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POETICAL WORKS OF WILLIAM JUST published, the Poetical Works of This edition is beautifully and correctly printed, and afforded at less than half the price of the London copy. the lights of heaven, and a capacity of re- For sale by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. ENGLISH TEACHER AND EXÈR CISES. which will enable the attentive and industrious student to trace with precision, pleasure, and profit, the great variety of principles, which, like the muscles of the body, spread themselves through the English language. It is to be regretted that so few fully understand the grammatical and accurate construction of their own language. There is a fashion already too prevalent in our country, which has long obtained in England, particularly among the superior classes of society, and which has by no means been conducive to a general and extensive cultivation of the English language. The subject of allusion is an extravagant predi lection for the study of foreign languages, to the neglect of our own, a language which by us should be esteemed the most useful and valuable of all. This extravagance has been justly censured by Mr Walker in the following remark. "We think," says he, "we show our breeding by a know!edge of those tongues [the French and Italian], and an ignorance of our own." A knowledge of other languages is truly desirable, and the acquisition of them ought, in a proper degree, to be encourag CUMMINGS, HILLIARD, & Co. No. 134 Wash-ed by all friends of improvement; but it is ington street [No. 1 Cornhill], have for sale, new editions of these neat and valuable School Books. devoutly to be wished, by every friend to the interests of our country and of English literature, that American youth would show a zeal, in this respect, exemplified by the matrons of ancient Rome; and, like them, suffer not the study of foreign languages to prevent, but strictly to subserve the culti The English Teacher contains all the Extract from the North American Review. plication of the rules, without a too ready It is confidently believed that the English Teacher and Exercises are excellently adapted to produce a radical improvement in this very important department of English education. With these aids, individoals and pupils, with a little instruction in parsing, may alone become not only proficients, but skilful and just critics, in one of the most copious and difficult of all languages, our own. Feb. 1. THE Publishers of this Gazette furnish, on liberal terms, every book and every The Promiscuous Exercises in each of periodical work of any value which America the four parts of False Grammar, in both affords. They have regular correspondents, volumes, have figures, or letters of the al- and make up orders on the tenth of every phabet, introduced, referring to the partic- month for England and France, and freular rule or principle by which nearly eve- quently for Germany and Italy, and import ry individual correction is to be made. from thence to order, books, in quantities Great care and vigilance have been exer- or single copies, for a moderate commiscised to prevent defects of the press in sion. Their orders are served by gentlethese editions, as well as to correct the numen well qualified to select the best edimerous errors which have found their way tions, and are purchased at the lowest cash into the various editions of these works prices. All new publications in any way now in circulation. There can be no haz-noticed in this Gazette, they have for sale, ard in saying, that there is no American or can procure on quite as good terms as edition, either of Murray's Exercises or those of their respective publishers. Key, so correct as the English Teacher, and the Boston " Improved Stereotype Edition of the English Exercises." The silence that is in the starry sky, The sleep that is among the lonely hills. Wordsworth has taught these sentiments and impulses a language, and has given them a law and a rule. Our intercourse These very neat and handsome school with nature becomes permanent; we ac- manuals will perform much service, save quire a habit of transferring human feel-much time, and furnish teachers, private ings to the growth of earth, the elements, learners, and schools with those facilities CUMMINGS, HILLIARD, & Co. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, BY HILLIARD AND METCALF. THE UNITED STATES LITERARY GAZETTE. Published on the first and fifteenth day of every month, by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.Terms, $5 per annum, payable in July. VOL. I. NOTICE. THE publication of No. 3 was so much delayed by unexpected impediments, that it was thought best to date it May 15th, instead of May 1st. There is, therefore, no number bearing this last date, and, to complete the twenty-four numbers of the first volume, within the year, two numbers are published, both dated the 15th of March, 1825. REVIEWS. EDITOR. BOSTON, MARCH 15, 1825. the coast, are either inconsiderable in the volume of their waters, or too rapid and rocky to be navigable far from their mouths. The river Magdalena, however, which descends longitudinally above 700 miles through the valleys of the Andes, is navigable to the Port of Honda, 550 miles from its entrance into the Atlantic. The Cauca, which descends through the province of Antioquia and the Atracto through that of Choco, are considerable rivers, whose banks, as well as those of the Magdalena, are covered by the luxuriant forests which distinguish the rivers of the plains, and indicate a soil of unlimited fertility; but