84 it might all have been spared; because, according to Mr Brownlee's own showing, the Quakers disowned them and their principles; and, of course, are no more chargeable with their acts and opinions, than the Church of Rome is chargeable with the acts and opinions of Luther and Calvin, or of Fenelon and Madame Guyon. Some of the men whom our author mentions, went out from the Quakers and founded new sects; and some submitted, and were received again on giving proofs of penitence. Mr Brownlee says, that he cannot find that Tolderoy was expelled, or even suspended; but it is obvious that one or the other was done by the Society, because Mr Brownlee admits that he made acknowledgements of his errors; and an inspection of the Quaker discipline, as expounded by Clarkson, would have shown him, and did show him, unless he grossly neglected his duty as an inquirer into Quakerism, that for the Society to call a member to account for any impropriety, ipso facto, operates as a suspension. As therefore Mr Brownlee must have known that the Quakers, as a body, disapproved of the opinions and conduct of these men, we cannot but think it unfair in him to cast these things as a slur upon all the early Quakers. The passages here alluded to are in pages 87, 88, and Appendix No. 2, page 16. We have said that Mr Brownlee has attempted to calumniate the Quakers by asserting that their doctrines lead to evil consequences, which cannot reasonably be expected to spring from them, and which facts contradict. We had marked many passages as worthy of notice in this point of view, but feel that Mr Brownlee has already occupied more than a due proportion of our columns. We will only notice two assertions. The first is on page 290; "The first grand tenet of the sect has a tendency to lead men into the wildering mazes of Deism." To this we can only reply, that we have known many Quakers and known much of them, but have never heard a charge of Deism uttered or insinuated against any one of them, and that we venture to say this is the first time our readers have ever heard it. We may recur to this subject presently. On page 288, he sees fit to say that "The [not even their] doctrine of supernatural influences carried out in its legitimate tendency, lays their minds open to endless follies and deception." Now we suppose Mr Brownlee, being, as aforesaid, a minister of the gospel, sometimes preaches to his people respecting the being and the attributes of God. We should be glad to know whether he charges them to believe that God is not a supernatural being, or, that he is wholly indifferent towards his creatures, and never gives them the help of his influence. The manner and the degree in which this influence is exerted, is, we well know, a subject of controversy among Christians. But we never before heard a gospel minister in fact utterly deny it, by asserting that "The doctrine of supernatural influence," in the general, without any qualification, leads to "endless follies." As to this charge against Quakers, our readers may judge as well as we, whether their Quaker friends are remarkably apt to act foolishly or "under deception." of the Quaker who drowned a highwayman, Mr Brownlee cites no authority whatever, and a good deal would be necessary to verify it. We have a better anecdote, which we do believe. Robert Barclay was assaulted by a highwayman with a pistol; We come now to our last and heaviest he took gently hold on the man's arm, saycharge, that of wilful misrepresentations of ing, "How canst thou be so rude?" and the facts and doctrines. This, too, we expect ruffian dropped his weapon. In page 117, fully and easily to prove. And, first, for the we are told that the jumping Quakers, who misrepresentations of facts. Our readers exist near Albany and in the state of Ohio, will have remarked that Mr Brownlee seceded from the Quakers in the days of charges generally against all the Society of Penn, under their leader, Case. Now this Quakers, "splendor of equipages, richness is, to say the least, incorrect. The sect to of dresses, luxury of the table, and the which our author alludes had its origin more use of a delicacy and profusion of wines;" recently, we believe in the latter part of now, we do assure them, that it has been the last century; and though some of its our lot occasionally to be entertained at early members may have been Quakers, the tables of Quakers, not only here in yet those who were so, had been previously New England, but in Philadelphia and its expelled from the society; and the Quaneighbourhood; and we can speak of our kers have less concern in the formation of own knowldge, that this charge, as it ap- that sect than the Puritans had with that plies to any who have fallen under our ob- of the Fifth-monarchy-men. There are servation, is utterly false. There may be, other passages the correctness of which we there doubtless are, some individuals of the doubt; but we have not the means of ascerSociety, who live more luxuriously than be- taining their truth or falsehood. comes their profession, but they are indeed We have already drawn out this review few; and Mr Brownlee must know it. into greater length than we at first intendHere is our assertion against Mr Brown-ed, and shall confine ourselves to showing lee's, and this is all we can bring, by rea- but one misrepresentation of a doctrine. son that the case does not admit of deposi- Mr Brownlee charges the Quakers sometions being taken and used. He asserts times with