of the auditorium, but the heat did not extend far. So my mother used her little foot stove, which came with her from Massachusetts, when she went to meeting! This was a small square box of tin, with perforated sides and top and framed with wood. There was a bale with which to carry it, a sheet iron pan filled with good live coals was put inside, and then the door of it shut. My father would carry this, and mother would keep her feet quite comfortable on it.

Our cottage had no stove in our bedroom, but the stovepipe came up from the room below and made quite a large "elbow" before passing into the chimney of the small hall, and helped heat our room somewhat, but mother always gave our bed, in cold weather, a real good warming with the long handled brass warming-pan, another New England relic, and we children were warm and cozy. Father and mother had a bedroom down stairs opening out of the living-room, so they, too, were comfortable.

My mother used to make candles, from fats saved from meat, melting and pouring it into little tin moulds. We had lamps, too, of course, that were supplied at first with whale oil, later with lard oil.

There are some very common products of the south that we seldom if ever saw, such as bananas, oranges, and lemons, also oysters, though we had an abundance of fruit that we cultivated ourselves. There were wild blackberries and other wild fruits besides.

As there was no city water supply, everyone who could had a well for drinking water. This was the era of "The Old Oaken Bucket." Cisterns for rainwater were needed also. Street pavements had not been thought of. In fact, there were but few side walks, and walking in rainy weather was quite an exploit. I remember losing overshoes in the stiff sticky mud, and even having the sole of a shoe pulled off. I suppose it was "pegged," and I had rashly gone without overshoes.

My father built, from time to time, other and better houses on his land, one especially for our own occupation. This he and my mother lived in all the rest of their lives,-over forty years. All of these, eight buildings, including a block of four, are still standing and occupied.

BUSINESS ENTERPRISES.

An early enterprise of my father's was in connection with a reliable friend of German descent, the establishment of a lumber yard. Supplies for it came down the river on great rafts, sent from sawmills in the immense forests of the north. It was discovered early that the bluffs on which Quincy was built were largely composed of lime stone, and quarries have ever since afforded that important material for building purposes. The soil itself soon furnished a good substance for making brick. The top-soil was comparatively thin, but below was a yellow clay which was excellent for the purpose. I used often to pass a brick yard, and was much interested to see great moulds, well packed with the mixture spread out to dry. After it had dried sufficiently it was piled into kilns and fired. Because of this clay, more brick houses were erected in Quincy in the early days than there were in Springfield.

Other early industries in Quincy were a flour mill, and a stove factory.

This was long before the discovery of coal in Illinois, or the production of gas. We burned wood for all heating and cooking purposes.

IMMIGRANTS.

It is well known that owing to great dissatisfaction with governmental affairs in Prussia, there was, in the forties, a large immigration of Germans to the United States. Carl Schurz was among the number, and became noted as a very loyal and highly esteemed citizen of our country. A good many came to Quincy. They were as a rule a desirable addition to the population. Several were physicians, others were priests or teachers. A large proportion were trained mechanics of various trades, or gardeners, and one or two were brewers. I became aware of their arrival rather curiously. My sister and I had been left to keep house one day while mother was out. We were quietly playing when the outside door was opened and a strange looking woman appeared. She wore a peculiar beaddress, a sort of stiff high cap with long ribbons hanging down behind, a tight waist, a white undergarment came above its neck, and furnished the long sleeves. The skirt was stiff,

full and short, and her shoes were wooden. She said something in a, to me, unknown tongue. I was a little frightened, and shook my head, and she departed. I soon learned what this apparition meant, as for a time one saw this costume on the streets frequently. The daughters of the immigrants proved quite a boon to Quincy housewives, and for many years were the main supply of "hired girls," as they were then called. The Germans for the most part settled on the south side, an as yet unoccupied part of town. They built cozy little cottages, surrounded by flourishing gardens. That district was for a long time known as "Germantown."

This class of citizens became in time quite Americanized, as they mingled more and more generally with the other people of the vicinity, and in the next generation intermarried occasionally with Americans. In later years their descendants would scorn being called anything else than American.

NOTABLE EVENTS. THE MORMONS.