the climate is burning, and the life of man is not only rendered precarious by disease, but his daily comfort is destroyed by swarms of insects and venomous reptiles. The second, or mountainous zone, presents a very different scene. At the height of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, the climate becomes mild, Colombia: Its present State, in respect of vegetation continues uninterrupted through the Climate, Soil, Productions, Population, year, leguminous plants, wheat, and other producGovernment, Commerce, Revenue, Manutions of temperate regions, are abundant, and of the factures, Arts, Literature, Manners, Edu- best quality; venomous insects and serpents are cation, and Inducements to Emigration. edges the grateful salubrity of a temperature fitted rarely met with; and the human frame acknowlWith Itineraries, partly from Spanish alike for enjoyment and labour. Surveys, partly from Actual Observation. By Colonel Francis Hall, Hydrographer in the service of Colombia, Author of "Letters from France," and of "A Tour in British North America, and the United States." Philadelphia. 1825. 12mo. pp. 131. THE territory of the republic of Colombia is considerably more extensive than that of the United States, extending from the mouth of the Oronoco to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Maranon. It is the Eldorado of the sixteenth century, and, if we may place confidence in Colonel Hall's description, has no small claim to that appellation, so far as its natural qualifications are concerned, at the present day. It enjoys every variety of climate, and is capable of affording almost every production of the known world. Our first idea, on perusing the account of this last portion, was to prepare for immediate migration, especially when we cast our eyes abroad, and considered the mixture of snow, rain, and mud, the half winter and half spring, which it is our lot to enjoy for nearly one third of the year, in this our native New England, where six or eight weeks, out of the fifty-two, of unexceptionable weather, is all that we can expect, and to balance which, we must broil in July, and be stewed in August; be hung with icicles in December, and thawed out in January; have our pores hermetically sealed in February, and drilled out again, as it were, by the searching blasts of March. We fancied ourselves for a moment in that happy land, afar from the thousand torments, that beset the housekeepers of this realm, in the shape of fire-places, grates, stoves, and flues, at one season, or in that of blinds, verandas, summerhouses, or refrigerators at another. There no sudden south-wind plunges the pedestrian mid-leg deep in snow-water, where he but yesterday shivered through an icy drift, and no chilling eastern breeze condenses on his thin garments, the moisture which the glowing sun of a summer morning has sucked The first of these is the tract of country included up to load it; we enjoyed in imagination the betwixt the Cordillera and the Atlantic and Pacific fervours of the eternal summer of the tropics, oceans. The climate here is invariably hot, almost diluted, if we may be allowed the expressalways unhealthy; the soil luxuriantly abundant, ion, by the effects of an elevation of four wherever it is sufficiently irrigated by rivers or thousand feet. Alas! it was but an imaginperiodical rains, but parched and barren where these are deficient, as is s metimes the case from ation, and a brief one. The cruel fates have the peculiar situation of the mountains, which ren- bound us to these ungenial climes. There der the falls of rain locally precarious; while the are few readers in Colombia, and these our rivers, for want of supplies, dry up or lose them- periodical strictures would probably be ofselves in sandy deserts. Thus the province of Coro fered in vain to the public of those favoured has been sometimes four years without rain, and other parts of the coast are exposed to similar regions. That public, unfortunately for us, droughts, though in a less degree. The rivers which is not a reading one, and the sands that roll, descend from the mountains, at a short distance from mingled with gold, into Rio Hacha, would The great differences of climate are occasioned by the Cordilleras of the Andes, which traverse the province in various directions, lifting their heads, crowned with eternal snows, under the very equinoctial. The province is, in fact, divided "into three zones, characterized by their respective soils, climates, and productions." No. 24. roll in vain for us. We can neither plough, Lazo, and, therefore, however agreeable, nor sow, nor make baskets, nor throw the useful, and even necessary we may be to our loving countrymen, the time is not come when our labours can be appreciated and "The learned remunerated in Colombia. professions," says Colonel Hall, and surely our profession is one that ought to be learned, "are clearly out of the question." Now if these Colombians, whom we cannot look upon, if the Colonel is correct, in any other light, than that of barbarians, are willing to die," as poor Mr Hadoway used to say, without the advice of the three learned faculties," what chance can there be for reviewers. Actum est with regard to the whole tribe, whether they be quarterly, or monthly, semi-monthly, and miscellaneous, like onr kindred of the folio family. We trust our own quarto, or weekly and daily, like our readers will excuse this digression, which is so little in keeping with the usual sedateness of our habits, in consideration of the circumstances; we are not stocks and stones, and must be allowed