THE UNITED STATES LITERARY GAZETTE. Published on the first and fifteenth day of every month, by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.- Terms, $5 per annum, payable in July. REVIEWS. A careful and free Inquiry into the Nature and Tendency of the religious Principles of the Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, &c. By William Craig Brownlee, A. M. Minister of the Gospel. Philadelphia, 1824. 8vo. wars, and the evil passions that produce | family had not quite run out in his time, them. This minister of the gospel, thinks relinquished his intention, expressing withal not with us; he thinks that the Quakers his belief that "sum o' his bairns, or, aiblins, have of late been suffered to get along too sum o' his bairns' bairns, wull migrate to an- that laun o' free toleration," and "comquietly; he says, their principles are time has come, when some such able man be had in the toon of that singulair and ti-christian, and evidently believes, the pleet the wark, out o' the rich materials to as himself should set about exposing them graite maun, Maister William Penn." We to universal reprobation. It is not strange regret, as the work did not see the light We are not Quakers, nor is religious con- that Mr B. should be a bigot, thinking that within the time that the old man seems to troversy our favourite study; but when nothing can be believed or understood as have contemplated, that it should ever have this work was handed us a short time ago, it should be, by them who do not make his been produced. After the "proem" folwe carefully read it, and the result of our creed their rule of belief, for the world lows another address to the reader, setting reflections upon it we propose to give our holds many such unfortunate people; but it forth, what, we believe in spite of Mr readers. The principles of this sect have is strange, that he should think of attack- Brownlee's example, is the truth, that “rebeen often and thoroughly examined by ing with his most especial wrath, the reli- ligious inquiry, and even controversy, is others, and amply and voluminously ex-gious principles of a society, which the best perfectly consistent with the loveliest explained by themselves; and we could not men of all denominations of Christians were, ercise of charity," and that "politeness exactly understand why William Craig as we thought, willing to acknowledge as and courtesy should preside over religious Brownlee happened to think it worth while an established Christian sect. The man- debates." How far this "minister of the for him to write this book at this time? ner of this attack is not less strange; in- gospel" has exercised charity, and how After all the examination-and it has been deed, we are very happy to acknowledge, much he is governed by the rules of politea close one-that we have made of his book, that there is, throughout, a very laudableness and courtesy, our readers will presentwe can discover no reasonable cause for conformity between the design of the work ly see, in the extracts which we purpose to this strange proceeding. We thought, to and its execution. His book begins by a make. Then follow what are called maxuse this author's own language, that "they formal dedication to his uncle, a professor had taken their place" among Christian of anatomy in the University of Glasgow. sects, that "they dwelt in the presence of Next follows an adverstisement to the readall their brethren;" we thought, and still er, setting forth the author's diffidence think, that a society, which, as a body, had (which is the first and last time that his gloriously distinguished itself in the pro- diffidence appears in the book), and hinting motion of many acts of justice and charity, that he has taken great pains in collecting a society, that early raised its voice against materials, and that if his work take with the slave trade-one of the foulest blots in the public, he may be induced to mention the history of Christian nations, a society how much pains it cost him. Next is a which has produced such men as Penn, and long and minute table of contents. Then Benezet, and Fothergill, and Reynolds, and comes what the author sees fit to call the which numbers among its members the he- proem, which occupies thirty-seven pages roic Mrs Fry, might have been permitted with the story of the rebellion of the Presto enjoy its own principles in peace. We byterians in Scotland, during the time of thought, and still think, that the principles Charles II.;-which is rendered peculiarly which led to actions such as theirs, are pleasant by a reference to the part that justly entitled to the denomination of Chris- the author's great-great-grandfather bore deavours to show, that certain opinions tian; for we are inclined, with all defer- therein. We are to understand that this held by Plato, with some modifications, ence to Mr Brownlee, to think there is tol-"great progenitor" was a star of pretty were also held by divers of the ancient erable authority for believing, that "the considerable magnitude among the Presby-Christian writers in the first and second tree is known by its fruit." We thought, terians of old, as Mr B. succeeds in finding centuries