Canada has likewise published in similar form, since October, 1900, statistics of labor disputes in the Monthly Labor Gazette, issued by the Canadian department of labor. As these statistics have not been published in summary form, they could not be used in this report.

In Denmark statistics of strikes and lockouts have been collected since the beginning of the year 1897, in compliance with a law passed December 16, 1895. The statistics have been published in brief form each year in the statistical yearbook of Denmark. In 1901 the data for the three years 1897, 1898, and 1899 were published collectively in a more detailed form in a report of the Danish statistical bureau. (a) This report contains an analysis and summaries of the strikes and lockouts, copies of the schedules of inquiry, and details of each individual strike and lockout occurring in 1897, 1898, and 1899. The principal facts shown are the number, time, duration, causes, and results of strikes and lockouts, the number and location of establishments involved, the number and occupations of persons affected, wage loss, assistance received, and cases of arbitration.

In France the collection and publication of statistics of strikes was begun by the French bureau of labor immediately upon its organization, October 1, 1891. Since 1860 efforts have been made by the minister of commerce and industry to obtain reports of strikes from the prefects of the departments. In 1885 a circular calling for such reports and specifying the points to be covered was sent to each of the prefects, but the returns received were very incomplete and were not published, except that the statistics contained in report of the French bureau of labor for the years 1890 and 1891, published in 1892, (b) were compiled largely from the data thus obtained. On November 20, 1892, a new circular was addressed to the prefects of the departments by the minister of commerce and industry, calling upon them to report by letter or telegram whenever a strike was declared, and at its close to complete a schedule of inquiry furnished by the labor bureau of the ministry of commerce and industry. The first report prepared from data thus obtained was for the year 1892. This method of collecting information has been followed up to the present time. The scope of the reports as far as they relate to strikes has been practically the same since they first began to be published. They cover strikes in all industries, including agriculture, forestry, and mining. Beginning with 1893 (c) they also contain information relata Strejker og Lock'outs i Danmark 1897-1899. Statistiske Meddelelser, fjerde Række, ottende Bind, fjerde Hæfte.

b Statistique des Grèves survenues en France pendant les années 1890 et 1891. cStatistique des Grèves et des Recours à la Conciliation et à l'Arbitrage survenues pendant l'année 1893.

ing to the results obtained with regard to the application of the law of December 27, 1892, concerning conciliation and arbitration. (a)

The French reports on strikes, conciliation, and arbitration as now published contain, in addition to an introduction and analysis, detailed tables showing for each year the facts collected for each strike and lockout arranged by industries; a detailed table showing for each occupation the causes and results of strikes; summary tables showing the results of strikes by industries, by causes, by causes and industries, and by months; the number, duration, and results of strikes according to the number of persons taking part; the number and result of strikes according to their duration; tables, maps, and charts showing the distribution of strikes by departments; the proportion of strikes to the total working population, and detailed accounts of all cases where the law of December 27, 1892, regarding conciliation and arbitration in trade disputes was applied. The report for 1899 contains a series of eight tables giving a recapitulation of strikes and lockouts during the ten years from 1890 to 1899. The reports thus far published cover labor disputes occurring during the years 1890 to 1900, inclusive.

The German Government did not begin the collection of statistics of strikes and lockouts until 1899. The reports cover disputes in all the States comprising the German Empire. They relate to disputes in industrial occupations-that is, in all industries exclusive of agriculture and forestry, scientific, literary, and fine-art pursuits, and the military, State, communal, and ecclesiastical service. The returns are published quarterly in summary form in the quarterly journal of the imperial statistical bureau (b) and the detailed statistics, summary, and analysis are published for the year in the form of an annual report. (c) The information is obtained from the local police authorities, who are required to make a report after each strike or lockout on blank schedules furnished by the imperial statistical bureau. In this bureau the files of newspapers and trade journals are also consulted in order to catch any disputes that might escape the notice of the local police authorities. The reports contain (1) an analysis and summary tables of the strikes and lockouts, (2) copies of the schedules of inquiry, and (3) tables showing in detail, by locality and industry for each dispute, the duration, number of establishments affected and their employees, number of strikers and others thrown out of employment, causes, results, manner of settlement, etc. The reports thus far published cover the years 1899 and 1900.

a For a copy of this law see Bulletin of the U. S. Department of Labor No. 25, pp. 854-856.

bVierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs.

c Streiks und Aussperrungen im Jahre 1899. Bearbeitet im Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amt.