to curvet a little now and then, and snuff the breezes of a fairer clime, provided we in general jog on with a quiet and steady pace, and diligently and faithfully tread out, for the good of the public, the two grains of wheat, which so many authors are pleased to bury in two bushels of chaff. But to return to Colombia. The climate continues mild and agreeable to the height of 9,000 feet, when it becomes cold; the sky is usually cloudy, and vegetation slow in growth and stunted in appearance. At the height of 15,700 feet it ceases altogether: no living creature passes this dreary limit, where sterile sands, naked rocks, fogs, and eternal snows, mark the reign of uninterrupted solitude. From the level of the sea to the height of 4,800 feet, the thermometer of Fahrenheit varies from 77° to 115°, from thence to 8,000, it varies from 50° to 77°. The third zone comprehends the immense tract eastward, from the base of the Andes to the neighof level country which spreads itself southward and bourhood of the river Amazon, and the mountains which border on the Oronoco. These prodigious savannahs are watered by the numerous streams which form the Meta, the Apure, and finally the Orinoco; the periodical overflowings of which convert the whole country, during four months of the year, into an immense lake or inland sea, on which the villages and hatos, or cattle farms, raised upon small banks and elevations, appear as so many islets. When the floods retire, the whole plain is covered with luxuriant pasture; on which herds of cattle were raised, previous to the war, in numbers almost defying calculation. Nor are these plains less rich in agricultural advantages. The banks of the rivers' are covered with primeval forests of the most precious kinds of woods for dyes, furniture, and buildings; and exhibit, when cleared, a soil capable of rendering abundantly sugar, cotton, coffee, cocoa, indigo, tobacco, and generally every species of tropical produce. All the energy of nature, in the production both of animal and vegetable life, is here 370 brought into action; and wild beasts, venomous | their general character is diversified by local cir- Of the vegetable productions of this country it is unnecessary to speak. It is obvious, that there are few, which might not find a congenial soil in some part of this extensive territory. Among the precious animal products are the pearls of Margaritta and Goagira, the fisheries of which are now monopolized by a British company. The mineral treasures are gold, silver, platina, and emeralds. So much for the country, which, it must be admitted, is a fairer land than our own. We have next to inquire concerning its inhabitants and government, and here we shall find the superiority no longer visible. The character of the former is various, and is thus described by our author. they do; but the Colomb cumstances, we may observe that the inhabitants of are not, therefore, to be co the coast line, and especially of the principal sealutely devoid of common se port towns, are the most refined and intelligent: that the inhabitants of the interior and mountain as the Colonel supposes. country, particularly of New Grenada, are the most in the doings of other Ame simple in their habits, the least crafty in their dis- which are admitted to be positions, but ignorant, timid, selfish, and inhospit-world, some enactments o able. The inhabitants of the plains form a totally distinct class, whose characteristics, as their mode very different from their of life, are peculiarly their own. Nothing is, ac- sume, moreover, that Co cording to an European view of the subject, more heard of such things as pacific than the life of a herdsman, nothing less native land, as well as o likely to engender ferocity or military habits; it is regard to which the imper sufficient, however, to have once witnessed the self is somewhat in the rea mode of tending cattle in South America, to form a This work will be mos different opinion. The immense herds raised in political science. boundless and unenclosed plains, are gathered, penned, or conducted, as change of pasture may emigrants, for whose use i require, by half-naked horsemen, each armed with particularly intended. It a lance, whose rapid movements, shouts, and wild more valuable in Great B demeanour, suggest the idea of a body of Tartar cayalry. The untamed nature of the cattle themselves, be in this country, for few, the attacks of wild beasts to which they are exposed, be so Quixotic as to leave the deep and rapid rivers over which they are fre- whatever may be its disa quently to be led, with a variety of circumstances residence in the semi-bar essential to the mode of life of the Llaneros, or of South America. To th Plainsmen, all require and produce those habits by culturists of many portio which they are distinguished; besides being the breeders and keepers of the cattle, they are also Colombia will doubtless h their butchers, both from necessity and amusement. another century will prob Long habits of slavery and oppression, partially Their chief, we may say their only, pastime, is fertile plains of Venezuela counteracted by a feverish interval of liberty, ill drawn from this source: to throw a Lazo, orada, other men and other understood and imperfectly enjoyed; the almost coiled rope, round a bull's horns while at his speed, those which have so long total want of education, and absence of that moral to pierce him in the spine, or hamstring him till stimulus, which, under the name of honour or char- they have occasion to kill him; to flay, quarter, and abused this garden of the w