believes," the ultimate aim of all historical scholarship". Whatever the attitude of the public for which the author entertains such generous regard, the more serious student of Hispanic American history can hardly fail to acknowledge a debt of gratitude; for Professor Chapman has not lost sight of him. Not only has he presented much new material and placed California history in its Hispanic and North American setting, but he has pointed out numerous topics for further investigation and included in the appendix what will prove an almost indispensable bibliographical guide.

Unless the book be criticised on the ground that it is too serious and detailed and heavy in places for the general reader-a thing which is doubtful and which, if true, could well be considered a reflection upon this gentle being and not the author-one can find little fault with it. There are, however, a few minor errors and defects. The first sentence of the preface is somewhat awkward; the opening sentences of the last paragraph of Chapter I. convey the impression that the author considers the Indians of California as belonging to the "great peoples" who either by land or by sea advanced towards the Californias; the author fails, in keeping with his intention (expressed in the preface) to mention "strikingly important items" bearing on each chapter at the end of the chapter in question, to refer to Pochstaller's thesis on the Jesuits in Baja California or to Bolton's Father Kino and Spanish Borderlands in connection with the account of the overland advance to the Californias, 1687-1765, as he likewise fails to mention in his bibliography Blair and Robertson's documents on the Philippines and such important and pertinent French works as those of Duhaut-Cilly and Duflot de Mofras.

Such minor defects as these may easily be remedied in a second edition, however; and all of them combined are insignificant when balanced against the important merits of the work. Professor Chapman has produced, in the opinion of the reviewer, the best all round single volume on California, and it will perhaps be a long time before it is superseded by one more trustworthy or even more interesting and attractive. It is hoped that Professor Clelland who, with a viewpoint "precisely analogous" to that of Chapman, is now writing an account of the American period of California history will achieve an equal measure of

success.

University of Chicago.

J. FRED RIPPY.

Problems in Pan Americanism. By SAMUEL GUY INMAN. (New York: George H. Doran Company, 1921. Pp. vii, 415. $2.00.)

At a strategic moment in the external relations of the republics of the Americas comes an exceedingly well timed and pertinent volume. As the United States pauses at the parting of the ways, perhaps, with respect to its attitude toward, and relations with, the nations of Hispanic America, the way is indicated by a writer who is thoroughly competent to speak on such matters. The book does not belie its title, but the author's purpose, stated at the beginning and conspicuous throughout, is not merely to show the obstacles to the growth of Pan Americanism, but is more to lead the peoples of the two Americas to better understanding and accord through a knowledge of the problems to be

overcome.

As a suitable foundation for the particular purpose in view, the first two chapters are devoted to the assets and the outstanding problems of Hispanic America. In the first of these, Hispanic American culture is justified and many false notions dissipated by tangible evidences of the many-sided culture of which the author speaks. The almost complete ignorance existing in the United States concerning the finer phases of life and culture in Hispanic America is treated rather as a culpable fault, when, however deplorable, it might be treated more properly until the beginning of the present century, at least, as the result of the historical circumstances under which this country has developed, having been absorbed during most of the nineteenth century in expanding to the limits of a large part of a relatively unoccupied continent, with small thought for anything external.

In the second chapter are depicted the evils in the Hispanic American institutions as seen by their own representatives. While the individuals quoted maintain varying attitudes toward the United States, they uniformly admit the vices of their countrymen, but only in general terms and optimistic vein. The Indian problem is presented here in a masterly way, with an appeal to the Americans of the north to assist in removing this "great stumbling block to the orderly and democratic development of the various American republics".

In the following pages, the beginning of Hispanic American suspicion and ill-will is traced to the Mexican War and to the boastful doctrine of "Manifest Destiny". Special stress is laid on the assertion that the original Monroe Doctrine, which was cordially accepted throughout Hispanic America in 1823 without fear or foreboding, has been extensively misinterpreted in the country of origin. The Monroe pronounce

ment was welcomed at the outset as meaning that the American republics would jointly carry out the principles of the message, and Hispanic Americans became alienated only when it became apparent that the Doctrine was unilateral only. The author is a staunch supporter of the Doctrine in its original sense, and shows that typical citizens of Hispanic America are as well. The Doctrine of 1823 is shown to be distinct from the later policies of (1) the headship of the United States in America, (2) imperialism, and (3) Pan Americanism. The conclusion is that only with a return to the original Doctrine and a clear definition of our attitude toward the states of the south is Pan Americanism possible.

Each step in the history of Pan American efforts is accurately portrayed, showing the motives and agencies operative and opinions prevalent in both North and South America. The opportunities for permanent coöperation afforded by the World War, and the failure of the United States to take advantage of them, form an unenviable page in our national record.