of the Christian era, were receivas the Quakers say of themselves in the him named in one book published about the ed by great numbers of the Greek Church, paragraph quoted as a sort of motto to the time, where, it seems, that mention of him and, after the fall of the eastern empire, first part of the book on our table, that occurs in a sort of muster-roll of some pas- were also adopted by multitudes of the Lathey were "just considered as a good sort sengers in a certain ship that was wrecked tin Church, and continued in substance to of people in the main; who refused to fight, in the Orkneys. There is, in this same prevail till the time of Luther, and afterand to swear, and to pay tythes; and while proem, an account of the battle of Drum- wards spread widely among the Protestant the improved manners of the age allow that clog, and of Bothwell-bridge; which, as churches, and now form a part of the docfor these, and other singularities, they ought as well as the rest of this part of the trines of the Quakers. Allowing this to be not to be molested, the public, in general, work, is written in a style that strongly re-a correct genealogy, allowing that these cares little further about them;" and we minds us of Macpherson's Ossian, and opinions are correctly traced up to Plato, thought further, that the Society was pro- Weems' Life of Washington. All we gath-who was not a Christian, still, it does not ducing by its Christian example, a salutary er from the proem that has any relation to effect upon the nations in which it existed, the subject, may be comprised in one short and slowly and imperceptibly changing for sentence, to wit, that the author's aforesaid the better, the views of mankind upon one ancestor designed to write a polemical work or two important subjects; as, for instance, against the Quakers, but as the wit of the ims; at the end of which he says, that the Quakers in this controversy are the assailants, and he the defendant; because, saith he, the publication of the opinions of a society has in it the nature of an open challenge! Of course, Mr Brownlee considers himself as having undergone the challenge of every body who has written a book; we hope our valiant champion will, in mercy to the "reading public,"-who must be in some sort seconds and bottle-holders,-play recreant occasionally, and not do battle on all these provocations. After two mottos, we reach the first part of the main work, which is styled "An Historical Dissertation on the Origin, Rise, &c. of the Society of Friends." In this part he en follow from this that the doctrines are false, and nobody, Quaker or not, supposes that this proves them to be true. A man may believe many errors, and yet teach some truths, although our author cannot ur CUMMINGS, HILLIARD, & CO. Have just published, and for sale, good, D. D. Pastor of the Church in Medford. A Discourse on the proper Test of the A General Abridgment and Digest of American Law, with occasional Notes and Comments. By Nathan Dane, LL. D. Counsellor at Law. Volumes I. II. III. 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By a Ct rm the subject of thes THE UNITED STATES LITERARY GA Published on the first and fifteenth day of every month, by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.————-' VOL. I. REVIEWS. A careful and free Inquiry into the Nature BOSTON, JULY 1, 1824. -Terms, $51 wars, and the evil passions that produce | family had not qui them. This minister of the gospel, thinks relinquished his int not with us; he thinks that the Quakers his belief that "sum have of late been suffered to get along too sum o' his bairns' quietly; he says, their principles are an- that laun o' free ti-christian, and evidently believes, the pleet the wark, ou time has come, when some such able man be had in the too as himself should set about exposing them graite maun, Maist to universal reprobation. It is not strange regret, as the wor We are not Quakers, nor is religious con- that Mr B. should be a bigot, thinking that within the time th troversy our favourite study; but when nothing can be believed or understood as have contemplated. this work was handed us a short time ago, it should be, by them who do not make his been produced. we carefully read it, and the result of our creed their rule of belief,-for the world lows another addre reflections upon it we propose to give our holds many such unfortunate people; but it forth, what, we readers. The principles of this sect have is strange, that he should think of attack- Brownlee's exampl been often and thoroughly examined by ing with his most especial wrath, the reli-ligious inquiry, an others, and amply and voluminously ex-gious principles of a society, which the best perfectly consisten plained by themselves; and we could not men of all denominations of Christians were, ercise of charity, exactly understand why William Craig as we thought, willing to acknowledge as and courtesy shoul Brownlee happened to think it worth while an established Christian sect. The man- debates." How fa for him to write this book at this time? ner of this attack is not less strange; in- gospel" has exer After all the examination-and it has been deed, we are