Comparative Statement of the Value of Foreign and Domestic Goods exported from Philadelphia during the years 1837 and 1838, and the three quarters of 1839 ending September 30th. Comparative Statement of the Amount of Foreign Sugar Imported into the Port of Philadelphia for Five Years, from 1835 to 1839, inclusive. With the Quantity Exported during the same period for the benefit of Drawback. Comparative Statement of the Quantity of Coffee imported into Philadelphia from Foreign Ports, during the Five Years commencing with 1835 and ending with 1839. Imported from 1839. Bags. Hhds. Tcs. Bls. Bags. Tcs. Bls. Bags. Hhds. Bls. Bags. Hhds. Bls. Bags. Hhds. Tes. Bls. Comparative Statement of the Gross Amount of weighable Foreign Merchandise imported into Phila delphia during the Five Years commencing with 1835 and ending with 1839. Statement of the Quantity of Foreign Wines, Spirits, Molasses, &c., imported direct into Philadelphia during the Five Years commencing with 1835 and ending with 1839; with the Quantity exported during the same Period for the benefit of Drawback. 8 1 5 Tons. 5 1,163 17 50 6 37 19 57 17 3 208 62 19 6 3 13 18 1 11 1 17 8,235 13 27 5,168 1 21 367 71 61 58 NO Tons. 3 13 27 56 19 3 11 18 7 2 5 26 11 356 17 2 8 197 8 59 12 3 5 15 9 1 21 13 18 4 12 3 12 17 14 1 15 118 2 60 1 2 20 31 2 22 5,820 8 9 6,085 16 3 20 2,102 3 14 3,654 11 394 17 1 19 842 18 1 15 5 8 56 8 3 10 111 48 14 1 12 241 66 151 134 17 1 8 170 2 1 14 24 1 21 216 19 ය 9 207 13 48 191 1 13 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. Duty per gallon. Cts. 597 98,261 136,931 119,826 357 443 5,480 10,874 1,114 Rum 12,154 436 3,502 1,746 Whiskey 1,271 2,351 599 306 12 1-2 1212 71.2 712 334 71-2 71-4 51-2 51-2 71-2 25,322 9,234 1,350 3,690 1,592 11-2 21-2 Moselle 36 71.2 Cape. 27 71-2 Muscat and Note.-Subject to a reduction of 3-10ths of the excess between the value of the articles at 20 per cent., and the amount at the different rates as stated. There are now, 1840, 16 banks in Philadelphia, with capitals amounting, exclusive of that of the Bank of the United States, to $18,050,000. The number of marine insurance companies amounts to 10, with an aggregate capital of $3,330,000; and there are 9 fire insurance companies, with a capital of $3,450,000; besides 3 associations for mutual assurance against fire, operating without any specified capital.―Am.Ed.] PHOSPHORUS, a substance of a light amber colour, and semi-transparent; but, when carefully prepared, nearly colourless and transparent. When kept some time, it becomes opaque externally, and has then a great resemblance to white wax. It may be cut with a knife, or twisted to pieces with the fingers. It is insoluble in water; its specific gravity is 1.77. When exposed to the atmosphere, it emits a white smoke, and is luminous in the dark. When heated to 148° it takes fire, and burns with a very bright flame. phosphorus is inflamed in oxygen, the light and heat are incomparably more intense; former dazzling the eye, and the latter cracking the glass vessel.-(Thomson's Chemistry.) PIASTRES, OR DOLLARS, Spanish and American silver coins in very extensive circulation. Value, at an average, about 4s. 3d. sterling.-(See COINS.) When the PILCHARDS (Ger. Sardellan; Du. Sardynen; Fr. Sardines; It. Sardine; Sp. Sardinas; Rus. Sardelü; Lat. Sardina), fishes closely resembling the common herring, but smaller, and at the same time thicker and rounder. They are rarely found on the British shores except on the coasts of Cornwall and Devon, particularly the former, where they are taken in great numbers from the month of July to September, both inclusive. It is a saying of the Cornish fishermen, that the pilchard is the least fish in size, most in number, and greatest for gain, taken from the sea. Pilchard Fishery.-This is carried on along the coast of Cornwall and Devon, from the Bolt Head in the latter, round by the Land's End to Padstow and Bossiney in the former. Its principal seats are St. Ives, Mount's Bay, and Mevagissey. The fish usually make their appearance in vast shoals in the early part of July, and disappear about the middle of October: but they sometimes reappear in large quantities in December. They are taken either by seans or by drift nets, but principally by the former. A sean is a net, varying from 200 to 300 fathoms in length, and from 10 to 14 do. in depth, having cork buoys on one edge and lead weights on the other. Three boats are attached to each sean, viz. a boat (sean boat), of about 15 tons burden, for carrying the sean; another (follower), of about the same size, to assist in mooring it; and a smaller boat (lurker), for general purposes. The number of hands employed in these 3 boats varies from about 13 to 18, but may be taken, at an average, at about 16. When the shoals of fish come so near the shore that the water is about the depth of the sean, it is employed to encircle them; the