Coins of the United States decimally divided.-10 mills make 1 cent, 10 cents 1 dime, 10 dimes 1 dollar, 10 dollars I eagle. Rules for reducing the Currencies of the different States into each other. To reduce the currencies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia, into those of New York and North Carolina,-to the given sum add 1-3d part thereof. Of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, to the given sum add 1-4th thereof. Of South Carolina and Georgia,-from the Any citizen of this State may sell at auction (except in the city of New York) all such goods as are not subject to duties. But in the city of New York, or where the goods pay duties, the sale must be by an authorised auctioneer, his partner, or clerk. And any person selling contrary to the said provisions is guilty of a misdemeanour. When an auctioneer cannot attend an auction by sickness, by duty as a fireman, by military orders, or necessary attendance in a court of justice, or when he is temporarily absent from the place for which he is appointed, he may employ a partner to attend in his behalf. He must give bond to the people of this State, with 2 freehold sure-given sum subtract 2-9 hs thereof. ties, conditioned in the penalty of 5,000 dollars, for the payment of the duties imposed by law and accruing on the sales. The penalty of selling without the bond is 125 dollars for each article offered for sale. No auctioneer in any city shall at the same time have more than 1 house or store for holding his auctions, and shall, before entering on his office, designate in writing, to be filed with the clerk of the city, such house or store, and his partner or partners. But goods sold in the packages in which they were imported, furniture, and such bulky articles as have usually been sold in warehouses, in the streets, or on the wharfs, need not be sold in the house or store designated in such writing, if such sale be advertised at least 2 days previously in 1 or more newspapers. Auctioneers are to receive 2 1-2 per cent, on the amount of all sales, unless by previous agreement in writing; and for demanding or receiving an unlawful commission, shall forfeit 250 dollars, and refund the monies so received. No auctioneer, on the same day and at the same place where his public auction shall be held, nor any other person at the same time and place, shall sell at private sale any goods liable to auction duties, under penalty of forfeiting their price. Every auctioneer shall make out in writing a quarterly account, dated on the 1st days of April, July, October, and January in the year for which he is appointed, stating minutely 1. The sum for which any goods shall have been sold at every auction held by or for him, from the time of his giving bond, or from the date of his last quarterly account. 2. The days on which sales were so made, and the amount of each day's sale, designating the sales made by himself, or in his presence, and those made in his absence by his partner or clerk, and the cause of his absence. 3. The amount of all private sales made by himself or his partners, and the times thereof. 4. The amount of duties chargeable on all sales made. Every such account shall, within 20 days af er its date, be exhibit. ed, by auctioneers for a city, to the mayor or recorder; and if by an auctioneer for a county, to a county judge, and be verified by oath. Every partner of an auctioneer, and every clerk who has made any sales, shall also swear to his belief in the truth and justice of every particular of such account. The State duties (together with the addition of 2 1-2 per cent. on the whole amount of them) are to be paid within 10 days after exhibiting such account. Any deceit or fraud in violating any provision of the law respecting auctioneers, is made a misdemeanour, and subjects the offending party to the payment of treble damages to the party injured. To reduce New York and North Carolina into New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia,- from the given sum deduct 1-4th thereof. Into Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland,-from the given sum deduct 1-6th thereof. Into South Carolina,-to the sum given add 1-16th, then take 1-2 of the whole. To reduce Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, into New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia.-from the sum given deduct 1-5th thereof. Into New York and North Carolina,-to the sum given add 1-5th thereof. Info South Carolina and Georgia,-multiply by 3 and 1-9th, and divide the product by 5; or multiply by 28, and divide by 45. To reduce South Carolina and Georgia into New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia,-to the given sum add 2-7ths thereof. Into Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland,-multiply the given sum by 45 and divide by 28. Into New York and North Carolina,-from the given sum subtract 1-7th, and double the remainder. Custom-house Regulations.-Vessels must be reported to the collector by the master 24 hours after arrival; must come to a full entry 48 hours after arrival, at which time the commander swears to a detailed account of his cargo, stores, and passengers, and that he has deposited all letters in the post office, except such as are for his ship's husband, at which time he must also deposit the ship's register, clearance, and cockets, in the Custom house. Warehousing.-There is no warehousing system, but goods are received into the public stores, where they are allowed to remain 9 months at the risk and expense (for fees of cartage, labourage, and storage, as fixed by the Chamber of Commerce, see post) of 'he owner, without any duties being demandable. Woollens are the only excep tions to this rule: since 1833, interest is charged upon the amount of duty payable on their account from the time of their importation. Port Charges.-For American vessels, or those of States having re ciprocity treaties :Doll. cts. L. 8. d. Se 5 70 or 1 5 73-4 - 2 700 12 13-4 Fees on entering - Custom-house Fees.-1. Fees payable to Collector.-Entry of a vessel of 100 tons or upwards, 2 dollars and 50 cents; clearance of a vessel of 100 tons or upwards, 2 dollars and 50 cents; entry of a vessel under 100 tons, 1 dollar and 50 cents; clearance of a vessel under 100 tons, I dollar and 50 cents; every post entry, 2 dollars; permit to land goods, 20 cents; every bond taken officially, 40 cents; permit to load goods, for the exportation, for drawback, 30 cents; debenture or other official certificate, 20 cents; official document, (register excepted), required by any person, 20 cents. 2. Fees payable to the Surveyor--Admeasuring and certifying the same, of every ship or vessel of 100 tons and under, per ton, I per cent.; admeasurement of every ship or vessel above 100 tons, and not exceeding 200 tons, 1 dollar and 50 cents; above 200 tons, 2 dollars; for all other services on board any ship or vessel of 100 tons and upwards, having on board goods, wares, or merchandise subject to duty, 3 dollars; for like services on board any ship or vessel of less than 100 tons, 1 dollar and 50 cents; on all vessels not having on board goods, wares, or merchandise subject to duty, 66 2-3d cents. Certificate of registry of vessels, 2 dollars. Endorsement on registry or record, 1 dollar. Every bond required by this act, 25 cents; every bond for a Mediterranean passport, 40 cents; every seaman's protection, 25 cents. Under the Coasting Act.-Admeasuring every vessel in order to the registering, enrolment, licensing, or recording the same, of 5 tons or upwards, and less than 20, 50 cents; 20 and not exceeding 70, 75 cents; 70, I dollar; above 100, 150 cents. For every certificate of enrolment, E0 cents; every endorsement of ditto, 20 cents; every licence, including the bond, not exceeding 20 tons, 25 cents; above 20 tons, and not more than 100, 50 cents; more than 100, 1 dollar. Recording certificate, manifest, and granting permits of less than 20 tons. 25 cents; above 50 tons, 50 cents. For certifying a manifest and granting permit for registered vessels, 150 cents. For receiving certified manifest and granting permit for registered vessels, 150 cents. Granting permit for a vessel not belonging to a citizen, on ar rival, to proceed from district to district, and receiving a manifest, 2 dollars; receiving manifest and granting permit to unload, as above, 2 dollars. Granting permit for a vessel to carry on fishery in a fo reign port, 25 cents. For report and entry of any foreign goods imported in such last mentioned vessel, 25 cents. - 800 5 0 Ditto of discharging Dolls. L. s. d. • 4 60 0 - 4 65 7 - 6 0 8 Expense of loading a vessel of 300 tons, in For discharging Real vellon of Spain Coals, per chaldron - 160 36 0 0 18 0 0 0 1 1 0 Real of Gibraltar For loading Tobacco, per hhd.. Rates of Wharfage.-Vessels under 50 tons, 50 cents per day 22. 3d.; and for every 50 tons more, 12 cents additional =7d. N.B.