very happy to acknowledge, much he is govern a close one-that we have made of his book, that there is, throughout, a very laudable ness and courtesy, we can discover no reasonable cause for conformity between the design of the work ly see, in the extra this strange proceeding. We thought, to and its execution. His book begins by a make. Then follo use this author's own language, that "they formal dedication to his uncle, a professor ims; at the end of had taken their place" among Christian of anatomy in the University of Glasgow. Quakers in this co sects, that "they dwelt in the presence of Next follows an adverstisement to the read-ants, and he th all their brethren;" we thought, and still er, setting forth the author's diffidence saith he, the public think, that a society, which, as a body, had (which is the first and last time that his a society has in it gloriously distinguished itself in the pro- diffidence appears in the book), and hinting challenge! Of co motion of many acts of justice and charity, that he has taken great pains in collecting siders himself as a society, that early raised its voice against materials, and that if his work take with challenge of every the slave trade-one of the foulest blots in the public, he may be induced to mention book; we hope our the history of Christian nations, a society how much pains it cost him. Next is a in mercy to the which has produced such men as Penn, and long and minute table of contents. Then must be in some sor Benezet, and Fothergill, and Reynolds, and comes what the author sees fit to call the ers,-play recrear which numbers among its members the he- proem, which occupies thirty-seven pages do battle on all th roic Mrs Fry, might have been permitted with the story of the rebellion of the Pres- two mottos, we re to enjoy its own principles in peace. We byterians in Scotland, during the time of main work, which thought, and still think, that the principles Charles II.;-which is rendered peculiarly Dissertation on the which led to actions such as theirs, are pleasant by a reference to the part that Society of Friends justly entitled to the denomination of Chris- the author's great-great-grandfather bore deavours to show tian; for we are inclined, with all defer- therein. We are to understand that this held by Plato, w ence to Mr Brownlee, to think there is tol-"great progenitor" was a star of pretty were also held by erable authority for believing, that "the considerable magnitude among the Presby-Christian writers tree is known by its fruit." We thought, terians of old, as Mr B. succeeds in finding centuries of the C as the Quakers say of themselves in the him named in one book published about the ed by great numbe paragraph quoted as a sort of motto to the time, where, it seems, that mention of him and, after the fal first part of the book on our table, that occurs in a sort of muster-roll of some pas- were also adopted they were "just considered as a good sort sengers in a certain ship that was wrecked tin Church, and c of people in the main; who refused to fight, in the Orkneys. There is, in this same prevail till the tim and to swear, and to pay tythes; and while proem, an account of the battle of Drum- wards spread wide the improved manners of the age allow that clog, and of Bothwell-bridge; which, as churches, and now for these, and other singularities, they ought as well as the rest of this part of the trines of the Quak not to be molested, the public, in general, work, is written in a style that strongly re- a correct geneal cares little further about them;" and we minds us of Macpherson's Ossian, and opinions are corre thought further, that the Society was pro- Weems' Life of Washington. All we gath- who was not a Ch ducing by its Christian example, a salutary er from the proem that has any relation to follow from this effect upon the nations in which it existed, the subject, may be comprised in one short false, and nobody, and slowly and imperceptibly changing for sentence, to wit, that the author's aforesaid that this proves th the better, the views of mankind upon one ancestor designed to write a polemical work may believe man or two important subjects; as, for instance, against the Quakers, but as the wit of the some truths, altho 11 of this Gazette fus every book and en any value which Ame e regular correspon rs on the tenth of id and France, and any and Italy, and up der, books, in qua for a moderate co lers are served by d to select the be rchased at the lower cash ▾ publications in a Gazette, they have for on quite as good teras espective publishers UMMINGS, HILLIARD, &{ AMBRIDGE: BY METCALF. derstand this. This precious argument is a very favourable specimen of his logic. If he can prove that a particular doctrine was held by a bad man, omne tulit punctum the doctrine is false. We are willing to believe that the Reverend Mr Brownlee does not perceive, that by adopting this mode of reasoning, he might prove the Christian religion false in its fundamental doctrine-the existence of God; it is said, we do assure him, that "the devils believe and tremble;" of course, all that they believe, is, by Mr Brownlee, held to form no part of religious truth. Having