acter, forces every respectable individual of Euro- divide his quivering carcase with all the technicality pean society to a line of conduct conformable with of our old European huntsman, is the pride and alhis situation; all these circumstances have produced most the sole enjoyment of their lives. The revoa negativeness or debility both in thought and ac-lution thus found them a ready-made body of irreg tion, which renders them troublesome to deal with, ular cavalry; a popular chief sprang up to give and unfit to be relied on. It is, in fact, impossible impetus and direction to their native spirit, and a to calculate their behaviour except you could be very short time beheld them excellent Guerillas, certain of the last idea which has occupied their and not less expert thieves and cut throats-in their imagination, for the feeling of interest most imme- favour we must revoke our negation as to the natudiately present is pretty generally decisive of their ral cruelty of the Colombians. There is not, perconduct. Does a merchant contract with a planter haps, in the world, a race of people who shed human blood with more indifference or with slighter for a quantity of coffee or cocoa at a certain rate?in vain would he suppose the bargain concluded, temptation; it is difficult to say by what good should another purchaser appear and offer the qualities, if we except courage, and a strong love slightest advance of price. The readiness with of independence, their defects are redeemed or which they break a promise or an agreement, can qualified; pacific virtues they have none; it is A painter in Bogota, of the only be equalled by the sophistical ingenuity with fortunate, however, that the natural abundance of Garcia, had two paintings from which they defend themselves for having done so. the plains tends constantly to diminish their dispo-study-a Hercules spinning by th In this respect they seem a nation of lawyers, who, sition towards a life of savage marauding; were it and Endymion sleeping on the b with ease, twist words and meanings as they otherwise, the Llaneros would be to Colombia, what please.' As the reproach of being a liar is the last the Moors of the Nubian desert are to Egypt and Commissary of the Inquisition w circumstance on the ground that insult which can be offered or endured among free- the interior of Africa? indecent, searched his cabinet, a men, so is the term lie the last to be used in decent pieces, which the owner was all conversation; here, on the contrary, not only is the expression a good one, and adapted to the meridian of the genteelest society, but the reproach of being a liar may be safely cast on friend or foe with as little offence given or taken as the term 'Rake' or 'Prodigal' would cause in a fashionable London circle. It is indeed a truth worth a thousand homilies' in defence of liberty, that without it there can be no virtue. The government is framed according to the central system, and is much better in theory than in practice. The distance of the capital from the various provinces, the difficulty of travelling, but above all, the character of a people just emerged from the most degrading slavery, will probably long prevent any government, and much more a The most pleasing trait in the character of the republican one, from possessing that effiColombian Creoles is good nature. It is easy to ciency, which is necessary for protecting live with them if you require little of them: they individual rights against the encroachments have little or no active benevolence, because such of craft or power. Indeed, as our author must result from strong powers of imagination and reflection. But they are not vindictive, for revenge observes, the forms of government in the is both a strong and a permanent feeling; nor are South American provinces must be considthey cruel, although this assertion may seem para- ered as yet, as experimental. Liberty, edudoxical to those acquainted with the history of the cation, and the emigration of foreigners, revolution, but we must distinguish between cruel-will, in time, enable them to establish one ties which are the fruit of a savage nature, and such that shall be better adapted to their circumas weakness itself may give birth to, when stances than any which has hitherto been Roused up to too much wrath which follows o'er in operation. Colonel Hall criticises some of the prohibitory regulations of the congress Neither are they in general proud or assuming, ex-with severity, supposing them to evince an grown fears.' Many in this country, we curious to learn more pa actual state of the South inces, than we have been this short sketch; and the account of Colonel Hall, a formation, which cannot, as be found any where else, a very interesting character clude this article with an illustrates the nature of the Holy Inquisition exercised of the subjects, under the a a Missionary Journal and New York 1824. 