-Wharfs are all private property. Rates of Commission,—recommended for general Adoption, and allowed by the New York Chamber of Commerce, when no Agree ment subsists to the contrary. On Foreign Business.-On the sale of merchandise, 5 per cent.sale or purchase of stocks, 1 per cent.-Specie, 1-2 per cent.-Pur chase and shipment of merchandise, with fund in hand, on the aggre gate amount of costs and charges, 212 per cent-Drawing or indorsing bills, in all cases. 2 1-2 per cent.-Vessels, selling or pur chasing, 21-2 per cent.-Procuring freight, 5 per cent.-Collecting freight on general average, 2 1-2 per cent.-Outfits or disbursements, with funds in hand, 2 1-2 per cent.-Effecting marine insurance, in Cotton, per bale 25 0 1 Flour, per bl. Flax seed, do. 7 = all cases, when the premium does not exceed 10 per cent., on the amount insured, 1-2 per cent.-When the premium exceeds 10 per cent., on the amount of premium, 5 per cent.-Collecting dividends. on stock, 1-2 per cent.-Collecting delayed or litigate! accounts, 5 per cent.-Adjusting and collec ing insurance losses, 21-2 per ce tReceiving and paying monies, from which no other commission is derived, I per cn.-Remittances in bills, in all cases, 12 per cent.Landing and reshipping goods from vessels in distress, on the value, 21-2 per cent.-Receiving and forwarding goods entered at the Custom-house, on the value, 1 per cent.-and 2 1-2 per cent. on respon sibilities incurred. On Inland Business.-On the sale of merchandise, 21-2 per cent. -Purchase and shipment of merchandise, or accepting for purchase, without funds or properly in hand, 2 1-2 per cent.-Sale or purchase of stocks, I per cent.-Sale or purchase of specie, 1-2 per cent.-Sale of bills of exchange with indorsement, 1-2 per cent.- Sale of bank notes or drafts not current, 1-2 per cent.-Selling or indorsing bilis of exchange, 2 1-2 per cent.-Selling or purchasing vessels, 2 1-2 per cent-Chartering to proceed to other ports to load, 21-2 per cent.Procuring or collecting freight, 21-2 per cent.-Outfi's or disbursements, 212 per cent.-Collecting general average, 2 1-2 per cent.Effecting marine insurances, in all cases when the premium does not exceed 10 per cent., on the amount insured, 1-2 per cent.-When the premium exceeds 10 per cent, on the amount of premium, 5 per cent -Adjusting and collecting insurance losses, 21-2 per cent.Collecting dividends on stocks, 1-2 per cent.-Collecting bills, and paying over the amount, or receiving and paying monies from which no other commission is derived, I per cent.-R-ceiving and forwarding goods, on the value, 1-2 per cent.-The same when entered for duly or debenture, 1 per cent.-Remittances in bills, in all cases, 1-2 per cent. The above commissions to be exclusive of the guarantee of debts for sales on credit, storage, brokerage, and every other charge actu ally incurred. The risk of loss by fire. unless insurance be ordered, and of robbery, theft. and other unavoidable occurrences, if the usual care be taken to secure the property, is in all cases to be borne by the proprietor of the goods. When bills are remitted for collection, and are returned under protest for non-acceptance or non-payment. the same commission to be charged as though they were duly honoured. On consignments of merchandise withdrawn or reshipped. full commission to be charged to the extent of advances or responsi bilities incurred, and half commission on the residue of the value. Rates of Storage,-chargeable per month, as established by the New York Chamber of Commerce. Raisins, Malaga, in boxes in other packages, per cwt. See Liquors. Rum. Sal', in bags or bulk, per bushel Sugar, raw, in bags or boxes, per cwt. dit o. in casks, ditto refined, in casks or packages Tallow, in ca-ks or serons, cwt. Tea, bohea, in whole chests ditto, in 1-2 chests green or black, in 1-4 chests in boxes, in proportion to 1-4 chests. Tin, block, per ton in boxes of usual size, per box Tobacco, in hhds., per hhd." in bales or serons, per cwt. manufactured, in kegs of 100 lbs. Wines. See Liquors. Woods, for dyeing, under cover, per ton di to, in yards Whiting, in hhds., per ton On articles on which the rate is fixed by weight, it is understood to be on the gros weight; and on liquors, oil, &c. on which the rate refers to gallons, it is understood to be on the whole capacity of the casks, whether full or not. The proprietors of goods to be at the expense of putting them in store, stowing away, and turning out of store. All goods taken on storage to be subject to 1 month's storage; if taken out within 15 days after the expiration of the month, to pay 1-2 a month's storage; if after 15 days, a whole month's storage. Rates of Cartage. Ale or beer, per hhd. hhd. from 60 to 90 gallons Alum or copperas, from 12 to 15 cwt., per hhd. from 15 to 20 cwt. over 1 ton Bar iron, per load. Boards and plank, per load Brandy, pipe over 100 gallons handled and piled 1. d. - 2 0 .2 0 Cents. 