In Great Britain statistics covering labor disputes for the United Kingdom have been published since 1888 in the form of annual reports by the labor department of the British board of trade. («) The report for 1888 is not as comprehensive as those for subsequent years, and the data for that year have not, therefore, been used in the present report. A number of important changes have been made from time to time in the method of presentation of these statistics, which make an accurate comparison of the data for the entire period impossible. Thus, in the earlier reports, from 1888 to 1893, strikes and lockouts were considered separately in many of the important statistical tables, while in later years they are shown together under the general term of disputes. From 1888 to 1896 all strikes and lockouts that were reported to the department were included in the compilations, but beginning with 1897 disputes involving less than ten persons, or resulting in less than one day's stoppage of work are not considered, except where the aggregate duration of a dispute exceeds one hundred working days. Other changes will be mentioned in the form of notes to the tables and in the text of the analysis. The work of collecting and arranging the statistics of strikes and lockouts is in charge of the chief labor correspondent of the labor department of the British board of trade. The information is obtained largely by correspondence. When the existence of a dispute is brought to the knowledge of the department from any source, schedules of inquiry are sent out to the parties concerned. Preliminary information is published monthly in the Labor Gazette. The annual reports as now published contain (1) a detailed statement, showing for each dispute beginning during the year, the locality, number of establishments involved, number and occupations of employees thrown out of work, cause or object of dispute, date of beginning and ending, and result; (2) summary tables for the year; (3) comparative data for a series of years; (4) an analysis of the statistics of strikes and lockouts; (5) statistics of conciliation and arbitration; (6) the text of certain agreements terminating trade disputes. The annual reports thus far published cover the years 1888 to 1900, inclusive.

In Italy strike and lockout statistics have been published annually since 1892 by the bureau of statistics of the Italian ministry of agriculture, industry, and commerce. The first report (b) covers data for the years 1879 to 1891, and for a few months in 1878. No changes of any importance have been made in the subject-matter considered or

a Report by the Chief Labor Correspondent on Strikes and Lockouts.

b Statistica degli Scioperi avvenuti nell' Industria e nell' Agricoltura durante gli anni dal 1884 al 1891. Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio. Direzione generale della Statistica.

method of presentation since that time. The information is obtained from the prefects of the provinces on schedules of inquiry furnished by the Italian bureau of statistics. The data cover strikes in all industrial and agricultural occupations. As now published the annual reports contain (1) detailed tables showing for each strike and lockout the locality, number and occupation of strikers and persons locked out, the cause or object, result, duration, total working days lost, and whether the dispute was accompanied by violence; (2) descriptive notes of each strike and lockout; (3) summary tables showing strikes by duration, number of strikers, causes, results, working days lost, etc., and (4) a copy of the schedule of inquiry used in obtaining the information. The annual reports thus far published contain strike data for the years 1878 to 1899, inclusive.

As will be seen from the foregoing statement, the statistics of strikes and lockouts contained in the earlier reports of labor disputes in the various countries are necessarily less complete than those for later years, and the scope and method of presentation have changed in some instances from time to time. Besides, the ground covered varies in the different countries, especially with regard to the industries included. These variations in the character, scope, and method of presentation of the statistics of strikes and lockouts in the various countries must be taken into consideration in a study of the analysis and summary tables which follow.

AUSTRIA.

The statistics of strikes and lockouts in Austria, compiled from the annual reports of the Austrian Government previously mentioned, cover labor disputes occurring in the various industrial occupations from 1891 to 1900 in the crown lands represented in the Austrian Parliament. While the Austrian reports for the years 1891 to 1897 do not include the mining industry in the statistical presentations, the reports for 1898 to 1900 contain summary statistics for each year beginning with 1894 which include statistics for the mining industry. This makes it possible to present a series of comparative figures for the years 1894 to 1900. In the Austrian reports strikes and lockouts are considered separately in all the tabulations, and the same has been done in the present compilation.

The following table gives the summary of all the important facts published in relation to strikes in Austria during the years 1891 to 1900:

d Not including strikes in the mining industry in 1891, 1892, and 1893.

e Not including data for 1891, 1892, and 1893.

fIncluding 56,268 strikers the results for whom were not reported.

During the ten-year period covered by the table, 2,178 strikes were reported, involving 13,626 establishments, 456,231 strikers, and resulting in a total loss of 8,642,367 working days. Of 2,174 strikes for which the results were known, 445, or 20.47 per cent, succeeded, 793, or 36.48 per cent, succeeded partly, and 936, or 43.05 per cent, failed.

During the seven-year period from 1894 to 1900 for which comparable statistics have been published, 1,801 strikes were reported. These affected 8,984 establishments, involved 399,963 strikers and 34,524 other employees who were thrown out of work on account of strikes, and resulted in a loss of 7,201,623 working days by strikers and 524,165 by others thrown out of work, or a total of 7,725,788 days. Of the 1,801 strikes reported during this period, 363, or 20.16 per cent, succeeded, 683, or 37.92 per cent, succeeded partly, and 755, or 41.92 per cent, failed. Of the 399,963 strikers involved in these strikes, 32,682, or 8.17 per cent, were in strikes which succeeded,