, half an oz. of tea being con. sidered equal to one oz. of coffee or cocoa; the tea to be shipped in the original packages in which it was imported.

Wine, 1 quart per day for the master, each mate, and cabin passenger.

Wine bottled in the bonded warehouses for exportation may be shipped as stores, in packages containing not less than 3 doz. reputed quart, or 6 doz. reputed pint bottles.

Spirits, viz. brandy, geneva, rum (British plantation), 1-2 pint per day for each person on board.

British plantation rum to be in the proportion of 1-2 of the whole quantity of spirits shipped. Each description of spirits intended as stores to be shipped in one cask capable of containing the entire quantity of brandy, or of geneva or rum, allowed for the voyage, or in casks containing not less than 40 gallons of brandy or geneva, or 20 gallons of British plantation rum, as the case may be: provided that if spirits shall have been imported in bottles, or bottled in the bonded warehouses for exportation, the same may be shipped as stores, in packages containing not less than 3 doz. reputed quart or 6 doz. reputed pint bottles.

Raw Sugar and Molasses (together or separate), 2 oz. per day for each person on board.

Dried Fruits, 2 lbs. per week for each person on board.

Rice, 2 lbs. per week for each person on board. Foreign Segars, 1-2 oz. per day for the master, each mate, and each cabin passenger.

The entire quantity of foreign segars, allowed as stores for each voyage, to be shipped in one package.

A List of British manufactured Goods to be allowed to be shipped as Stores on the usual Bounty or Drawback.

British refined Sugar, 3 oz. per day for the master, each mate, and each cabin passenger.

British manufactured Tobacco, 1-2 oz per day per man. British exciseable Goods, viz. beer, ale, and porter (together or separate), 1 quart per day for the master, each mate, and each passenger.

Vinegar, 1-2 pint per week for each person on board.

Soap, 12 oz per day for each person on board. The same indul. gence, in respect of the shipment of stores, wh ch has been granted to merchant vessels under the 2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 84., and by subsequent orders, is granted to transports under the following conditions, viz.:On a certificate being produced for each vessel, from the office of a destination of the vessel, and the number of the crew and passengers comptroller for victualling and transport services, setting forth the on board, who are not to be messed by the victualling shipped by the public; and as respects soldiers embarked as guards in ships chartered for the transportation of convicts, on a certificate being produced from the proper department, specifying the number of soldiers to be embarked in each case; but no indulgence can be granted in regard to the article of soap.-(Treas. Order, 6th of March, 1833; see also Ellis's British Tariff for 1833 and 1834,-an accurate and useful publication.)

A List, by which to calculate the Amount of Stores, of the estimated Average Number of Days' Duration of a Voyage from the United Kingdom to the different Ports enumerated, and back.

For such places as are not included in the List, the same allowance should be granted as is given to the place nearest thereunto.

STRANDING, in navigation, the running of a ship on shore, or on the beach.

It is the invariable practice to subjoin the following memorandum to policies of insurance executed by private individuals in this country :-"N. B.-Corn, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and seed, are warranted free from average, unless general, or the ship be stranded; sugar, tobacco, hemp, flax, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 51. per cent.; and all other goods, also the ship and freight, are warranted free of average under 31. per cent., unless general, or the ship be stranded."

VOL. II.-3 A

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