fishermen being directed to the proper places for casting or shooting the nets by persons (huers) stationed for that purpose on the cliffs. The practice is to row the boat with the sean on board gently round the shoal; and the sean being, at the same time, thrown gradually into the water, assumes, by means of its buoys and weights, a vertical position, its loaded edge being at the bottom, and the other floating on the surface. Its 2 ends are then fastened together; and, being brought into a convenient situation, it is moored by small anchors or grapnels. At low water, the enclosed fish are taken out by a small sean or tuck net, and carried to the shore. A single sean has been known to enclose at once as many as 3,000 hogsheads of fish! But the quantity taken depends on so many accidental circumstances, that while one sean may catch and cure in a season from 1,000 to 2,000 hogsheads, others in the neighbourhood will not get a single pilchard. In some places, the tides are so strong as to break the seans and set the fish at liberty. When the quantity enclosed is large, it requires several days to take them out, as they must not be removed in greater numbers than those who salt them can conveniently manage. Drift nets are usually about a mile long, by about 4 fathoms deep; they are shot in the open sea, and entangle the fish in their meshes in the same way as the herring nets. The fish thus taken are said to be superior to those taken by the seans. As soon as the fish are brought to shore, they are carried to cellars or warehouses, where they are piled in large heaps, having a sufficient quantity of salt interspersed between the layers. Having remained in this state for about 35 days, they are, after being carefully washed and cleansed, packed in hogsheads, each containing, at an average, about 2,600 fisht; they are then subjected to a pressure sufficient to extract the oil, of which each hogshead yields about 3 gallons. This oil usually sells for from 12 to 15 per cent. under the price of brown seal oil. The oil, blood, and dirty pickle that drain from the fish while they are piled up, are collected in reservoirs, and sold to the curriers. The broken and refuse fish and salt are sold to the farmers, and are used as manure with excellent effect, The skimmings which float on the water in which the pilchards are washed, are called garbage, and are sold to the soap-boilers. The pilchard fishery has been rather declining of late years. This has been ascribed partly to the failure of the catch, partly to the withdrawal of the high bounty of 8s. 6d. per hhd. formerly paid on exportation, and partly to the relaxed observance of Lent in the Mediterranean, and the imposition of a heavy duty on the importation of the fish into Naples, which has long been their principal market. The following is An Account of the Exports of Pilchards during the Three Years ending with 1832; specifying the Places to which they were exported, the Quantity shipped for each, and their Price at the Port of Shipment. Of the 27,112 hhds. exported in 1831, St. Ives furnished 12,141, and Mount's Bay 9,013; the remainder being furnished by Mevagissey, St. Austle's Bay, St. Mawes, Fowey, &c. Pilchards are not used in England, except in Cornwall and Devon, where about 3,000 hhds. a year may at present be made use of. We believe, however, that their consumption in these counties has begun to increase with considerable rapidity. The sean fishery employs from 2,700 to 3,000 hands, and about 180 or 190 seans; but exclusive of *The tunny fish in the Archipelago was caught in a similar way :-" Ascendebat quidam (Anglice huer, Græcè thunoscopos) in altum promontorium, unde thunnorum gregem specularetur, quo viso, signum piscatoribus dabat, qui retibus totum gregem includebant."-(Bishop of London's Notes on the Persa of Eschylus, quoted by Dr. Paris, in his Guide to Mount's Bay, p. 150.) Mr. Pennant inadvertently states the number of fish in a hogshead at 35,000.-(British Zoology, vol. iii. p. 344. ed. 1776). Trusting to his authority, we fell into the same error in the first edition of this work. VOL. II.-2 C these, there are a considerable number of seans unemployed, in consequence of the failure of the fishery since 1814, and other causes. The first cost of each sean, with its boats, may be about 7507. The drift fishery employs, during the season, from 900 to 1,000 men, and about 230 boats; the cost of each boat and nets amounting to about 2001. The labour in the cure of the fish may be taken at about 4s. a hogshead. The total capital embarked in the fishery, in 1832, was estimated by those engaged in it at from 200,000l. to 250,000l. The drift fishermen employ themselves, when not engaged in the pilchard fishery, in the mackarel, herring, and hook-line fisheries. The sean fishermen consist principally of agricultural labourers, miners, &c. attracted to the business in the