Deism, sometimes with Sabelthat the Quakers did not at first condemn lianism, and sometimes with Socinianism; war, but, on the contrary, did advocate it. and he says that there is a want of consistHow this may be, we do not know; but we ency in the writings of the Quakers, and do know, that when he asserts that William that he mentions this particularly to guard Penn recommended to the legislature of his against an array of quotations from different colony of Pennsylvania that they should parts of their works, as from the London raise a sum for carrying on war, in obedi- Epistles, which contain much orthodoxy in ence to the king's letter, that he asserts their modern form. Well might he guard what is directly contradicted by Clarkson as he could against quotations, when he has in his Life of Penn; and that he takes no accused the Quakers of changing their exnotice of Clarkson's account of this matter. pressions in order to accommodate themAccording to Clarkson, whose authority selves to prevailing doctrines, all the while we suppose to be indisputable, William meaning that the words should convey a Penn communicated the letter to the legis different meaning to the initiated; and of lature, and refused, though called on, to give railing against Socinianism, while they them his opinion on the subject; and the leg- themselves are Socianian. Probably the very islature, being Quakers, did not raise the last thing we shall do, will be to enter into money, alleging their scruples of conscience an argument to prove whether the Trinitarifor refusing so to do. He asserts, in page ans or the Unitarians are more correct in 111, that the Pennsylvanian Quakers rais- their opinions on this much disputed subject; ed an armed band, to retake a sloop from but we mean to show that William Craig certain pirates; and did in fact recapture Brownlee has, on this subject, quoted just such her; and he says sneeringly, that" the passages, and no others, and in such a way, historians of the society wriggle and twist as he thought would injure the Quakers in under the difficult digestion of this morsel the estimation of those who agree with him of their history;" and refuses to believe on this point. He quotes largely from Penn their declaration that no arms were used, and from Pennington to show that they because of its improbability. Clarkson's were Socinians. We have not, and could account of the story is, that some unruly not procure, their writings at full length or persons seized a sloop, and the magistrates in the early editions; but Mr Brownlee has issued warrants to apprehend them, which suppressed two very important passages, was accomplished, and the circumstance one of which is in Clarkson's Life of Penn, was magnified by George Keith into a mak- and the other in that copy of Pennington's ing of war upon the offenders. Mr Brown- works which we for this purpose have prolee refers also to a story in Sewel's History, cured; passages too, the orthodoxy of which of the recapture of a ship by a Quaker we believe the most rigid of Mr Brownlee's from the Turks. According to Sewel him- own sect will not dispute, and with which, self, not only was no violence practised on we doubt not, every sentence which he has this occasion, but the Quaker even landed quoted may be reconciled, if taken with the his prisoners on the coast of their own context, from which, for his own purpose, he country. As to the story, told in page 108, has disjoined them. The words of Penn, wants of the poor, their deportment towards the God-daring, Christ-blaspheming, Spirit-dis- In his Appendix No. 2, page 25, Mr Brownlee thus notices an able champion in behalf of the oppressed Africans. to which we allude, are, "In my confession We had almost forgotten that we had charged Mr Brownlee with faintly praising the acts of the Society of Quakers, even where he could not deny that they were laudable. We cite the following passages and notes to show with what reluctance he testifies on this occasion. "What they have done, they will do alone; and that little which has been done in this way [that is, as a body] by them, has been confined to some attempts at the civilization of some Indian tribes, and the meliorating of the condition of the Africans.* Now can it be possible that Mr Brownlee can live in Philadelphia, where Anthony Benezet spent his days in unremitted exertions for the good of mankind, and be ignorant of the fact that Anthony Benezet, if not the first, was one of the first men who raised their voices against the slave-trade; or knowing this, be willing to speak of him with studied ridicule? The fact is on record; unhappily we could not procure a copy of a biography of him published a few years ago; but we state from memory, that when the subject of the slave-trade was brought before the general meeting of the Quakers, Anthony Benezet appeared in the most conspicuous place with his countenance bathed in tears, and exclaimed, " Ethiopia will soon stretch forth her hands unto God." He said no more, but the effect was electric. This too our author may call a fanfarade about liberty; but from that time forth have the Quakers, as a body, with their accustomed steadfastness, through evil report and through good report, been earnest in the cause of the abolition of the slavetrade, and the emancipation of slaves. A Practical Treatise upon the Authority and Duty of Justices of the Peace in Criminal Prosecutions. By Daniel Davis, Solicitor General of Massachusetts. Boston, 1824. 