There were several not very desirable events that occurred in Quincy during the forties. One was the advent of a large number of refugee Mormons, driven out of Missouri. They were generally, I suppose, of the poorer and more illiterate class. They were in such a distressing condition when they arrived that the good people of the town took pity on them and gave them temporary relief. My mother gave one old woman a home. She was expected to assist a little in light house work and sewing for her board. She had a nephew who often came to see her, and to report the activities of the other refugees. They used to hold meetings at which messages of instruction were received from Joseph Smith* in Nauvoo, also from some "Heavenly authority," delivered in an "unknown tongue." It was said that the gift of interpretation was always bestowed upon some one attending the meeting. One day this boy, re porting to his aunt, said that there was a message given in a meeting the night before but no one could interpret it. "I could," he told her, "but I was too bashful." She believed him! but we did not!

Joseph Smith the Mormon prophet founder of the Mormon Church, killed by mob in Hancock County (Ill.), jail, June 27, 1844.

Joe Smith and the larger part of the refugees had gone to Nauvoo to make that their abiding city, and great plans were laid for a wonderful temple, but as everyone knows they finally went to the far west to carry their plans to fulfillment, at Salt Lake City. Quite a respectable and intelligent appearing Mormon family lived for a time next door to us. They moved with the rest, and we learned afterwards that the man had become one of their very chief leaders, after Joe Smith died. Some miserably poor and ignorant families remained in Quincy. They were called "Jack Mormons" and were very much looked down upon. I could, however, if I would, tell quite a romance that developed out of one such family, showing that there was good blood in some of them, when there was encouragement for its development.

MORE EVENTS. THE CHOLERA.

Another unwelcome visitor that I remember was the second invasion of cholera. Precautions were of course taken and much good advice given. My parents behaved with coolness and good judgment during the scourge. We ate freely of good wholesome food, took the usual care for our health and my parents never seemed to be worried, so of course I was not. We were aware, though, of some very sudden deaths among acquaintances. One that made the most vivid impression on me was that of a brother of one of my young girls friends, an unusually healthy and strong looking young man. The family lived right across the street from us. I remember also the death of the fine wife of one of our most highly educated German physicians. The manner of his treatment of the case shocked us greatly. It was said he placed her on a board and dashed ice cold water over her! We could not believe that his theory of the treatment of the disease was very commendable."

Quincy upon the whole was considered quite a healthy place, and especially favorable for consumptives if they came there early enough. But there was another scourge that afflicted a good many, one that is often occasioned by the turning up of new soil and poor drainage. That was chills and fever or "ague," as it was often called. After one had an

"A diary of my mother states that most of the deaths were among the foreign population.

attack it usually returned at the same season, year after year. Many very poor people who lived, as we expressed it, "Under the bluffs," seemed to have it most of the time, and looked it, too, with their very sallow complexions. It was only reasonable that it should be so, for the ground was low there and not drained, and there was always stagnant water about, a fine breeding place for mosquitoes.

But continued improvements in the way of grading, sewerage, and so forth, gradually caused this infliction almost entirely to disappear.

FASHIONS.

I have been asked sometimes about the fashions in Quincy during the forties. I suppose we were rather behind the times in that respect, and I don't remember being very deeply interested in them at quite so early a date. I know, however, that ladies of forty or fifty years of age generally wore caps that were more or less dressy according to the occasion. A dressy cap for a woman of my mother's age required, if she were going out for an evening's visit, a calash, so that its furbelows should not be crushed. I think the calash was constructed in this way, though I never saw one made:-a large triangular piece of silk, green, generally, had five or six little tucks made along the bias about an inch apart. These shirred tucks were cases for rattans, which were inserted, and gathered the silk to quite a fullness. A little crown was put in the back, which gave the gathered part a look something like a very large cap with strings attached to each front end of the shirred, rattaned tucks. This was big enough to wear over any cap, however elaborate, and would not crush it.

I remember some of the bonnets of that time, too. A younger very delicate sister of my mother always looked so pretty I thought. Her bonnets were made in style, had a crown and brim that flared a little, and the ends came down below her cheeks and were turned out somewhat. The brim was lined with crepe or lace, and flowers were on the side of each cheek, while ribbon bows, etc., were gracefully arranged on the outside.

For a number of years flowers were always on the inside of bonnets.