traced the progress of the aforesaid doctrines down to the time of Cromwell, he commences his history of the Quakers, in which he rakes up with most meritorious industry, every old calumny against the early members of that sect, both as to doctrine and conduct; intermingling discussions of their principles, which it would have been more methodical to have reserved for the second part of his work; and concluding with a section in which he charges the Society with divers self-contradictions in their doctrines, and its members, generally, with living more luxuriously than he thinks George Fox would approve, were he to rise from the dead. The second part consists of divers "Dissertations on their doctrinal tenets, their worship, ministry, &c.," in which he asserts among other things, that "their general principles are hostile to the practice of brotherly love and charity." The work concludes with two appendixes; the former of which consists of notes too long to be inserted in the margin, and the latter is a brief notice of some of the more eminent writers and ministers among the Quakers. From page 96 to 101, is exclusively occupied by ridicule of the dress of the Quakers. Upon this subject he is extremely smart. We had marked a sentence on page 97, which we should extract, but that it is too grossly indecent to be repeated. We are unwilling to disgust our readers with the vulgarity with which the "reverend" controversialist illustrates his reli merely of asperity and contempt, but of very And in subsequent periods, and even until lately, gious inquiries. That this facetious minister of the gospel may have no doubt as to the sentence to which we refer, we will tell him it is that which begins thus; "But the small clothes, I cannot find that it is a as to the make of the last article, I mean sine qua non, that it should exactly resemble the mode of that on the fine statue of Penn, in the hospital yard of Philadelphia. This has got," &c. So much for assertion;-let us now pro"In the United States, they are, it is presumed, ceed to our proofs. And first, for the auon the increase. Remote from the projects of amthor's politeness. In page 68, he very de-bitious statesmen, and the struggles of the warrior corously applies the language of Butler to of nations, the society has held its way, and followfor his bloody laurels, and the political convulsions Fox, saying, he ed its own concerns in pursuit of riches, with a step as steady as time, and an appetite as keen as death." "Had lights where other eyes were blind, Made children with their tones to run for't, He quotes the same writer again (considThis outline of the contents of this book, ering him, we suppose, excellent help in a rewe thought a proper preliminary to enter-ligious inquiry) in page 72, saying generaling on a more detailed examination. We ly of the founders of the society, that they are not competent to the task, even if we Denounced and prayed with deep devotion;were inclined to it, of attempting to defend Stole from the mystics all their tones, the Quakers against the charges, true or And gifted mortified groans;false, which this minister of the gospel has here arrayed against them; and neither our readers, nor the Quakers themselves, would thank us for the attempt, were we to make it. It is our duty, however, to expose and reprobate the rancorous spirit by which the book was evidently dictated. We call our work a Literary Gazette, and consider ourselves bound to give notice to all classes of readers, as far as we can, what matter is provided for them. Now, we suppose Mr B. will admit that his great book was written for somebody to read, and whoever this somebody is, if he chances to be a subscriber of ours, we will do our best to let him know what sort of stuff this bulky octavo is made of. At He ends the first part of his book with the following sentence and note. As the steady followers of Fox, the Society makes plainness a distinguished article of their religion; yet such is the richness of their dresses, the splendour of their equipages, the luxury of their tables, the delicacy and profusion of their wines, that, if the same George Fox were to rise from the dead, and behold the mournful degeneracy of his disciples, he would come down in great wrath; he would resume his Herculean labours, and he would fight all his battles over again, in organizing a new sect out of degenerated Quakerism. *Plumpudding week-(all the world has heard of plumpudding week) affords a fair specimen of this to their country prophets and members." In page 178 occurs the following passage. "We sing before and after sermon only; but their preachers, male and female, monopolizing the whole, sing both prayers and sermons! and still their great tenet is not surrendered. For vertheir notes are not according to the carnal rules," &c. &c. "The convulsions of Apollo lasted, with various fame, during the glory of the Delphic Oracle. last, that spirit left his shrine. The Quakings of the Syrian priests also ceased. So, these holy tremblings, which commenced about the year 1650, went on briskly till 1660. These ancient tremblings were completely outdone by them. Those of the priestess could bear