8vo. pp. 687. THE design of this work is excellent, and its execution no way inferior to the design. The principal object of the author is to furnish a complete guide to justices of the peace in criminal prosecutions. It contains in the first part, ample directions in these proceedings in every stage of the process. They are principally selected from common law authorities; much of them, however, is original, and founded upon the present practice, as settled in the Supreme Judicial Court of this State. The directions relative to taking bail, and returning the process into court, and the taxation of cost, are full and accurate, and will probably be the most useful part of the work. The incorrectness, want of information, and of punctuality in the justices of the peace, in this respect, have occasioned serious inconveniences and sacrifices to the government. This part of the work must be regarded by the profession as supplying a want they have doubtless often experienced. The second part appears to have been extended considerably beyond the original purpose of the author, but we cannot regret this, as there is almost nothing in it which can be regarded as superfluous or useWe have done with our charges against less. There are two hundred and thirty prethis writer. We think we have fully proved cedents of complaints-drawn with the same that the book is written in a spirit, which accuracy, and in the same form with indictwill materially weaken the force of its ments. The book, therefore, contains a great reasonings, if any such things there be, number of precedents for the common offenwith all candid minds. With his arguments ces, occurring in our courts, which, by changwe have little to do; we have found mis- ing the captions and conclusions, may form statements of facts and doctrines, and some a useful collection of indictments, perhaps of his premises being false, we can have no as good as any extant, for the use of a confidence in his conclusions, on those New England lawyer. The definitions and points. We have not had the means of as-preliminary remarks, are taken from the certaining the correctness or incorrectness best authorities, and from our own decisions, of many of his assertions, but that some of and contain as much of this kind of matter them are incorrect throws a doubt over the as will be useful or necessary for a justice rest. The Quakers, according to their of the peace. It is, in fact, an abridgment, usual practice, will probably reply to Mr giving the outline of the law relative to We must quote a little more. After speak- Brownlee in set form; that is their busi- crimes and offences. ing of this people, as we have shown, Mrness-not ours; and we have omitted to Brownlee finds himself compelled to admit what follows; and yet sends this work to the printers without expunging the pas * The extent of their influence in putting down that most execrable traffic in human beings, the African slave-trade, we cannot strictly define. They gloriously roused up the public mind to a sense of the evil; and then acted nobly and firmly in concert with the statesmen and christian public of the United States and Britain. Palmam qui meruit, ferat." sages we have quoted. "Their kind and amiable manners have secured them a right to the title of Friends; their females are distinguished for their prudence, their modesty, and elegance of manners; their attention to the comment on many passages which we had defence of that Society. John Brown of Wamphey published his book, entitled "Quakerism the Pathway to Paganism," nearly one hundred and fifty years ago; but those, whom he calls "This We think it our duty to remark, that the price of the book is one quarter less than the ordinary price of law books containing the same amount of matter, and we believe the proportion which the superfluous matter bears to that which is useful, quite as small, to say no more, as in most law books of this size. The principal part of the work, indeed, we may say the whole of it, except a few cases decided in Massachusetts, being taken from the books of the common law, of universal authority, the work may be useful in all parts of the United States. The forms and precedents taken from the New York courts, add, perhaps, less to the value of the book, than any other part of it. that peculiar blessing which he and his perseverance, and manual skill and labour, brethren have. He may also learn, on the are all stimulated by the noble impulses one hand, how powerful is the resisting which prompt them to mutual destruction. force, which in Europe opposes the spread Our first extract will describe some of the and dominion of political truth, and how most celebrated galleries. laborious and long the conflict must be ere "December 3. About one third the way up the the victory can be won; and, on the other, rock, and near the north end of it, stands a Moorhe may find good reason to hope that the ish castle of uncertain antiquity. It occupies the We understand that Mr Davis was in- cause of justice and of truth must inevita- brow of a perpendicular ledge, containing the exduced to undertake the work, principally bly prevail; that it is perpetually gaining cavated galleries, for which Gibraltar is so famous. by the circumstance, that he had been all the strength which can be derived from We set out this morning, under the guidance of a troubled for many years in his official duties, advancing intelligence, greater unity of de- serjeant, to