6 - 40 Bread, 4 tierces - 8 Bricks, per load 6 8 Building or paving stones, load - 2 0 Calves, sheep and lambs - 2 6 3 Cider, cheese, and cocoa Butter, in firkins of 60 lbs., per fir. Candles, in boxes of 50 or 60 lbs., box Chocolate, in boxes of 50 lbs., box Cocoa, in bags, per cwt. in casks, ditto Coffee, in casks, ditto in bags, ditto Copperas, in casks per ton Copper, in pigs, ditto in sheets or bolts, ton 2 Clay and sand, 12 bushels 2 Cocoa, per load 2 - 21-2 3 - 212 . 2 - 40 Coal, half chaldron, per load Coffee, in bags or bbls. above 10 cwt., per hhd. Cordage, small, per load Cotton, per load of 3 bales Dried fish, loose, load -2 0 - 2 0 - 2 6 2 0 2 0 2 6 2 0 2 0 2 6 2 6 In all cases where the distance exceeds 1-2 a mile, and not 2 miles, 1-2 in addition to be allowed. Rates of Porterage.-For any distance not exceeding 1-2 a mile, 12 1-2 cents; over 1-2 a mile, and not exceeding a mile, 25 cents, and in that proportion for any greater distance. For carrying a load upon a hand-barrow, for any distance not exceeding 1-2 a mile, 25 cents; over 1-2 a mile, and not exceeding a mile, 44 cents; and in that proportion for any greater distance. Hand-cartmen.-For any distance not exceeding 1-2 a mile, 183-4 cents; over 1-2 a mile, and not exceeding a mile, 31 1-4 cents; and in that proportion for any greater distance. Harbour Master. The office of harbour master was created in 1808, by legislative enactment, with power to regulate and station all vessels in the harbour, or at the wharfs, to accommodate vessels wishing to discharge their cargoes, and to decide promptly all disputes connected with the foregoing subjects. Resisting his authority subjects to a fine of 50 dollars and costs, for the benefit of the New York hospital. Fees. On vessels unloading, 11-2 cent per ton. Vessels paying foreign duties and tonnage, double; which must be paid within 48 hours after arrival. Schooners and sloops in the coasting trade, 2 dollars. For adjusting any difference respecting situation, 2 dollars. Pilots must register their vessels, names, and places of abode, in his office; and are obliged to put to sea whenever ordered by him. The penalty for refusing is 5 dollars and loss of licence. Pilotage. There are 9 branch and 9 deputy pilots, and as many registered boats. Rates of Pilotage.-Every pilot who shall take charge of any vessel to the eastward or southward of the White Buoy on the eastern ridge near the bar, and conducts and moors safely such vessel to a proper wharf, or from the city to the southward or eastward of said buoy, is entitled by law to the following rates, to wit:-For vessels of the United States, and those who are entitled by treaty to enter upon the same terms as American vessels, the sums which follow:Every vessel drawing less than 14 feet, 1 dol. 50 cts. per foot; do. drawing 14 feet, and less than 18, 1 dol. 75 cts. per foot; do. drawing 18 feet or upwards, 2 dols. 25 cts. per foot. The same rates of pilotage to be allowed for any vessel that may be piloted any where within the Hook, whose master or owner does not wish the same to be brought to the city wharfs. Half pilotage only to be allowed to any pilot who shall take charge of a vessel to the westward of the White Buoy. No pilotage whatsoever to be given to any pilot, unless he shall take charge of a vessel to the southward of the upper Middle Ground, nor unless such vessel shall be of 70 tons burden, provided the usual signal be not given, in which case half pilotage is to be allowed. Between the 1st of November and the 1st of April, inclusive, 4 dols. additional to be allowed for vessels of 10 feet water and upwards; if less than 10 feet, 2 dols. One fourth additional to be given to the pilots who shall take charge of vessels out of sight of the light-house. For every day any pilot shall be required to remain on board, 3 dols. per day. Foreign vessels not entitled by treaty to enter on the same terms as those of the United States, to pay 1-4th additional to the pilots, and also 5 dols. over and above the foregoing rates of pilotage. Wardens of the Port. Vessels and goods arriving in a damaged state, and required to be sold by auction for the benefit of underwriters out of the city of New York, must be under the inspection of the wardens, who may be required to certify the cause of the damage, and amount of sale and charges. Fees.