EDINBURGH | A G A ZI N E, , JANUARY-DECEMBER, 18 51. EDINBURGH: MDCCCLI. INDEX. PAGB. a . . Archipelago : . . . . . . PAGE. Adventure at a Buffalo-hunt 623 Isbel's Ground . 604 Alterations in the Poor-law 325 246 Ariadne, The, or the Bagman Afloat 590 421 Biographical Book-making 164 Last Stage-coachman, The . 554 Bishops and their Incomes, The 505 Law Reforms of the Session 585 Brooke, Sir James, and the Pirates of the Eastern Legends of Ulster. By Frances Brown:- 157 Badgets and Bunglers 180 361 Bureaucracy and Military Systems in France and Literature of the Day, 60, 120, 183, 253, 322, 381, 447, Germany 1 514,578, 643, 707, 767 151 Carlisle , Lord, on Pope. By T. de Quincey, Esq. 229, 311 Little Difficulty in French Literature, A Carlisle, Lord, Pope and Mr. de Quincey 482 Louis Kossuth 692 Cathedral Trusts and their Fulfilment 389 March Gales and the Government 249 Cares of Æolus, a Visit to the 445 Messenger, The . 653, 718 Chamisso and the Shadowless Man 356 Money! All the Gold and Silver in the World 80 Church and College in Scotland 453 Monks and Martyrs 220 Church and School in Scotland. 638 Monsieur Hyacinthe of Geneva 738 370 Mourning and Half-mourning 762 Coal-mines, How to put in Air and put out Fire in 660 Music, Drama, and the Fine Arts 55, 117 Coal-pit , A Peep at a, and the People in it 535 Oliver Cromwell, Speech of, on Opening Parliament 52 County-courts and Bar Etiquette 713 517 Craigallan Castle 11, 71, 134, 197, 277, 330, 398, 457, 525 143 Curiosities of Cowel's Interpreter Pearl Divers, The 171 193 Pigs and Pig-worship, An Essay on 315 435 | Places I have Seen. By Peregrine:Dissolving Views of Life 560 20 Early Rising, An Essay on 494 106 321 Playbill Reminiscences 760 Ellendeen, The Pools of 432 Pope. By Thomas de Quincey, Esq. 407 Popinjay Vindicated, The 557 170 Fine Arts-- British Institute, The 177 POETRY:- 512 310 237 726 Arthur's Seat. An Apology. 667 Ghost-seer of Tresillion . Barbarossa 683 677 Clyde, The 23 261 Dean of Badajoz, The 36 Bat of the Future, The . 109 215 Heine, his Works and Times 618, 679 91 307 732 Ermengarde 339 373 Gethsemane; or, the Death of Julia 615 Industrial Investment in Lands and Houses 575 192 PAGE. 99 . . . . POETRY:-(Continued) PAGE.| Reviews :-(Continued) 443 570 270 626 238 308 286 92 368 744 65 Sie Sollen Ich Nicht Haben 486 245 424 Sketches of Irish Society 668 600 674 Tales from the Old Dramatists. No. II.-The 210 Duchess of Malfi 24 559 Tenant-right and Farming Leases 129 699 113 561 353 489 43 316 467 Working-man's Way in the World, 146, 224, 293, 345, 495 413, 473, 542, 629, 684, 750 267 TAIT'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE. JANUARY, 1851. BUREAUCRACY AND MILITARY SYSTEMS OF FRANCE AND GERMANY." Ix our two previous notices of this work, we con- government, and have more or less political liberty ; fined our attention to the sub-division of landed but they have no more civil liberty, and no more property, and its operation on the economical, sense or feeling of it, than when they had no consocial, and political condition of the European stitutions at all. They live, act, and have their nations among which it prevails. We now pro- being under a system of interference in every ceed to investigate the second of those peculiar man's movements and doings, precisely as in features which distinguish the social structure of Austria, Prussia, and States without any constitu. continental countries from that of Great Britain, tions or political liberty. ... The reality of civil and which we have called bureaucracy: Mr. liberty in the free use of time, industry, and Laing calls it functionarism, which is, perhaps, a capital, and in the free action of the individual, is vetter name. This is a difference which, even unknown to the continental man. It is amusing more than that connected with the partition of the to hear a German or a Frenchman discussing consoil, pervades the daily and domestic life of the stitutional forms of government, universal suffrage, nation, and modifies its whole aspect as presented the qualifications of representatives, the equal to the eye of the passing stranger. In England rights of citizens; and, when he has settled all the civil servants of the Government are few, un- these points to his satisfaction, in a theory which connected, and unobtrusive; on the Continent they proves very clearly that we enjoy no real liberty are innumerable, omnipresent, and constitute a in England, and do not understand its first prinseparate, organised, and powerful class. In Eng- ciples, to ask him to take a jaunt with you to Tours land they confine themselves to absolutely neces- or Marseilles, Cologne or Leipsic. 'Oh,' says he, sary functions ; on the Continent they interfere in 'I must run to the bureau for our passports. I every transaction and event of life. "In England, must get them signed by the proper authorities, as a general rule, a man is only reminded of their countersigned by other proper authorities, viséed existence by the annual visit of the tax-gatherer, by the proper authorities in every town we stop at unless, indeed, he has to appeal to the law, or has on our journey, in order to prevent trouble with rendered himself amenable to it; on the Continent the police; and I must get this done before the scarcely a day passes, scarcely an operation can be bureaux are shut for the day, or we shall have to concluded, without coming into contact or collision wait till to-morrow. To be free and independent with one or other of their number. Many of the in the sense that the common man in England is duties performed by officials on the Continent are free and independent, seems not to be a want in here performed by elected parish or municipal the mind of the continental man, even of fortune functionaries, many are left to individual discre- and education. The English traveller in France tion, many more are not performed at all . With or Germany, who has gone himself to the Hotel de us a man's free-will is limited only by his neigh-Ville or the passport-office, to have his passport bour's free-will or his neighbour's rights; in viséed and signed, instead of leaving it to his valet France and Austria it can be exercised only sub- de place, and who has seen the crowd of tradesject to Government permission previously obtained. men, country dealers, travelling artisans, and peaRestriction is the exception here, it is the rule sants from the neighbouring villages, who have there. Throughout the Continent a citizen cannot been at the fair, standing for hours to have their engage in business, build a house, or take a journey, papers examined and signed, will return with a without leave; and leave is only obtained through pretty distinct idea of the difference between polian established routine of tedious and annoying tical and civil freedom, between the mind, spirit, formalities. “In France, Switzerland, Belgium, character, and social state of the English, and of the and the constitutional States of Germany,” says Mr. continental people." Laing, “people call themselves free, because they In order to make the operation of this system of enjoy more or less of the forms of representative bureaucratic supervision and interference intelli * Observations on the Social and Political State of the European People in 1348 and 1849; being the second series of “ The Notes of a Traveller.” By Samuel Laing. London : Longmans. 1850. FOL. XVIII-NO. ctv. B |