visit these galleries; and after a tedious walk through several streets, on the steep side of by the want of knowledge and of punctu- sign and action, and a rapid increase in the the rock, we found ourselves just below the castle, ality in justices of the peace, and most of number of its friends, while its enemies, in and at the gate of an old wall stretching down from all, in those justices who belong to the pro- spite of partial successes, are exhausting it. The gate was very low, and of plain and solid fession, and undertake to do this kind of their resources and discovering their weak-architecture; and the walls, which are Moorish, business. We think he may well hope, in ness;-that while each wave may be re- are formed of rough stones, and large, thin bricks, future, to be relieved from this embarrass-pelled, and the rooted rocks rejoice as the in alternate layers, cemented with mortar. A subterranean passage led us under the wall of the garment, for the excuse of unavoidable ig- angry waters are broken into foam and fallrison, and a few steps brought us to the beginning norance is certainly taken away. down their motionless faces, yet the tide is of the modern works: a dark passage bored through rolling onward;-ocean is upheaving its the rocks, for a distance of one hundred and fifty might, and vain must be the endeavour to A little way beyond, is the entrance to playing upon an enemy from an inaccessible height, through embrasures or port holes cut in the face of the high, rocky precipice. The passage to the guns is a gallery, blasted with powder, three hundred feet long, and large enough for the passing of a wagon; imperfectly lighted by the embrasures: (mounted, according to custom, on iron carriages), and where nothing is to be seen, but heavy cannca bolted magazines, and piles of shot. This passage terminates at a shaft like a well, down which we went, in total darkness, by a winding staircase, below. Cornwallis' Hall, into which these steps where our footsteps echoed like guns, above and led us, is a room about forty feet across, supplied with a magazine, and three pieces of cannon. or a limit. feet. A Journal of a Tour in Italy, in the Year fix upon its power or its progress a chain Wyllys' Gallery-a powerful battery, capable of 1821. With a Description of Gibraltar. Accompanied with several Engravings. By an American. New York. 1824. 8vo. pp. 468. He may not only do much good, as an American among Europeans, teaching almost of necessity, knowledge more or less important respecting our national existence and condition, but may impress upon himself, and afterwards upon his countrymen, juster views and a deeper sense of the actual relation which exists between us and Europe;of the importance of our ex ample, and the national responsibility which grows out of our national prosperity. Going up the dark staircase again, and walking through a level passage, more than a hundred feet in length, we came to the brow of the precipice, whence a breastwork and several forty-two pounders which may be a hundred and fifty feet high, and overlook the bay, and at a great distance below, the Moorish castle; while the peaks of the mountains above, seemed yet as distant as ever. There are also two or three mortars mounted here, of the diameter of thirteen inches. garrison, half an inch, or an inch larger; and that, a soldier told us, was taken from the Spanish, and was the largest ever made. There is one in the Of our scanty native literature, the records of foreign or domestic travel occupy a large proportion, nor are we disposed to lament this circumstance. It is certainly well that those of our brethren who are able to indulge themselves in the pleasures and advantages of visiting distant climes, should go to seek from those ancient nations that are now in their maturity, if not in their de- This good work, the book now under nocline, much valuable knowledge, which the tice has done, or at least may do to a very many peculiar circumstances of our compar- considerable degree; although the author atively novel policy and institutions refuse may be surprised at our thinking his journal to impart. We do not only mean, that it is capable of so much usefulness. He seems to desirable to cultivate the taste by a study have intended little more than to make an of those works which art and labour have amusing work, which should give to those who created for the enjoyment of refined luxury could not travel in Italy, a correct though at the bidding of boundless wealth; or to very general idea of that country; and he improve and animate the sense of beauty, has certainly offered to the public a book by looking upon the most beautiful ob- which all will find entertaining. But he jects, which the utmost efforts of human has done something more; he enjoyed very skill, combined with the efforts of nature, peculiar opportunities for acquiring much have been able to produce. This is a interesting information, and availed himvaluable advantage, but the least of those self of them fully. He was in Italy when which an American should derive from the Austrians were advancing upon Naples; foreign travel. The spirit of republican-he journeyed from that kingdom through ism is paramount at his home, and not the principal cities of Italy, to Piedmont, as only so, but, perhaps without his conscious- the invading army was marching south, ness, in his heart, and perpetually exerts a and arrived at Turin just as the revolution powerful influence