expectation, (in which, however, they are not unfrequently disappointed,) of making a comparatively large sum by a few weeks' exertion. But there are always 3 or 4 individuals of the crew of each sean that are regularly bred, expert fishermen. Four fifths of the persons employed on shore in the salting, curing, packing, &c. of the fish, are women. The wages of those employed in the fishery are made sometimes to depend on the number of fish taken; but in other instances they are independent of any such contingency. The fishery at St. Ives is carried on under a particular act of parliament, which is said to occasion the employment of a third more seans than are necessary. The exaction of a tithe of the fish is a very serious burden on the fishery; sometimes it is taken in kind, but is more generally compounded for.-(Dr. Paris's Guide to Mount's Bay and the Land's End, 2d ed. pp. 146-156.; Beauties of England and Wales, vol. ii. p. 471., and private information obtained from authentic sources, and obligingly communicated, by Mr. Coulson, of Penzance.) PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. The name of pilot or steersman is applied either to a particular officer, serving on board a ship during the course of a voyage, and having the charge of the helm and the ship's route; or to a person taken on board at any particular place, for the purpose of conducting a ship through a river, road, or channel, or from or into a port. It is to the latter description of persons that the term pilot is now usually applied; and pilots of this sort are established in various parts of the country by ancient charters of incorporation, or by particular statutes. The most important of these corporations are those of the Trinity House, Deptford Strond; the fellowship of the pilots of Dover, Deal, and the Isle of Thanet, commonly called the Cinque Port pilots; and the Trinity houses of Hull and Newcastle. The 5 Geo. 4. c. 73. established a corporation for the regulation and licensing of pilots in Liverpool. The principle of the law with respect to pilots seems to be, that where the master is bound by act of parliament to place his ship in charge of a pilot, and does so accordingly, the ship is not to be considered as under the management of the owners or their servants, and they are not to be liable for any damage occasioned by the mismanagement of the ship, unless it be proved that it arose from the negligence or misconduct of the master or men: but when it is in the election or discretion of the master to take a pilot or not, and he thinks fit to take one, the pilot so taken is to be considered as the servant of the owners, who are to be responsible for his conduct.-(Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part 2. c. 5.) The statute of 6 Geo. 4. c. 125. has consolidated the laws with respect to the licensing, employment, &c. of pilots. It is of great length; but all its provisions of any material importance may be embraced under the following heads: 1. Appointment of Pilots.-The corporation of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond are required to appoint and license fit and competent persons, duly skilled, to act as pilots for the purpose of conducting all ships or vessels navigating the Thames, the Medway, and the several channels, creeks, and docks thereof, between Orfordness and London Bridge, as also from London Bridge to the Downs, and from the Downs westward as far as the Isle of Wight, and in the English Channel from the Isle of Wight up to London Bridge; and all ships and vessels sailing as aforesaid (except as herein-after mentioned) shall be conducted and proted within the aforesaid limits by such pilots, and by no other persons whomsoever. No person shall be licensed by the said corporation as a pilot, who has not served as mate for 3 years on board of, or heen for 1 year in the actual command of, a square-rigged vessel of not less than 80 tons register tonnage, as to licences for the North Channel upwards; and not less than 150 tons register tonnage, as to licences for the North Channel, Queen's Channel, South Channel, or other channels downwards; or who shall not have been employed in the pilotage or buoyage service of the said corporation for 7 years, or who shall not have served an apprenticeship of 5 years to some pilot vessel licensed under the act passed in the 52 year of the reign of George III., or under this act; and no person so licensed shall take charge as a pilot of any ship or vessel drawing more than 14 feet water, in the river Thames or Medway, or any of the channels leading thereto or thereupon, until such person shall have acted as a licensed pilot for 3 years, and shall have been after such 3 years, on re-examination, approved of in that behalf by the said corporation, on pain of forfeiting 101. for every such offence; and the person employing or permitting such pilot to take charge of such ship or vessel is also to forfeit 107.