-11.2 per cent. on gross amount of sales; and for each survey on board of any vessel, at any store, or along the docks or wharfs, 3 dols. on damaged goods; ach survey on hull, spars, rigging, &c., 5 dols.; each certificate, 1 dol. 25 cts.; ditto of distress of said vessel, 2 dols. 50 cts.; same services for vessels paying foreign duties and tonnage, double. Quantity of Goods to compose a Ton. Extract from the By-Laws of the New York Chamber of Commerce. Resolved,-That when vessels are freighted by the ton, and no special agreement is made between the owner of the vessel and freighter of the goods, respecting the proportion of tonnage which each particular article shall be computed at, the following regulation shall be the standard of computation: That the articles, the bulk of which shall compose a ton, to equal a ton of heavy materials, shall be in weight as follows:-1,568 lbs. of coffee in casks, 1,830 ditto in bags; 1,120 lbs. of cocoa in casks, 1,307 ditto in bags. 952 lbs. of pimento in casks, 1,110 ditto in bags. 8 barrels of flour, of 196 lbs. each. 6 barrels of beef, pork, tallow, pickled fish, pitch, tar, and turpentine. 20 cwt. of pig and bar iron, potashes, sugar, logwood, fustic, Nicaragua wood, and all heavy dye woods, rice, honey, copper ore, and all other heavy goods. 16 cwt. of coffee, cocoa, and dried codfish, in bulk, and 12 cwt. of dried codfish in casks of any size. 6 cwt. of ship bread in casks, 7 cwt. in bags, and 8 cwt. in bulk. 200 gallons (wine measure) reckoning the full contents of the casks of oil, wine, brandy, or any kind of liquors. 22 bushels of grain, peas, or beans in casks. 36 bushels of ditto in bu k. 36 bushels of European salt. Almonds, in cases in bales double bales in bags Cheese, in casks or tubs Cinnamon, in boxes. in bales Figs, in boxes in mats or frails Lead (white, in oil) in kegs 5 lbs. - 10 per cent. . 8 - 8 lbs. - 16 4 per cent. • 15 8 - 10 actual, 6 per cent. actual. 6 per cent. do. if the kegs are packed in hogsheads, extra (white, dry) in casks (red, dry) do.. (red, in oil) do. in casks 100 lbs. - 10 15 15 11-4 lbs. 3 15 per cent. 8 3 . 8 - 12 8 15 . 15 . 12 . 3 Twine, in boxes in casks Tobacco, in boxes Actual tare is allowed on fruit, if required. Cheese, in hampers or baskets in bales Sugar, other than loaf sugar, in casks in boxes We have derived these statements from the New York Annual Register, for 1831; The Picture of New York; the Consul's Answers to the Circular Queries, and private communications. Prices at New York.-The following statements of the wholesale prices of some of the principal articles of exportation at New York, are taken from the New York Price Current for the 17th of September, 1836. Cotton-Import duty, 3 cents per lb. 0 20 Tenne-see, do. Cotton bagging-Import duty, 3 1-2 cents per square yard. Hemp, per yard 0 18 0 21 Boards, North River, per mille feet Albany do., jer piece Plank, Georgiin do., per mille feet - 17 Flax, do. Heading, W. O.. per iuille -54 0 0 -18 0 19 0 0 19 35 0 52 0 Flour and ureal-Import du'y, 50 cents per 112 lbs. ho-shead, do. 0 0 Troy, do. Hoops, do. - 30 Philadelphia, do. Baltimore, Howard Street, do. Richmond Country mills, do. Georgetown, do. Alexandria, do. Fredericksburgh, do. Petersburgh, do. Scratched and fine, do. Middlings, fine, do. Rye flour, do. Indian meal, do. per hogshead Furs-Import duty,-dressed, 12 1-2 per cent. ad valorem: undress Beaver, parchment, per lb. Spirits of turpentine, per gallon Beef, mess, per barrel. prime cargo Pork, mess, do.. cargo, do. Hog's lard, per lb. Butter, Goshen dairy, do. West. do. do. shipping, do. 0 0 9 75 oak, do. 0 0 10 0 Georgian yellow pine, do. 0 28 0 Shingles, cypress, per milie 0 0 Naval Stores 6 50 North Carolina, do. 6 0 4 50 - 24 50 prime 0 0 30 10 0 2 25 2 12 1-2 1 50 0 0 3 0 0 42 10 25 6 50 0 25 0 17 50 0 0 0 17 1-2 0 23 0 20 0 17 0 15 0 10 0 16 [The Tables omitted in this article are comprehended in those which have been added to the articles IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, and SHIPS.