upon most of his thoughts in that country broke out. He travelled By a dark hole just at hand, we entered the or emotions. It may be well, therefore, in the public conveyances, and stopped at Windsor Gallery, which is formed on the same that he should leave this republic awhile, farm-houses and the common inns, and was plan as Wyllys. It is, however, at a greater and go to the kingdoms of the earth, and see thus brought into close contact with many of height-quite out of the reach of an enemy's artilthat spirit, which is the governing and ani- that class who are of necessity the most nu-lery, and about five hundred feet in length. The mating principle here, meeting with little merous in the body politic, and who are aptarity of the rocky surface, through which their emguns too, are larger, and on account of the irregucheck or hindrance, either from ancient de- to say what they think or feel with little dis- brasures are cut, the gallery is sometimes quite dark, lusion or from popular ignorance or passion, guise or reserve; and his free and frequent and so irregular, that it is difficult to proceed. We -there, subdued, at least apparently subdued conversations are very pleasantly related. next reached the most admirable part of these and almost crushed; in some corners strug- Our author sailed from New York on the magnificent works-St George's Hall. Externally, gling to come forth and act, in others coun- 19th of October, 1820, and arrived at Gib-side of the precipice, which the Rock of Gibraltar it has the appearance of a round tower, against the teracted and well nigh extinguished, not raltar on the 29th of November. The for- presents towards the Neutral Ground. This is only by external force, but by those rooted tifications of this celebrated Rock are very partly the effect of art: but the skill of the engiprejudices and that universal and exces- strikingly described. We do not recollect neer has been chiefly devoted to forming a beautisive ignorance, which mingle with pure and to have met with so full an account of these ful circular apartment within, about forty feet in powerful principles, elements of opposition, works ;-which prove, perhaps, more than diameter, and vaulted overhead. The floor is perweakness, and decay. He may thus learn any other works of art, how much men sixty-four pounders. The care taken to keep every fectly smooth, and the walls are pierced for six to value aright and watch with jealousy may accomplish, when their ingenuity and thing in perfect order, together with the shaft cut Our guide now led us up still further; and at length, passing between broken rocks, some of which jutted out overhead, and made a roof for the path, we suddenly found ourselves on the very and leaning upon a slight railing, looked down upon edge of a precipice, five or six hundred feet high; the Neutral Ground, which stretched out in a sandy plain, on the left to the bay, and on the right to the Mediterranean; while in front, it was bounded by hills and mountains, in the neighbouring parts of Spain. About thirty yards above this place, was a heap our companions happened to be present the other day, when it was presented and paid, at an English banker's. We inquired what was the news from Austria, and received for answer, that an army was on the march against the kingdom of Naples, and that, on this account, he was determined to return to Rome as soon as possible, allowing only a little time for seeing the curiosities in the neighbourhood." through the top to let off the smoke, the smooth-foot of Vesuvius, the place where the lava first apness of the walls, and the agreeable light admitted pears, smoke was rising in clouds, which sometimes There we scrambled up a heap by the embrasures, are calculated to please the shaded the sun. eye, after it has become accustomed to the rough of loose rocks, along the top of which was slowly ness and gloom of the long galleries. Through the flowing a stream of half-fluid matter, in a ditch embrasure on the right, we looked along the per- three or four feet wide, self-formed, but perfectly pendicular side of the rock, broken indeed, yet on straight and regular. It was encrusted with a porous, the whole surprisingly smooth for a natural surface, black surface: but whenever a cloud passed over, or rather when the smoke of Vesuvius rolled for an and rising to a sublime height, like the wall of a He determines to go in a vettura, the colossal city. The gun which stood beside us was instant between us and the sun, it brightened like so balanced, that the guide, with the strength of one red-hot iron, or a rattle-snake suddenly enraged, common public vehicle of the country, and hand, pointed it down almost perpendicularly; and while a strange crackling sound passed over it that such is the regularity of the precipice, that a ball made us start. Quantities of the lava were easily tak leaves his friends-who happened to prefired from it would have almost grazed it the whole en out with a stick, but the heat was so great as to fer security and speed to the best opportuIt nities of becoming acquainted with the distance, and yet have met with no obstruction, till make the operation somewhat inconvenient. was so hot as to make the wood blaze; but soon country they passed through-to go on with it fell upon the heap of loose stones, which has acWhile we were grew hard, and in a few minutes cold enough to the corriere (mail-carrier), who would arcumulated upon the plain below. in quarantine, we