under the State most affected, and footnotes and cross references made showing the other States involved.

Of the tables for strikes, it will be seen that those numbered I to VII are entirely similar as regards the facts shown, and each of these tables extends over four pages of the report. Table I, for example, shows the strikes for each State, by years, for the period from 1881 to 1900, inclusive. Taking up that table, it is seen that for each State and for each year of the period in which strikes were found there is given information as to the total number of strikes; the number of these ordered by labor organizations and the number not so ordered; the number of establishments involved; the number of these establishments which were closed as a result of strikes; the aggregate and average days during which these establishments were closed; the aggregate and average days until the strikers were reemployed or until their places were filled; the number of establishments in which strikes succeeded, succeeded partly, and failed; the amount of wage loss entailed on the employees as a result of the strikes; the amount of assistance given them by their organizations or by others; the amount of loss of the employers; the male, female, and total persons employed in the various establishments before the strikes occurred; the number of employees who struck; the number of persons in the establishments involved who were thrown out of employment by reason of strikes, subdivided as to sex; the number of new employees in these establishments after strikes, also subdivided as to sex; and, finally, the number of these new employees that were brought from other localities.

Tables VIII to XI, relating to the causes of strikes, are entirely similar in form, showing simply the number of establishments involved in strikes for each separate cause or object and the number of these establishments in which strikes succeeded, succeeded partly, and failed. Taking up the tables for lockouts, it is found that those numbered XII to XVIII are similar in form and scope, and that the information is tabulated under practically the same heads as those just described as pertaining to Tables I to VII, relating to strikes. Tables XIX to XXII, which relate to the causes of lockouts, are in turn entirely similar to those numbered VIII to XI, relating to strikes.

Following this description of the contents of the various tables, it appears desirable to furnish a short statement as to each table, with especial reference to the arrangement of the data included therein. Inasmuch as the tables for lockouts are entirely similar in title and arrangement to those for strikes, the strike tables only will be described and a simple reference made to the lockout table, which furnishes similar results for that class of disturbances.

Table I.-Strikes for States, by years.-In this table is taken up separately each of the States in which strikes have occurred during

the twenty-year period and under each of these States separate data are given for each year in which strikes occurred. This is followed by a total for the State. Table XII of the report relates to lockouts and is entirely similar to this table in both its title and the arrangement of the facts included therein.

Table II-Strikes for years, by States.-Each year of the twentyyear period is taken up separately in this table and under each of these years separate data are given for each State in which strikes occurred. This is followed by a total for the year. Table XIII of the report relates to lockouts and is entirely similar to this table in both its title and the arrangement of the facts included therein.

Table III.-Strikes for States, by industries.-In this table is taken up separately each of the States in which strikes have occurred during the twenty-year period and under each of these States separate data are given for each industry in which strikes occurred. This is followed by a total for the State. The industry classification adopted in the Third Annual Report and continued in the Tenth Annual Report has been followed here in order to facilitate the combining of the results for the three periods. Table XIV of the report relates to lockouts and is entirely similar to this table in both its title and the arrangement of the facts included therein.

Table IV.-Strikes for industries, by States.-Each industry in which strikes occurred during the twenty-year period is taken up separately in this table and under each of these industries separate data are given for each State in which strikes occurred. This is followed by a total for the industry. Table XV of the report relates to lockouts and is entirely similar to this table in both its title and the arrangement of the facts included therein.

Table V-Summary of strikes for the United States, by years.-This table summarizes the facts given in Table II, showing in brief form the data for each year of the period from January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900, the strikes for all States and all industries being combined to secure the totals for the years, as shown here. Table XVI of the report relates to lockouts and is entirely similar to this table in both its title and the arrangement of the facts included therein.

A number of short tables drawn from Tables V and XVI are presented here in order to bring out more clearly the more important facts shown in these tables.

In order that the increase or diminution of strikes during the twenty-year period from January 1, 1881, to December 31, 1900, may be determined the following table showing the number of strikes in each year of this period is presented.

STRIKES, BY YEARS, JANUARY 1, 1881, TO DECEMBER 31, 1900.

a Not including the number in 33 establishments for which these data were not obtainable.