no comparison. Here were the spasms of the delicate female. But in the Society, not only little children, and women, but robust men, were thrown into 'hideous contor-ily tions.' In the former case, a solitary person filled the temple of the idol with groans and shrieks. In the latter, prostrate hundreds covered the place as in a day of slaughter. And if any credit can be First, and as of the least moment, we shall given to an author [whom in point of candour, we show what the author understands by that [says he was] an eye witness of what he relates, so think, Mr B. wonderfully resembles], who was "politeness and courtesy which should pre- great was the combat between the good seed and side over religious debates." Did we not the bad seed,' and so hideous were the groans and have his word for the contrary, we yellings, that in a field adjacent to the meeting, the should almost think some of his expressions herds of cattle, and swine, and dogs, ran about as if against the doctrines he impugns, and mad; and each joining in the notes which nature has given them, they swelled the chorus into soineagainst the supporters of those doctrines, thing superhuman. Totus autem simul bacchatus the living as well as the dead, savoured not! est mons. and very argumentative sentence. "Christ gave the title and true right to those who turned to the pure light within.' George Fox, Cordwainer, and his coadjutors were the royal heirs; they received the whole right and title in tee simple." Seeing that our author's love of truth so far overcame his diffidence, as to permit him to make proper mention of his modesty, his candour, and his courtesy, we regret that he was induced to withhold a confession of his gallantry; of his regard for that sex, a regard for whom distinguishes not only civilized from barbarous nations and ages, but civilized individuals from savages. We give an extract from the 199th page of this very religious and high-minded work, as a sample of very many passages. they founded, or to which they belonged, note, stands thus. It is asserted by Neal, it are anti-christian? No; he cannot think so; is denied by the Quakers; it is given up as and these passages are but the overboil- false by the writer in the Christian Obserings of envy, or some other evil passion, ver, and it is believed by Mr Brownlee. from the mind of their writer. We may Had such an event occurred (and it is not well apply a text from that volume represented as being done in a corner), which the reverend Mr Brownlee will do would it have rested on the sole authority "It is certain no female preacher ever yet need- well to study when he can find leisure to of Neal? Neal quotes no authority, but ed to make the solemn invocation of worthy and lay aside his Hudibras,-Out of the abund- makes the statement simply. It ought also learned Zachary Boyd, in his printed but unpub-ance of the heart the mouth speaketh. We to be remarked, that Mosheim quotes only have said that Mr Brownlee speaks of the Neal as his authority for this story. Now, doctrines of the Society with asperity and admitting all these stories to be true, and contempt. As we have already occupied many we think false, we still contend that much space in proving that he speaks un- that they argue nothing against the soundcourteously of the Society itself, and its in-ness of the doctrines professed by the sober dividual members, we shall cite but a single part, the body of the Society; certainly passage to show how he speaks of the doc- they do not tend to prove that they hold trines, and of the sincerity of those who anti-christian principles. There never was a sect, nor a society, of any note, some individuals of which did not act more or less lished version of Job. 'There was a man, and his name was Job, In page 27 of his Appendix No. 2, he thus notices Elias Hicks, who is a distinguished Quaker preacher, residing, as we are informed, on Long Island, N. York. "But honest Elias is no philosopher, no chemist, [which, of course, unfits him for a teacher of christianity], no theologian; and men of his venerable years, are, every where, privileged characters! *O λóyos Páguanov Zúæns, xaì à moduroyía γήρατος. Speaking is the solace of grief,—and garrulity that of old age." hold to them. There is not a man of reflection in the Society, who would not laugh in his sleeve at the simpleton who would believe without evidence, and with the deistical Pope who chuckled over the easy belief of his Catholic subjects, would exclaim, A fine fabrication this-which has proved so lucrative to us.' We have said that he has charged upon the Quakers, the acts, many times foolish, of their predecessors. Take for example, and there are many such passages, the following paragraphs and notes from pages 94 and 95. During the first period, and also the second, the zeal of their prophets carried them into extravagancies of another kind. To give a brilliancy to their denunciations, and to rouse the public attention, they taught by signs. Some of them went into churches, during service, clothed in sack-cloth, and their hair sprinkled with ashes. * * * This we oppres think, that neither he nor we, should now foolishly or wickedly. The