had often noticed a bright spot, handle. While thus employed, we heard repeated rive in much less time. But we shall not like a window, near the line of junction between sounds like distant thunder, which we supposed to From Rome he went to the rock and Cornwallis' Hall, which now proved be the guns discharged from the ships in the bay, have room to follow our traveller through to have been occasioned by two opposite embras- though our guide declared they came from the his whole route. Florence, Genoa, and Turin, stopping a ures, through which we had seen the sky: for stand- mountain. considerable time wherever he found any ing in a line between them, my eyes ranged over the quarantine anchorage, and soon singled out our thing of interest enough to compensate for vessel among a crowd of merchantmen below. On the delay. He forgot not that he travelled the Neutral Ground, are the remains of several old in a land at once cumbered and sanctified entrenchments, raised on various occasions; and though they appeared like works of but little conby accumulated ruins, which may be said sequence at that distance, had been important batto veil its actual condition with the shadows of past greatness; and that around him teries. The serjeant was familiar with many points of local history, and had numerous anecdotes at or modern art. But no deceptive refercommand. He pointed out particularly one of the were the most beautiful works of ancient breastworks, which the Spaniards erected, to annoy ence to the past, appears to have prevented the Windsor Gallery: but it was found impossible Through a hole, we saw the lava just as it issued his forming just views of the present cirfor the guns to carry so high, and the only point within their range was an insignificant battery at from the mountain-there it was, fifteen feet be- cumstances and prospects of Italy, nor was the water's edge, under the north end of the rock, low us, in a cauldron it had formed, eddying and he led away by statues, pictures, and palafar on our left. In the mean time, the tremendous almost boiling, like melted iron, shining in its own artillery we had just been reviewing, had poured infernal light, and possessing an aspect unnaccount-ces, from a close observance of the condidown such a shower of heavy shot, that the posi-ably dreadful, as if it had brought along some of tion, the habits, and the character of the the horrors of the bottomless pit. Here, we were people. Whoever reads this "Tour in tion was very speedily abandoned. A flight of steps, cut into the solid stone, brought told, a Frenchman lost his life a few days before. Italy," may learn from it many things us to the verge of the precipice, on a level with the Whether his death was accidental or intended, we which will help to answer the interesting top of Cornwallis' Hall. It is surmounted by a could not satisfy ourselves. Our guide, the brother conical cap, through the centre of which is the of him who had accompanied the Frenchman, de-inquiry, how far this people are prepared We will chimney, which lets off the smoke of the guns. As clared he threw himself in: but nobody, I think, for liberty like ours, and what the farther could look down this chasm and believe it. That course of preparation must be. we had become confused by the various objects we had seen, and the irregular manner in which we he perished here is certain however; and the Nea- quote some remarks relative to this subject had gained this spot; and besides, could see noth-politan saw his remains re-appear below, and float from the journey to Caserta. ing above us but a single mass of rock, we suppos- down the current!" ed ourselves on the suminit: but the guide desired us to follow him, and judge for ourselves whether we were yet at the top. We accordingly stepped confess it was somewhat appalling to observe that upon a crag which projected near us-though I the cleft between, over which we had to spring, was Looking up, we bottomed by the Neutral Ground. saw the North Pinnacle-a mass of grey rocks, almost over our heads, and about a thousand feet above us, which, so suddenly discovered, had a We seemed most singular effect upon our minds. to be shrinking to the size of pigmies, and felt at the same time, so strong a disposition to contemplate the vast magnitudes around us, that, for fear of forgetting ourselves, and falling from the shelf on which we stood, we lay down, and grasped with all our might a ringbolt, the only thing we could lay hold on. For a moment, the crag seemed to be shaken, and almost to dance in the air like a bird's nest in a high wind, as if separating itself from the precipice." Thence he sails for Naples, and arrives there so as to finish his quarantine before the carnival begins. Of course, our travveller climbs up Vesuvius, as in duty bound; and from his story of this adventure, we extract the following lively account of the horrors, if not the dangers, which oppose the ascent. "The guide now led us towards the foot of Vesuvius properly so called, which rises, like an immense ant heap, about twelve hundred feet high; and all the way we trod on newly-formed lava. Steams were issuing out on all sides; but at the Pompeii and Herculaneum were visited, "As we were leaving home this morning, we met whom This tract of country formed part of the 'Campania Felix' of the Romans, and to my eyes bears no indications of having lost any of that fertility, richness and abundance of its productions. It was in a good