lature, which failed to pass by only seven votes, to add to the present official languages (English and Spanish) seventeen others of those spoken in the archipelago. Assimilation of the Moros, the Mohammedan peoples to the south, to a common stock, is unlikely, for the bar of religion is one not lightly passed over. The so-called "wild peoples" will assimilate much more readily.

Naturally much of the space of the section deals with the various peoples. Curiously, the Pampango are not named in the enumeration of the various Filipino or Christian peoples, while the Macabebes, who are a branch of the Pampango are named as a tribe. In discussing the so-called "wild peoples", the Igorot and Bontok are confused and spoken of as one people. The Igorot are called headhunters, but they have not been so for many generations, although the Bontok are, and would probably resume the practice, if control were removed. Mr. Powell finds correctly that the mestizo or Chinese and Spanish half castes form the more intelligent classes, but thinks (without much justification) that the pure bloods may possibly predominate after many generations of education.

After a discussion of the government and the functions of some of its units, the Filipino cry for complete political independence is broached -and this is the point toward which the author has been working. Under virtual autonomy, various parts of the service have lamentably degenerated, including the finances. Americans, while they have worked for the good of the islands, have not endeared themselves often to the people because of tactlessness and refusal to grant social privileges. The Harrison regime granted too much in the way of government and gave greater force to the independence demand. The present governor should be backed up by the government of the United States. If contrary to the recommendations of the Woods-Forbes mission, independence be granted in the near future, he asks, very appropriately, to whom shall the reins of government be turned over-to this or that people, "to the great brown mass of people who are the real natives of the islands," or to the "little group of half-caste politicians and agitators who are at present in the saddle." Are we to see that the "wild peoples" get a "square deal" and what shall be done about the Moros? Are we prepared to intervene and restore order if necessary? And lastly, shall we guarantee the islands against outside aggression?

Manifestly, there is nothing new in this section, but it does put various problems squarely up to the American people which will have to

be met and answered either one way or another. In order to answer them rightly, so that no injustice may be done, Americans need to know the facts.

JAMES A. ROBERTSON.

The Philippines Past and Present. By DEAN C. WORCESTER. 2 vols. in 1. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1921. Pp. 1, 1024, Illus., Maps, index.)

This is the third edition of a work first published in two separate volumes in 1914, this edition being the same as the first edition except for the addition of a new chapter (also appearing in the second edition of November, 1914) entitled "One year of the 'New Era'" (the Harrison regime). Its author, as is wellknown, not only served as a member of the Philippine Commission from 1899 to 1913, but had already visited the Philippines in 1886-1887, as a member of a scientific expedition and had written a book about them. He can, therefore, speak from firsthand knowledge of the Philippines and their people, and his book is valuable as a personal record.

Professor Worcester was much interested in the so-called "wild peoples" and a considerable portion and in some ways the best part of his work deals with them. As secretary of the interior of the Commission government, he had the non-Christian peoples under his management, and he was able to set in motion forces for their betterment of more permanent value than the Spaniards had been able to do during all the time of their occupation of the Philippines. He exercised a vitalizing force on the Commission although Filipinos and some Americans have charged that he was wanting in tact and needlessly antagonized the Christian Filipinos.

His record of the insurrection against Spain and the United States is valuable, although LeRoy's unfinished Americans in the Philippines is a better account so far as it goes. The account of the early contact with the Filipinos, of the organization of government, of the health movement, of the establishment of the bureau of science, of education, and of many other factors entering into the American program are of decided value to the student of this period. The book is marred to some extent by the animadversions which the author permits himself to employ in answering various charges made against him or his work by Judge Blount in his generally discredited book. The descriptive chapters are excellent. These are several appendices, among which are the instructions to the First and Second Philippine Commissions, past and present organiza

tion of the courts of the Philippine Islands, and other useful material. The added chapter, which precedes the rest of the book is virtually an attack on the Harrison regime and will be read with interest by all who know the working of the preceding government, which with all its faults, was constructive and on the whole unselfish.

Professor Worcester was an indefatigable and conscientious worker and has left an indelible impress on the Philippines. His work gives some idea of his work, and stands in a group of five or six that are indispensable to the student of the American regime. There is a good map of the islands, and the illustrations are generally excellent.

JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON.

Filipino Popular Tales. Memoirs of The American Folk-Lore Society, XII. Collected and edited, with comparative notes, by DEAN S. FANSLER, PH.D. (Lancaster, Pa., and New York: published by the American Folk-Lore Society (G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, agents), 1921. Pp. xix, 473. Index.)