apostle Peter wished to impose unwarrantable restrictions upon the Gentiles, and received a sharp rebuke from the apostle Paul; but Peter was a Christian, however he mistook this point. Our author adds, that these extravagances grew out of their principles. We think that the above quoted passadeny. The same causes produce the same ges (and we have by no means copied all effects. The Quakers of the present day, that we had marked for quotation) fully assert that they hold to the same principles, prove the character and extent of our aunow, that their ancestors professed, yet thor's politeness and courtesy. They prove they do not now practice going about as more, for we must leave the language of signs. Our author doubtless professes to irony for that of serious indignation, they believe what his ancestors believed, among prove that he is instigated by malignant whom was one, at least, who justified the motives; for he could not but perceive that murder of Archbishop Sharpe; and what all these things might be true, and yet that those of our ancestors believed, who exethe Quakers might be as much Christians Ann Wright, having in the same garb made her cuted their law which pronounced Quaas himself or his brethren. They therefore debut into St. Patrick's in Dublin, entered on a pil-kerism a capital crime. Nevertheless, we do not help his argument, and since they grimage to London, and went in these weeds do not, are merely proofs, that he wished through the chief streets, as a sign of approaching to overturn the Quakers, if not by force of judgments. But to crown the whole, these prophiargument, at least by ridicule. Even here ets appeared in public in a state of nudity. During the Commonwealth, and in the reign of Charles he fails; for the passages we have quoted, II., several individuals of the Society went in naare directed, not against the doctrines of ked processions through the streets of London. A the sect, but the manners of some individ-female came, in a state of perfect nudity, into uals. What though some of the Quakers Whitehall Chapel, before the protector. The most did, and still do, use a singing tone when distinguished of these Lupercalian heroes, were Eccles and Simpson. In London, the former apthey preach or pray? what though their peared naked in the fair; and held on his lectures false, or real sense of sin affect them and denunciations against folly, till the loud whips with nervous tremours? what though they of the coachmen made him seek safety in flight. find or imagine that a peculiar garb fur-At another time he threw a Catholic chapel in Irenishes occasion for a greater watchfulness land, into a scene of confusion. In the midst of mass, this Lupercus entered naked from the waist against sin, over themselves and their as-upwards, with a chafing dish on his head, containsociates? what though some of their mem-ing coals and burning brimstone; he cried with a bers, in Philadelphia or elsewhere, live loud voice, Wo, wo, to the idol and its worshipmore luxuriously than is becoming Chris- pers! His third feat was performed in a church tians? (We shall presently, examine the in London. During divine service he came in stark naked; and raising his arms besmeared with correctness of Mr Brownlee's sweeping de-nith, he denounced the woes of heaven on the wornunciation in this respect.) What though shippers. Simpson continued his naked procesone of their elders, in a dream, did sing asions from time to time during the space of three song which he had learned in his youth? what though George Fox were a Cordwainer, and some of his coadjutors, for aught we know, fishermen? what though their female preachers make long sermons, and Elias Hicks be no chemist? Does our author seriously suppose that this torrent of invective -for though he aims at ridicule, he falls short into abuse-against the habits of some of the individuals of which a religious society is composed, will help him to persuade his readers that the tenets of the sect which years." For this valuable fact, he cites Neal's "Sewel has omitted this fact for obvious rea- Now, the story that is alluded to in this tic,-some more, and some less so; and the wild acts of the Cameronians in Scotland, and the Puritans here, and the Quakers in England, resulted not so much from their principles, as from the fervour of their zeal against what they considered error; and they were modified according to the feelings of the individuals and the manners of their times. Those times are happily gone by, and we are sorry to see our author partake so much as he evidently does, of the feelings of his predecessors, and make such an approximation to their illiberal conduct. Still, he is not altogether like them; the manners of the present age forbid it; and though it is said, that Luther in the heat of argument one day boxed Melancthon's ears, and though we suppose that our author believes that Luther was, notwithstanding, a sincere Christian, and no heretic; yet we should not be deterred from a personal argument with William Craig Brownlee upon any point, by a fear lest it should end in fisticuffs. As to what is said of the miserable fanaticism of Naylor and others, we think that |