3. Find the causes of failure and remove them. There is not a successful teacher in the world but that reached the height of her success by persistent effort, whole-souled devotion, and unflinching self-sacrifice.-Education.

ONE of the novel buildings at the World's Columbian Exposition will be the Casino and pier. The Casino, which will stand out in the lake 1,000 feet from the shore, is intended to reproduce Venice on a small scale in Lake Michigan. Burling & Whitehurst, of Chicago, have completed the design for this structure, and the architecture is, of course, of Venetian order.

The Casino will be built on piles and connected with the shore by a pier eighty feet wide. The base dimensions of the Casino will be 180 x 400 feet. The building will consist of nine pavilions, two stories in height, and, with the exception of the central one, eighty feet above the surface of the water. The centre pavilion will be one hundred and eighty feet high. There will be communication between the nine pavilions both by gondolas and bridges. Completely surrounded by water this structure, with its fleet of boats and numerous waterways, is expected to have a decidedly Venetian flavor. Surrounding the central pavilion will run a gallery fifty-six feet wide. The pier connecting the Casino with the shore will form a broad promenade. At the west end of the pier will stand the thirteen columns designed by Sculptor St. Gaudens, to represent the thirteen original States. In front of the Casino will be a harbor for small pleasure craft. At night this harbor will be lighted by incandescent lamps sunk beneath the surface of the water on floats. The material of the Casino will be of wood and the walls will he covered with staff. A striking combination of high colorings will be effected. The contract for the construction of the pier and Casino has been let.

Tulare, California, proposes to furnish a very novel exhibit for the Fair. From a gigantic redwood tree, 390 feet high, and twenty-six feet in diameter, will be cut two lengths forty-five feet long, and these will be transformed into full-sized railway coaches by hollowing out the interior. The rough bark of the tree will be left on the roof and on the sides and ends the natural wood will be left unpolished. The interior will be finished after the style of Pullman cars. One will be a buffet dining car, with bath, barber-shop, and kitchen, and the other a sleeper, with observation room. Ordinary car trucks will be put underneath, and the men of Tulare, with their wives and children, will make the trip to Chicago in these strange coaches and live in them while there. The intention is to keep these cars in the Exposition grounds, and to sell as mementoes the portions of the tree cut away in their construction.

An enterprising Nebraska man says that he will take to the Exposition a crowd of 50,000 school children from Omaha and vicinity. He proposes to have each car load in charge of a teacher, and he has already begun negotiations with the railroads for special rates and special trains.

There is a possibility that the visitor to the Exposition may see the celebrated Spitzer art collection, the most comprehensive collection of European art in the world, and valued at above $4,000,000. M. Spitzer, of Paris, is dead, and the magnificent collection is for sale. It is the hope of artists all over the world that this treasure may be kept together, and all are looking to America for the purchaser. The legal adviser of the Spitzer heirs is anxious that the collection shall go to America, and he will do everything possible to bring this about. The bringing of the collection to the Exposition must be the work of private enter

prise, and it is possible to effect this, it is claimed, if the owners can be insured from loss. This collection includes everything known in art during the middle ages.

Lieutenant Little, of the Navy Department, has sailed for Europe to complete the plans for reproducing the caravals which formed the fleet of Columbus. He carries letters of introduction from the State Department to Minister Grubbs and other representatives of the United States abroad. The Spanish Minister has also given him letters to various officials at Madrid. Before going to Spain, Lieutenant Little will visit the museums at Paris, London, and The Hague, as valuable historical material can be obtained in those museums. The Lieutenant has consulted with ship-builders in this country, and they have advised him that the best way to secure a reproduction of the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina will be to have most of the work done by the Spanish or Italian shipbuilders The modern American vessel is so vastly different from the fleet of Columbus that ship-builders here have found it difficult to plan a reproduction. They have all agreed, however, that the methods in vogue abroad, where shipcarpentery has been handed down from generation to generation, will produce results in keeping with historic accuracy. Caravals will ne cessarily be given a smaller draught than the original vessels of Columbus, beca use they are to pass through the Welland Canal, but in other respects the reproduction is likely to be a faithful one.