-03. Every pilot licensed by the corporation of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond is to pay an annual licence of 31. 3s., and 6d. in the pound upon his earnings; which sums are to be applied to the uses of the pilot's fund of the said corporation.-4. The said corporation are further authorised to appoint competent persons, not more than five, nor less than three, at such ports and places as they may think fit, (except within the liberty of the Cinque Ports, and such other ports and places as may have been specially provided for by act of parliament, or by charter, for the appointment of pilots), to be called sub-commissioners of pilotage, who are to take the following oath: "I, A. B., do swear, that I will diligently and impartially examine into the capacity and skill of in the art of piloting ships and vessels into the roadstead, port, or harbour, and upon the coasts following; videlicet [here describe the limits within which the person examined is intended to act as pilot], and will make true and speedy return thereof to the corporation of Trinity House of Deptford Strond, without favour, affection, fee, or reward, other than such fee or reward as is allowed by the by-laws or regulations duly established in that behalf. So help me God." And upon the recommendation of such sub-commissioners, the Trinity House Corporation may grant licences to pilots.-5. Notices of the appointment of pilots are to be put up in writing at the Trinity House and Custom house, London, and at the Custom-houses of the ports for which they are licensed, and are to be published in the London Gazette.-7. No person shall take charge of any ship or vessel as a pilot belonging to the Cinque Ports, before he be examined by the master and two fellows, or by four wardens of the society or fellowship of pilots of Dover, Deal, and the Isle of Thanet, touching his abilities, and shall be approved and admitted into the said society by the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, or his lieutenant; and any person presuming to act as a pilot, belonging to the said society or fellowship, without having been so examined, approved, and admitted, shall for the first offence forfeit 10., for the second 201., and for every other offence 401.- 15. No person licensed by the aforesaid society or fellowship is to take charge of any ship or vessel drawing more than 11 feet 6 inches water, until he has acted as a pilot for 3 years; nor of a vessel drawing more than 14 feet water, till he has acted as a pilot for 5 years; nor of a vessel drawing more than 17 feet water, till he has acted as a pilot for 7 years; when he is to be again examined; and if he shall be approved of and licensed upon such second examination, he may take charge of ships of any draught of water.-16. The number of Cinque Port pilots used to be fixed at 140; but during peace, no more than each alternate vacancy is to be filled up, unless the number be reduced below 120.-24. All bodies politic and corporate, and all persons authorised to appoint or license pilots for any port or place in England shall, upon any such appointment being made, forthwith transmit to the Trinity House, London, and to the commissioners of customs, London, the Christian name and surname, age, and place of residence, of every pilot so appointed, distinguishing the limits in which he is to act, and by whom appointed. And the said bodies politic, &c. are to transmit lists, corrected up to the 31st day of December in each year, either on that day, or within a month after, to the said Trinity House and commissioners of the customs, of the names and residences of all the pilots within their respective jurisdictions; stating all the alterations that may have been made within the year in the rates of pilotage charged, and in the rules and regulations for governing pilots within their respective districts.- 35. The commissioners of the customs are to transmit to their principal officers, at the different ports, the names and places of residence of all the pilots residing within the limits of each port, as far as they are acquainted with the same; and every pilot is to be furnished with copies of all proclamations and orders in council respecting the performance of quarantine.