-Am. Ed.] Bills of Exchange.-By a revised law of the State of New York, the following damages on bilis drawn or negotiated in this State, aud protested for non-payment, are allowed, viz. Bills dawn on the Sta es of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pen sylvania, Ohio, Desaware, Maryland, Virginia,or district of Colbia, 3 per cent. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, or Tennessee, 5 per cent. Any other State or territory of the United States, or any other place on or adjacent to this continent, and north of the equator, or any British or other foreign possessions in the West Indies, or elsewhere on the Western Atlantic Ocean, or any port or place in Europe, 10 per cent. Such damages shall be in lieu of interest, charges of protest, and all other charges incurred previous to and at the time of giving notice of non-payment, but the holder of such bill shall be entitled to demand and recover lawful interest upon the aggregate amount of the principal sum specified in such bill, and of the damages thereon, from the time at which notice of protest for non-payment shall have been given, and payment of such principal sum shall have been de manded.-Sect. 19. If the contents of such bill be expressed in the money of account of the United States, the amount due thereon and of the damages herein allowed for the non-payment thereof, shall be ascertained and determined without any reference to the rate of ex hange existing between this State and the place on which such bill shall have been drawn, at the time of the demand of payment or of notice of nonpayment.--Sect. 20. If the contents of such bill be expressed in the money of account or currency of any foreign country, then the amount due, exclusive of the damages payable thereof, shall be ascertamed and determined by the rate of exchange or the va uc of such foreign currency, at the time of the dema..d of payment.--Sect. 21. TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES.-Notwithstanding the unprecedented progress of the United States in wealth and population, their foreign trade was nearly stationary for the 10 years ending with 1830! And yet, considering the spirit of commercial enterprise by which the people, particularly in the New England States and New York, are animated, and their skill in navigation, it might have been fairly presumed that the growth of their foreign trade would, at least, have kept pace with the development of the internal resources of the coun try. That it did not do so is wholly owing to the policy of government. Not satisfied with the extraordinary advances their constituents had made in numbers and wealth, Congress seems to have believed that their career might be accelerated by means of Customhouse regulations!—by giving an artificial direction to a portion of the public capital and industry, and turning it into channels into which it would not naturally flow! No one who has the slightest acquaintance with the condition of America-who knows that she is possessed of boundless tracts of fertile and unappropriated land-that her population is comparatively thin, and wages high-can doubt for a moment that agriculture must, for a long series of years, be the most profitable species of employment in which her citizens can engage. There can be no question, indeed, that such branches of manufacture as are naturally adapted to her peculiar situation, will gradually grow up and flourish in America, without any artificial encouragement, according as her population becomes denser, and as the advantage which now exists on the side of agriculture becomes less decided. But to force, by means of duties and prohibitions, the premature growth of manufactures, is plainly to force a portion of the industry and capital of the country into businesses in which it will be least productive. Such, however, has been, for a lengthened period, the policy of the American legislature. The exploded sophisms of the mercantile system, though renounced by every statesman in Europe, acquired a noxious influence in congress, and were put forth with as much confidence, as if their soundness neither had been, nor could be, questioned! From 1816 down to 1832, the object of the American legislature was to bolster up a manufacturing interest, by imposing oppressive duties on most manufactured articles imported from abroad. Now, it is obvious even had the articles produced in America through the agency of this