WITHIN One week the University Extension movement was a leading subject of thought and discussion in five great gatherings. On Thursday, July 9, George Francis James read a paper on this movement before the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association, at Bedford, Pa. On the same morning Professor Willis Boughton spoke to the State Teachers' Association of Maryland, at Ocean City, Md.; and in the afternoon Professor H. B. Adams addressed the Ohio State Teachers' Association, at Chautauqua. On Friday the session of the University Convocation, at Albany, was devoted to a discussion of Extension Teaching, and the Department of Higher Education, of the National Association, considered the subject on Thursday, July 16, at the meeting in Toronto.

The work of University Extension was formally organized in Chicago on June 10. The affairs of the Society will be managed by a council of twenty-four. Among the members already chosen are President Rogers, of Northwestern University; President Roberts, of Lake Forest University; ex-Regent Peabody and Dr. Charles DeGarmo, of the University of Illinois, and Franklin McVeagh. No better place could be found in the West for the establishing of this system, and under good management it will doubtless attain a great success.

GEORGE FRANCIS JAMES, an alumnus of the University of Michigan, and for the last two years Professor in the University of Nashville, has resigned his position to assume the managing editorship of "University Extension," the official organ of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching.

PROF. JEREMIAH W. JENKS, of the University of Indiana, who has done excellent work in Extension Teaching in Indianapolis, has accepted the chair of Social, Political, and Municipal Institutions in Cornell University.

PROF. JAMES H. CANFIELD, of the Kansas State University, and ex-President of the National Education Association, has accepted the chancellorship of the Nebraska University at Lincoln, which was tendered him some time ago.

President JOHN EATON, formerly Commissioner of Education, has tendered his resignation as President of Marietta College, Ohio. He will devote himself to literary work.

PROF. NICHOLS, of Cornell University, speaks in most complimentary terms of the work of John C. McMynn, of Madison, now a student in the mechanical engineering department of that University, in carrying on a photographic study of the electric arc. The work is not yet completed, but Professor Nichols indicates that it will lead to results of considerable importance.

Major B. A. McMullan.

At a meeting of the County Board of School Trustees of Greene county, at the courthouse thereof, on Thursday, the 4th day of August, 1891, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted:

Whereas it has pleased an all-wise Providence to remove from our midst our friend and brother, Major B. A. McMullan, who had been an active and efficient co-worker as trustee of the Stanardsville School District ever since the present school system was inaugurated; therefore, be it

Resolved, That in his death this Board has sustained a loss almost irreparable, the county one of its best citizens, and his neighborhood one of its most useful members, and his family a kind, magnanimous, and affectionate husband and father.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to his family and to the EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL for publication.

GEORGE B. JENNINGS, Chairman.

Z. K. PAGE, Clerk.

EDITORIAL.

We feel that an explantion is due to our subscribers for the non-appearance of the JOURNAL for the month of July. It is the first time in its history, we believe, that any such failure has occurred. We are aware that it is the custom of many of our contemporaries to take a sort of holiday in mid-summer, and some issue only ten numbers for the year; but no such custom has ever obtained favor with us. We have always published twelve numbers a year.

During the month of July the active editor of the JOURNAL was absent from his office conducting an Institute in a remote part of the State, and could not perform editorial duty; the senior editor was so engrossed with the work of his office as Superintendent of schools for the city of Richmond that he could give it no attention. The regular issue was, therefore, omitted for July, and as a compensation for it, we have made this a double number. We thus make up the usual amount of matter, and our subscribers lose nothing, and we hope this explanation will be satisfactory to all.

This failure was not anticipated when the June number was issued, or the announcement would have been made then.

-The meeting of the "Teachers' Association of Virginia" at Bedford City, July 1-3, was a very gratifying success both as to the number in attendance and as to the character of the exercises. As our readers are aware, the Association was provisionally organized last year, and this was its first regular meeting. The conference of county and city Superintendents was held in connection with the Association. The Hon. John E. Massey, State Superintendent, presided over the joint bodies, and Prof. Willis A. Jenkins, Principal of the Portsmouth High School, acted as Secretary, ably supported by Mr. J. Alexander McGilvray, the very efficient Secretary of the State Board of Education.

The executive committee appointed last year, prepared a most excellent programme, covering a wide range of subjects, and involving many questions of supreme importance to the teachers of the State and to the cause of general education. The papers which were presented and the discussions which followed on these various subjects were of a high order, and we are sure that an impulse was given to the work which will be felt for years to come.