Dr. Fansler collected these stories while connected with the educational work in the Philippines. The varous stories are divided into Hero tales and drolls; Fables and animal stories; "Just-so" stories; and Filipino stories given in the notes. The stories are given exactly as they are told by the Filipinos, except that they have been translated into English. The notes are those of a trained scholar, and are of scientific value.

The stories, which in many, if not all, instances are related in one form or another throughout the Philippines, are often of great antiquity, but some of them show the influence of Christianity, evidently having been changed somewhat from their original form. Some may, indeed, have originated after the arrival of the Spaniards. It can be shown that old legends and myths or old beliefs are still related in many parts of the Philippines almost exactly as they were reported by the early conquistadors. Such stories have, then, an historic value, and Dr. Fansler is to be commended for his careful work in preserving so many of these popular tales. The reviewer has in his possession a number of old tales, myths, charms, etc., that date back to before the Spanish conquest, which he hopes to publish in the not far distant future.

JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON.

NOTES AND COMMENT

A CAMPAIGN FOR INTER-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP

Today is full of peril for international friendship. Conditions in Europe are much the same as they were in the early days of July, 1914. It is possible that because the world is so war weary the present crisis will not lead to another world debacle as did the murder of a prince in a little country town in Austria eight years ago. If we escape war this time it will not mean that we are removed from the danger. Hatreds fired by intense nationalism and imperialistic schemes, are laying up for the world, unless they are stopped a certain universal conflagration compared with which the last war will be the merest trifle. The only way to avoid the danger of having some little isolated incident throw out of balance our delicately-poised international relations and plunge the world into war, is a determined effort to build friendship and international agreements that will make such a tragedy impossible.

America ought to set the example in this matter. The old world is largely looking to the new world for leadership. Witness the recent election of an Hispanic American to the presidency of the League of Nations, and the desperate efforts to secure the cooperation of the United States in the rehabilitation of Europe.

But when we come to America what do we find?

Anglo-Saxons and

Hispanic Americans living apart, misunderstanding one another and unable to unite for the service which the rest of the world is needing in order to save all concerned from going down together, in the midst of jealousies and hatreds.

There are, however, signs of promise on the horizon in spite of a century of misunderstanding between the Americas. The most decisive problem in all South America which has kept that continent trembling on the brink of war for the last forty years, the Tacna and Arica question, is on its way to settlement, thanks to the magnanimous actions of Chile and Peru, inspired by the friendship of the North American government. The first Pan-American Conference of Women held recently in Baltimore, where representative women of all the Americas. mingled in frank friendship and helpful conference as they discussed

the social and educational problems of the whole continent; the recent visit of the Secretary of State of the United States to Brazil; the recent withdrawal of the United States troops from Santo Domingo; the thousands of students from Hispanic American countries in the United States; the five hundred teachers from the North who attended summer school in Mexico City; the arrangement of the national debt of Mexico recently consummated between the Mexican Government and the International Bankers' Committee; the fast flying steamers now plying between New York and Buenos Aires on the East Coast and New York through the Panama Canal to Valparaiso on the West; the first attempt at inaugurating air service between New York and Rio de Janeiro: these and many other things are promises of closer friendship. The greatest single event in the history of American relations is no doubt to take place in Santiago, Chile, next spring when the Fifth Pan-American Conference is to meet. That conference can easily make or break inter-American friendship now so delicately poised. If all Americans can get together for a constructive and helpful program of cooperation it will mean the salvation of the world. If the Santiago conference is allowed to close its sessions without a frank and full understanding between the twenty-one American republics and without a program of cooperation, we will see the world further divided and an international conflict which will destroy our very civilization will have come very much closer to us.

What can you and I do in this world crisis? Shall we fold our hands and say because we are only private citizens with no special power, no influence, no "pull", we can only stand and wait? That is the policy that has brought about all destructive war. A little while before the Disarmament Conference met in Washington the public began to realize that the officials expected little to be accomplished. A few earnest people began to arouse public opinion and in the United States alone 11,000,000 communications, including resolutions from all kind of important organizations, telegrams, and letters from eminent and humble alike, urgings from every corner of the republic, went to Washington demanding that the Conference do something to relieve the world of the awful burden of taxation for armament and war. Besides these direct demands upon the government literally hundreds of. organizations sprang up for the purpose of awakening and educating the people on this, the mightiest question that the nations were facing. Indeed it was because of the educational campaign of these organizations that most of these 11,000,000 demands were sent to Washington