plan been as cheap as those they superseded, that nothing would have been gained by it; for, to whatever extent the importation of foreign articles may be diminished, there must be a corresponding diminution in the exportation of native American products; so that the only result would have been the raising up of one species of industry at the expense of some other species, entitled to an equality of protection. But the "American system" was not so innocuous. Instead of the goods manufactured in the States being as cheap as similar ones manufactured in Europe, they were admitted to be, at an average, from 30 to 100 per cent. dearer! The extent of the pecuniary sacrifice that was thus imposed on the Union has been variously estimated by American writers; but we have been assured by those who have the best means of knowing, that it may be moderately estimated at from 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 dollars, or from about 11,000,000l. to 13,000,000l.! And this immense burden -a burden nearly three times as great as the whole public expenditure of the republic-was incurred for no purpose of public utility, and was productive of nothing but mischief. The whole effect of the scheme was to divert a certain amount of the national capital from the production of cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco, &c., the equivalents sent to foreigners in payment of manufactured goods, to the direct production of these goods themselves! And as the latter species of industry is nowise suitable for America, a tax of 13,000,000l. a year was imposed on the Union, that the manufacturers might be enabled to continue a losing business. We leave it to others to determine whether the absurdity of the system, or its costliness, be its more prominent feature. That its influence was not more injurious, is solely owing to the smuggling it occasioned. With a frontier like that of America, and with a half or more of the population hostile to the tariff, it would have been worse than absurd to suppose that it could be carried into full effect. But it had enough of influence to render it in the last degree prejudicial-to occasion a great rise in the price of many important articles-to cripple the trade and navigation of the country-and to throw a considerable part of it into the hands of foreigners, who carried it on in defiance of the law. It is difficult, however, to say how long this perverse system might have been maintained, but for its political effects. It was principally patronised by the Northern States. We believe, indeed, that it is quite impossible to show that they either did or could derive any benefit from it; but, at all events, it is quite certain that it was highly injurious to the Southern States. Their staple products are cotton, tobacco, and rice, of which by far the largest portion is exported to foreign countries: and the planters speedily found that every restriction on importation from abroad occasioned a corresponding difficulty of exportation. This led to a disunion of interests, and to strong remonstrances against the tariff by the Southern States. These, however, were disregarded. Provoked by this treatment, South Carolina took the decisive step of refusing to enforce the customs acts; and threatened, if coercion were attempted, to repel force by force, and to recede from the Union! This was a death-blow to the tariff. Congress now saw, what all sensible men had seen long before, that it was necessary to recede; that, in fact, either the tariff must be modified, or the inte grity of the Union be brought into jeopardy. A law was accordingly passed on the 14th of July, 1832, which directed a considerable deduction to be made from the duties on various articles after the 3d of March, 1833; and a subsequent act, commonly called "Mr. Clay's New Tariff Bill," was passed on the 2d of March, 1833, providing for the future gradual reduction of the duties. These judicious acts restored tranquillity; and, there can be no doubt, will be, in every point of view, highly beneficial to the republic. We subjoin the act of the 22d of March, 1833, and the explanatory letter of Mr. M'Lane, Secretary to the Treasury. Mr. CLAY'S NEW TARIFF BILL, To modify the Act of the 14th of July, 1832, and all other Acts imposing Duties on Imports. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled, that, from and after the 31st of December, 1833, in all cases where duties are imposed |