The discussion of present conditions and problems in the Caribbean is especially lucid. The author is possessed of much recent information on conditions here, and his exposé of conditions accompanying the intervention of the United States in various small republics substantiates and supplements the information lately available through certain press agencies. The interests of the United States in the Caribbean are explained as equivalent to colonialism, and the author offers as a substitute for the present bungling method a constructive program which the United States might follow without sacrifice in any way of interests or prestige. As to intervention in Hayti and Santo Domingo, he says, "The system, not the personnel, is the thing which is not American". Here is presented a strong plea for United States sympathy, justice, and moral help in place of marines, dictates, and one-sided treaties.

On the whole, the book makes out a rather bad case for the United States, whose average citizen (and official) cares not a whit what is said of him in Hispanic America, which he assumes offhand to be inhabited by a race of unprincipled, irresponsible sentimentalists. The growth of feeling against the United States is clearly brought out, and the reader is made to believe that, despite certain counteracting tendencies, we are living in a critical moment when the respect and consideration of our southern neighbors can still be recovered, while, if definite and well directed effort is not soon exerted, this consideration may be irreparably lost. Pointing an essential step in the right direction, the author says:

"There can be no true American solidarity until the various people really know each other-understand each other's point of view, habits of thought, literature and life." He undoubtedly assumed the appreciation on the part of the reader that ignorance is usually the cause of that fatal sequence which continues with suspicion, fear, and hate, to armed conflict.

The author fortifies himself with the statement that his book is not a history. Neither is it propaganda in the usual sense of the word, for while it has an ulterior purpose, it contains only historical facts and quoted statements from leading Americans of both north and south, impartially presented. As a matter of fact, the book consists of quotations to a very considerable extent; at times the reader feels that the author might have curtailed his citation of sources and replaced them with his own critical comments to good advantage. Vast evidence is given of thorough acquaintanceship with the documentary materials pertaining to the development of our sister republics as well as with the correspondence and official statements of the heads of our own government during the past century.

The book is the work of a man imbued with the spirit of a great and worthy cause. It is comprehensive, readable, and in many places vivid. Short lists of sources for further information are appended to each chapter, and a selected bibliography of some seventy titles appears at the end. The book is well designed and constructed, and is strictly up-todate. It certainly succeeds in one of its primary purposes-that of clearly presenting the forces which make for aloofness or for unity in inter-American relations and should go far in aiding the accomplishment of the ultimate aim, Pan American solidarity.

Tufts College.

HALFORD L. HOSKINS.

Venezuela: a Commercial and Industrial Handbook. By P. L. BELL, Trade Commissioner. [Special Agents Series, No. 212, of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, of the Department of Commerce.] (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922. Pp. xvI, 472. Maps; illus. ; index. Bound in buckram. $1.00.)

This handbook maintains in every respect the high standard set by its three predecessors, namely, the handbooks on Bolivia and Paraguay by William Lytle Schurz, now Commercial Attaché in Brazil and that on Colombia, by Mr. Bell. The present book is easily the best general economic work that has ever been written on Venezuela in

English, and probably in any language. Its author knows Venezuela as well as, and probably better than, any other North American, and his work is, therefore, authoritative.

In this substantial volume are discussed the following matters: in the Introduction, general economic position of the country, the language, weights and measures, currency, postage, and telegraph, cable, and wireless service; geography, topography, and climate; population and living conditions; education; national finance; agriculture; tanning materials; mining; petroleum; live stock and cattle raising; fishing industry; manufacturing; Caracas and its commercial district; Maracaibo commercial district; Puerto Cabello and Valencia commercial district; Ciudad Bolivar commercial district; transportation; foreign trade; banks and banking; tariff system and regulations on import trade; commercial practice and requirements; markets for specific classes of merchandise; the Dutch West Indies; and trade lists relating to Venezuela. The material is well arranged and with the topical headings, it is easy to locate specific matters. The index is only mediocre, but it is a relief to find such an aid in a government publication. The several maps are well chosen and fulfill their purpose. In addition to the general map of the country, there are maps showing the petroleum deposits, the several commercial districts, and several of the Dutch West Indies.

Venezuela, by virtue of its numerous ports, which give access to wide stretches of country, Mr. Bell observes, is worthy of study by American interests, "not only for trade but as a new field for the development of natural resources, raw material, and engineering projects". Although European (chiefly German) influence has long been paramount in Venezuela, the influence of the United States is growing. Trade and industry have been given an impetus because of the war. If the business men of the United States would retain their trade with Venezuela and increase it, "the keynote should be an intensive cultivation of the personal relation with Venezuelan business men; better attention to the commercial possibilities and industrial enterprises that need only capital, ingenuity, and ability; and a close and detailed study of the potentialities of the country. Study of the merchandizing needs and requirements and attention to the details of exporting are absolutely essential. Americans who display an interest in Venezuela will be met more than halfway by Venezuelan business men." This is sound advice, not only for the business man but for the professional man who visits this interesting country, and especially for the teacher.

The section on population and living conditions is especially good and