- 36. A particular description of the person of every pilot is to be written upon the back of his licence: and no person shall take charge of any ship or vessel, or in any manner act as a pilot, or receive any compensation for acting as a pilot, until his licence shall have been registered by the principal officers of the Custom-house of the place at or nearest to which such pilot shall reside, (which officers are hereby required to register the same without fee or reward), nor without having his licence at the time of his so acting in his personal custody, and producing the same to the master of any ship or vessel, or other person, who shall be desirous of employing him as a pilot, or to whom he shall offer his services, on pain of forfeiting a sum not exceeding 30., nor less than 10., for the first offence; and for the second or any subsequent offence, a sum not exceeding 501. nor less than 301.; and upon further pain, as to any person licensed as aforesaid, of forfeiting his licence, or being suspended from acting as a pilot, by and at the discretion of the corporation or other authority from which such pilot's licence was derived, either for the first, second, or any subsequent offence.- 65, 66. 2. Government of Pilots.-All persons licensed to act as pilots by the Trinity House, are subject to the government of the said corporation, which is empowered to make by-laws, rules, &c. specifying what sums shall be paid by such pilots to the sub-commissioners of pilotage for their examination, and for granting, or renewing, or confirming their licences from time to time, and annexing such reasonable penalties and forfeitures for the breach of such by-laws as to them shall seem expedient. But no such by-laws, regulations, &c. shall have any force till they have been examined, sanctioned, and approved by the chief justice of the Court of King's Bench, or the chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas.-11. (N. B.—The by-laws of the Trinity House, Deptford Strond, sanctioned by Lord Tenterden, are annexed to this article.) Copies of any proposed by-laws are to be transmitted to the privy council and the commissioners of custom, 3 months before they are submitted to any chief justice for approval; and the commissioners of custom are to cause such proposed by-laws to be hung up in the several Custom-houses of the principal ports of Great Britain, for the inspection of all parties having an interest therein. And when such by-laws shall have been sanctioned, they shall be hung up in the several Custom-houses within the limits of which the pilots respectively shall be licensed, and also at the Trinity House in London.12, 13. The Cinque Port pilots are to be subject to the rules and regulations framed by the Lord Warden of the said ports, or his deputy, with the assent of the majority of the commissioners of Loadmanage (master and wardens of the fellowship of pilots of Dover, Deal, and the Isle of Thanet). The privy council may, however, amend, correct, or enlarge such rules or regulations, if they shall appear to them, upon the representation of any person having an interest therein, to be in any material point erroneous, insufficient, or defective.- 21, 22. The Trinity House Corporation are authorised and required to establish, vary, and alter, from time to time, as circumstances may require, the rates of pilotage performed by pilots licensed by the said corporation, according to the size and draught of water of the vessels, the distance piloted, the detention and responsibility of the pilot, and such other circumstances as they may think fit to take into account. Tables of these rates are to be hung up at the several Custom-houses of the ports to which they apply; and no greater or less rates, or other reward or emolument for such pilotage, shall, under any pretence whatever, be demanded, solicited, paid, received, or offered, on pain of forfeiting 101. for every such offence, as well by the party offering as by the party accepting or soliciting the same. Ships returning by stress of weather, contrary winds, or on account of accident, into ports in the district of the Isle of Wight, Plymouth, and Falmouth, shall be subject to pay half the common pilotage in such ports.-8. If the majority of the pilots licensed by the Trinity House Corporation in any port or place, or any ship owner in the same, be dissatisfied with the rates, they may appeal to the privy council, who may decide upon the matter as they think fit.-9. Every person applying for a licence to act as a pilot, shall, before any such licence be granted to him execute a bond in a penal sum, at the discretion of the Trinity House Corporation, or of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, to an amount not exceeding 100l., for the better securing his due obedience to the by-laws, rules, regulations, &c., to be made by competent authority.— 27. Licences may be annulled, suspended, or adjudged forfeited, at the pleasure of the foresaid corporation and Lord Warden; but pilots, whose licences are so annulled, suspended, &c. may appeal to the privy council, who are authorised to make such adjudication in the premises as they may think fit.-29, 30. 3. Licensing of Pilot Boats.-The Trinity Corporation and the fellowship of the Cinque Port pilots are authorised to license pilot vessels of such size and description as may appear to them to be proper for having pilots constantly in attendance in such vessels at sea; and the licensed pilots are authorised |