We were present at all the sessions of the Association, and would have prepared matter from the proceedings for publication in the JOURNAL, but it was our confident expectation that we would be furnished with the official report; and we preferred to have it in that form rather than in scraps. It has since been determined, we believe, to print the proceedings in pamphlet form; and we regret that we cannot meet the legitimate expectations of our readers in this regard. We have not been supplied with a copy of the constitution which was adopted, nor with a list of the regular committees.

Hon. John E. Massey, State Superintendent, was elected President, and Prof. Willis A. Jenkins, Secretary. We do not know what other officers were provided for. When the official record appears, we will give our readers a fuller account of what was said and done.

-The Institutes, held under State authority, during the present summer, have been unusually successful. The attendance of teachers has been larger than for many years, while their earnestness, constancy and attention have been worthy of all praise. Our teachers are realizing more and more their needs, are appreciating more fully their responsibilities, are taking greater pride in their work; and are, therefore, more inclined to avail themselves of every opportunity for improvement-often at great personal sacrifice.

It was our privilege to conduct one for the second time in the beautiful town of Harrisonburg, in the county of Rockingham. In the JOURNAL for September, 1890, we wrote of our first association with its people, with the teachers who assembled there, and with the instructors who aided in the work. Our second visit has but strengthened the views which we then expressed. The town has grown somewhat, but not so much as we anticipated. It has suffered from an epidemic of "boom." Two land companies were organized last year, one of which has had a fair measure of success, and is still engaged in the work of helping forward the progress of the town with promising prospects. The other proved a failure, and brought, we think, something of disaster with its failure. But there is no deterioration in the character of its people. Indeed, the more we see of them the more we admire them and their goodly heritage. They are a noble people, and understand fully how to receive and take care of the stranger within their gates.

We met very many of the teachers who were members of the Institute last year, and with great pleasure renewed the acquaintance then formed. We also

met many who were not with us last year. Probably as many as forty or fifty per cent. were new members; but all, both new and old, entered upon the work with admirable spirit, and pursued it with unflagging zeal and fidelity; and we hope that the influence of the Institute will be felt in all the schools there represented, during the ensuing session.

The reader will, no doubt, find fuller particulars about all the Institutes in the "Official Department" of this issue of the Journal.

-We expected to present in this issue of the JOURNAL Some account of the National Educational Association, which held its meeting last month in Toronto, Canada, and also of the Southern Educational Association at Chattanooga, Tennessee; but since our return to the city we have been so closely occupied with other and imperative duties that we have had no opportunity to read the proceedings of those bodies We must, therefore, defer any notice of them to

a future number.

Book Notices.

PRACTICAL LESSONS IN GERMAN. By A. Albin Fischer. Philadelphia: Fischer's School of Languages. Paper, 40 cents; cloth, 60 cents.

This course of lessons was intended for the author's own use in his "School of Languages," but is given its present form to make it accessible also to others who may see fit to use it. It is designed essentially for oral instruction. The teacher who would undertake to simply explain the lessons according to the old fashion, would soon find himself in possession of the wrong book. The aim is to furnish the teacher with a guide, and the pupil with the right sort of implement to work with and the right kind of material to work upon.

Prof. Fischer has had large experience and much success in language teaching, and others may profitably follow his methods.

DUTY. A Book for Schools. By Julius H. Seelye, D. D., LL. D., Late President of Amherst College. Boston: Ginn & Co., Publishers. Mailing price, 30 cents.

In this little book Dr. Seelye has attempted to give to the cardinal principles and the chief facts of morals a treatment which should be thorough and at the same time apprehensible to the mind of a child. He has, therefore, produced a book suitable for an early grade of schools, and which will prove valuable in the important work of which it treats. We heartily commend it.

A PRIMARY WORD BOOK, Embracing Thorough Drills in Articulation and in all the Difficulties of Spelling and Sound to be met with in Primary Reading. By Sarah E. Buckbee, Principal of Primary Department, School No. 19, New York City. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., Publishers. Price, 30 cents.

The title, which we have quoted in full, indicates the character of this book, and is suggestive of thoroughness, which is, indeed, its characteristic. It gives full and complete drill in sounds, and the treatment of the syllable is more satisfactory than one usually finds in a work-book. We think that long and difficult words are introduced too early and occur rather rapidly for effective primary work. This, however, can be largely controlled by the teacher.