degree the luxuries supplied by this soil, which in ancient times rendered it famous for the which rendered the bay of Naples the resort of the wealthy Romans under the empire; and I should be slow to believe that the soil alone has degenerated. In Modern days it has been repeatedly sprinkled with volcanic ashes from Mount Vesuvius; but this should increase its fertility, for the best wine in the neighbourhood is made on the mountain itself. No, it is the inhabitants, or rather I should say the government under which they live, that have produced the change. The labourers, apparently living under the full rigor of the feudal and the pontifical systems combined, are crowded together in little dirty villages, basely ignorant and humiliated, without the power and without the disposition to improve: while the mellow and luscious fruits of their toil are sent to the palace and villa of the indolent and vicious landholder, or the overflowing treasury of some church or conventthe abodes of sloth and vacuity. The villages through which we passed bore the strongest marks of a poor and degraded population. Some of them must contain five or six thousand people; yet the houses were low and small, and many of them, I will venture to say, not built since The windows showed the discovery of America. vacant and dirty faces, the doors ill-furnished rooms, and heavy stone walls and floors deeply worn by the feet and hands of numerous generations. Nothing like a new house, nor even an improved or a repaired one was to be seen; and I made up my mind while passing on, that not one 88 the men I saw looked capable of making a chair running up to us with her hair flying. She is not pained at the discord between these lovely or a window-shutter, or even of putting a new but my sister either, but the daughter of my mother-in-sisters, which he is compelled to witness ton on his door. The streets had once been paved, law. Her name is Maria-I am Teresa-Ah, Ma-week after week in the exercises of public but the stones generally lay loose in the dust, and ria! Where have you been to get your cheeks so did more harm than good. Now and then we pass-red? Come here and put on your bonnet. But worship. We do not suppose that every ed the high walls of some forbidden ground, the pre- the bright-eyed little girl refused and resisted, from one has been sensible of this disagreement; mere excess of spirits; and though more wild and for it is an evil of so long standing, that it is mises of a petty title-bearer, or the garden of some convent; but every thing was concealed except the roguish, was quite as good natured as her sister. accounted in a manner necessary, and passtops of the nearest trees, and nothing but the own-There, signor, you see what a trouble she is: she ed by as a matter of course without notice She is very bad [cattiva,] do you ers and the birds could conjecture at what they con- won't mind me. or care. But it may well be regretted that not think so?-But would not you like to go in and tained. see the church, sir? You will find the chapel of it should be so; for if, instead of uniting San Fabiano, and that of San Sebastiano over his hymns and tunes at random, as is now own tomb. Oh, they are very beautiful. You can done, pains were always taken to adapt the see the catacombs too, sir, where all the Christians were buried; and if brother Luigi were only here expression and style of the one to the oth-I'll ring the bell, and then he'll come back, ander, and to regard the sentiment in the pertell you a great deal about them. He knows all formance, it is very certain that the psalthe chapels, and the statues and the pictures, and mody, which now is so much a mere relaxawhere the Christians used to pray under ground, tion, or a beautiful exhibition, or perhaps a and bury the martyrs.' wearisome noise, would become as attractI was too much in haste, and contented myself ive as eloquent speaking, and do as much It was an after-thought with me to draw a comparison between these villages and our American towns, for there was nothing to make me think of it at the time. The houses were as closely built as those of a city, and the streets as narrow and uncomfortable. There was no neat and tasteful mansion which might be the residence of the lawyer, the physician, or the clergyman, and there was not a single brushed coat or tidy gown in the street, to discountenance the universal poverty and slovenliness. **** No one indeed, can cast the most hasty glance with a hasty glance at the interior of the church, to accomplish the purposes of religious wor about him, without being convinced that the state of society is entirely different from that among ourselves, and so different as to make him doubt what sort of change would ultimately prove most beneficial to the country. The people are ignorant and poor. Under the present (that is the late) state of things, they will always remain so. Overthrow the moral oppression of the priesthood and the political oppression of the lords, and you will make it possible for them to improve. But what sort of government should be established in the mean time. There must be an interval, and a long one too, between the establishment of a new and better system, and the securing of that system by a be a government which will not only protect the proportionate improvement in the people. It must lives, the property, and the independence of its subjects, but which will improve their minds and their habits. Now in what