The number of strikes for 1880 was reported by Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, special agent for the Tenth Census, as 610. From the above table it is seen that the total number of strikes in the United States during the twenty years beginning January 1, 1881, and ending December 31, 1900, was 22,793. Beginning in 1881 with 471, the number of strikes during 1882, 1883, and 1884 remained under 500. In 1885, however, the number increased to 645, while in 1886 it more than doubled, being 1,432 for that year. The number was practically the same in the succeeding year, but in 1888 a considerable decrease is shown, the number for that year being 906. In 1889 the number of strikes increased to 1,075, while in 1890 the number almost doubled, showing 1,833 strikes for that year-a number greater than that shown for any other year of the entire period. The year 1891 shows a slight decrease in the number of strikes, 1,717, while 1892 shows a considerable decrease, the number for that year being but 1,298. No considerable change occurred during the next three years, the number for 1893 being 1,305, that for 1894 being 1,349, and that for 1895 being 1,215. In 1896, however, a considerable drop is seen, the number for that year being 1,026. The number of strikes remained practically stationary during 1896, 1897, and 1898, showing the smallest number since 1888 and 1889. In 1899, however, the number of strikes increased enormously, the number for that year being 1,797, while in 1900 practically no change in number occurred, the exact figure being 1,779. It is seen from this table that within the last 11 years the greatest number of strikes occurred in 1890 and 1891 and in 1899 and 1900, the two periods of greatest prosperity and industrial

activity. The column of percentages immediately following the column in the table showing the number of strikes simply brings out in another form these variations from year to year in the number of strikes.

Taking up the columns showing the number of establishments involved in strikes, it is seen that the number in 1881 was 2,928. In 1882 the number dropped to 2,105, while in 1883 it rose to 2,759, or nearly that of 1881. In 1884 and 1885 the number fell rapidly, there being but 2,367 establishments involved in 1884 and 2,284 in 1885. In 1886 the number was more than four times as great as that of the preceding year, being 10,053, the greatest number in any of the years considered except 1899. In 1887 it dropped to 6,589; in 1888 it dropped still further, to 3,506, and remained nearly stationary in 1889 at 3,786, while in 1890 the number again rapidly rose to 9,424, a number almost as great as that for 1886. In the next year, 1891, the number dropped to 8,116, still further decreasing in 1892 and 1893, to 5,540 and 4,555, respectively. In 1894 the number of establishments involved in strikes was almost double that of the preceding year, being 8,196, but in 1895 the number dropped to 6,973 and in 1896 to 5,462. In 1897, however, it rose to 8,492, while in 1898 it dropped as low as 3,809. The greatest number shown for any year in the period is that for 1899, it being 11,317, while in 1900 the number decreased to 9,248. The total number of establishments involved during the twenty-year period was 117,509. A percentage column is given showing the per cent of this total number of establishments which were involved in each year of the period. The average number of establishments to each strike for the twenty years is shown to be 5.2, the highest number being 7.9 establishments to each strike in 1897, and the lowest average being 3.5 establishments to each strike in 1885, 1889, and 1893.

The total number of employees involved or thrown out of employment in the whole number of strikes from 1881 to 1900, inclusive, as shown by this table, was 6,105,694, not including 33 establishments for which data were not obtainable. Of this number 660,425 were thrown out of employment in 1894 alone; over 500,000 in each of the years 1886 and 1900; over 400,000 in each of the years 1897 and 1899; 392,403 in 1895; 379,676 in 1887; 351,944 in 1890; between 200,000 and 300,000 in the years 1885, 1889, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1896, and 1898, and a smaller number in the remaining years of the period, that for 1881 being the smallest number, 129,521. Table V shows that the number of strikers or persons originating the strikes during the twenty years was 4,694,849, and that the number of new employees engaged after the strikes was 506,557, of whom 214,455 were brought from other places than those in which the strikes occurred. The per cent of new employees after strikes of the total number of employees before strikes (9,779,574) was therefore 5.18. Of the new employees after strikes LAB 1901-2

42.34 per cent were brought from places other than those in which the strikes occurred.

It should be remembered, in considering the tables relating to the number of establishments, the number of employees, etc., that the figures do not represent the actual number of different individual employees who were involved in strikes or lockouts in a given year or given industry, because in many cases there have been two or more strikes or lockouts in the same establishment in the same year, and in such cases the establishment and the number of employees are duplicated or triplicated, as the case may be, in the totals derived by addition. In the column "Employees for whom strike was undertaken" there is even more duplication of the kind mentioned. For instance, a sympathetic strike may occur, in which the employees strike to enforce the demands of certain employees in another establishment. The number of employees for whom the strike was undertaken would in that case be the number for whom it was undertaken in that other establishment. The same employees would therefore be used in that column-first, in connection with the establishment in which they were employed, and second, in the establishment in which the sympathetic strike occurred, thus unavoidably being duplicated in the tables derived by addition.

The following table relating to lockouts is drawn from Table XVI, and is entirely similar to that for strikes just presented:

LOCKOUTS, BY YEARS, JANUARY 1, 1881, TO DECEMBER 31, 1900.

It is seen from this table that lockouts constitute but a comparatively small proportion of industrial disturbances. The total number of lock