proportion should be mingled the ordinary elements of a supreme power? The people will make but a sorry figure at legislation for some time yet to come, if we may judge from their appearance when at their daily occupations; and will the monarchical or the aristocratical branch of the national tree cherish and protect the infant shoot, for the express purpose of allow ing it to rise high above and overshadow them selves? This has not been the inclination usually shown by them in other countries, but it must be so here, or, for aught I can see, the Neapolitan people are likely to gain little by this revolution." We have hardly room for more extracts, but think it due to our author, to show how he writes when upon less sombre subjects. “As the old priest had now gone away, the little girl walked slowly towards me, looking by turns at the cattle and the stranger, and knitting very sedately. Is this the church of St Lorenzo, little girl? Signor si, [yes sir,] will you go in and see it? Shall I go and call brother Luigi back? No, no, I have no time to spare-You have some fine oxen yonder.' Yes, sir, they are very good and quiet. They let me take care of them, and do eve ry thing I tell them, although I am a little girl. There are only nine now; the other has gone away --the companion of that you see on the little bank. I don't believe you ever saw better oxen, sir. Only observe what a good grey colour they have: that is the best colour for oxen.'-She wore a bonnet made of coarse braided straw, and carried another tied to her arm. She had a most amiable little without waiting for the catacombs to be opened, cry.' The work appears to have been written hastily and carelessly; the style is unequal and sometimes bad. There are passages of true eloquence, and others where the attempt is too obvious and the success not very decided. The plates, although mere outlines, are not only ornamental but useful, and it would be well if the fashion of appending such engravings to books of travels should become prevalent. We have found the want of an index of contents troublesome, and suggest to the author to add one when his work comes to a second edition,-which we think he has good right to expect. ship. Mr Willard, in his preface and hymns, aims at precisely this object; a most commendable and important one. And if his poetical genius were equal to his judgment and taste, we should say that he had made, not only a most original, but a most valua ble book. The hymns are all written by himself; and as no man ever yet has written a hundred and fifty-eight good hymns, our readers of course will not be surprised Many of them are excellent; but as a colat being told that these are not all good. lection, we fear they want that richness, beauty, and melody of composition, which are essential, in this age of poetic refinement, to draw a large share of public attention. The spirit of profound piety and ardent religious feeling which pervade them, and their correct language and strong expression, will be sufficient recommendation to devout readers; and we hope will interest them in the design for which they are composed. The main point, as we understand it, which our author would secure, is this: that in any given hymn the stanzas should all be formed on the same model, and adapted to the same tune; so that the modulation of no line in the poetry should contradict that of the music. This looks like a very reasonable proposition; and some may fancy it like soberly laying down the maxim, that if a man have six coats they ought all to fit him. It is in fact a parallel proposition; and yet, self-evident as it may be, it never has been thought absurd to deny Regular Hymns, on a great variety of Evan- it in practice. Nay, so much are we govgelical Subjects and Important Occasions, erned by custom, that we quietly bear to with Musical Directions for all the Va-hear fine verses matched to tunes, which rieties of Appropriate Expression. By they as ill fit as the armor of Goliath the Samuel Willard, A. A. S. Minister of the youthful limbs of David. First Church in Deerfield. Greenfield, Mass. 1824. 12mo. pp. 132. The system may be better understood by our musical readers from one or two examface, and I thought might have been taken for a THIS work appears to have been designed ples of hymns. The 158th is adapted to New England child, even to the crooked, rusty for the purpose of recommending some im- the tune of Arundel; well known as having knitting-needles she had in her hands. The stocking, however, was of brown thread; her knitting-portant principles, which have been too a pause in the middle of the third line, which sheath a hollow stick (perhaps elder), and when little regarded, and by attention to which always interrupts the sense of the verse, she spoke, it was only Italian. Is that your first the singing of psalms may be rendered and sometimes divides words asunder. The stocking? Signor no-I have knit a whole pair more expressive and affecting. That this is following hymn, though of course it is putbefore this, for you will perceive I can knit almost a most desirable object, must be acknowl-ting a strong case, will do more than a volall day, while the weather is so clear and warm, though I am sometimes interrupted when the oxen edged by every one having a taste for eith- ume of argument to show the absurd manstray, and very often by my little sister you see there, er poetry or music, who has had his soul ner in which tunes have been frequently |