12mo. THERE are few things in and conscientious men diffe their views of the utility a missions. Different minds are impressed with differe must have different opinions ter and amount of the good which they spring, and wh But this difference of opinio fined to their use as religiou their influence upon the int ture will receive unqualific ment and commendation fro these interests of value. in hell. taken into view; for, while all admit that mano, with the intent of becoming a mem- walk eight or nine hours. In the first month of my tares are sown with the wheat, who re- ber of the Propaganda Society. Before stay in that seminary, I went with the others to see member that the missionaries, and they long he became convinced that popery was VII., and I considered the canonization not as a the canonization of Alfonsio Maria Ligori by Pius who send them, are subject to human frail- not the best form of the religion of Christ; beatification and sanctification, but only as a repreties, and do not believe that the mere send- he suffered some petty persecution in Rome, sentation, or a description of the grace of God ing or going on this errand purifies from left the papal court in disgrace, and arriv- working in the individul; but I found afterwards, all error, it is no less true that the Word ed in England in 1819. He was recom- that my idea was not according to the Romish sysof God is thus scattered abroad among the mended to the London Society for Promot- tem. In Rome, they divide the canonization into two acts, calling the first act Beatificazione, and the nations, and light from Heaven made to ing Christianity among the Jews, and by second Suntificazione: both acts cost the family of penetrate the darkness. But they who them was sent to Cambridge, and afterwards the saint a great price. The words beatificazione believe that these religious missions are in- to the Missionary College at Stansted, in and santifiazione correspond entirely to the Latin efficient as to their principal purpose, or Sussex, at which places he remained two words, beatum facere, and sanctum facere aliquem. that they call into exercise bad passions as years, employed in studying the oriental But how can I believe that a pope can make saints? well as good ones, and help to propagate languages. In the summer of 1821, he left since Rome herself confesses that popes may burn mischievous error, will still admit that their England for Gibraltar; thence he proceedinfluence upon literature is decidedly bene-ed to Malta, Alexandria, to Jerusalem and ficial, whether they suppose this good ef- different parts of Palestine; at the close of fect to be dearly or cheaply purchased. the next year he returned to Malta, and These remarks were suggested to us by soon after went to Palestine a second time, Mr Wolf's Journal. It exhibits a young with two missionaries from this country. man of bright intellect, acquiring by his The bulk of the volume is filled with the own efforts almost a "gift of tongues," that narrative of his first visit to Palestine, he might be fit for the missionary work. which is contained in his Journal and letHe is then engaged in collating the Scrip- ters. Our limits will not permit us to tures and commentaries upon them in va- make an analysis of this Journal, which, rious languages, in scrutinizing them rigor- we believe, most readers would find interously, in disputing upon the remote deriva-esting. It exhibits the character of Mr tions of words and obscure shades of meaning, and labouring to understand the precise force and purport of expressions, and to translate them exactly from one tongue into another, and all this with a zeal and industry, which, were he a mere scholar, would ensure him great fame. But we may leave the instance before us, which has many parallels, and advert to a few facts of common notoriety. For almost all that we know of the twelve hundred dia In November, the Exercitia Spiritualia (which always precede the public lectures, and every solemn festival) began; a strange clergyman, or some monk, is invited at such a time to preach to lege are obliged to observe a strict silence two days, the pupils about their duty. The pupils of the coland are ordered to meditate and to go every day three times into the chapel, to hear the sermons or exhortations of the missionary. The act begins with holy song, 'Veni Sancte Spiritus, reple tuorum corda fidelium, et tui amoris ignem in eís accende, emitte spiritum tuum et creabuntur, et renovabis faciem terræ.' I heard sometimes, but not often, sermons very fine, and according to the Gospel, especially when Prince O., the Stolberg of Rome, preached to us in the seminary. He unites the zeal of Elias and true Christianity, with great worldly and love for the Gospel, the character of a man of possessions; and adds to an unquestionable zeal learning and philosophy. * * Wolf in a very favourable light, and proves We do not know that any part of the lects of North America, we are indebted given, is the same I once read in a superstitious * * * I frequently heard the noise of a crowd of people flocking to the church called Rotunda, and exclaiming, "The mother of God opens her eyes and works miracles.' The clergy send soldiers to guard the image which represents the Virgin; and to deceive collects money for the mother of God. the people, one priest reads mass, and another It is true the greatest part of the clergy said to me that this was only the fanaticism of the people; but why does the pope approve such an idolatrous fanaticism, and why do they send soldiers to the altar of that image, and why do priests collect money for the the altar of that image, to show respect and honsupport of that image, and to celebrate mass before our to it? The vicar-general, in a printed declaration, approved the miracles, said to be wrought by the image of the Virgin. In the month of October, 1819, all the pupils try-house. I saw there the villa of Mæcenas, the went to Tivoli, where they have a very fine coungrotto of Neptune, the ruins of the barracks of the army of Trajan, and the ruins of the temple of the Sybil; and I read Horace's poetry in one of his own country houses. I went one day, with the other pupils, to the church of the Friars of that town. They were then celebrating the festival of St Franciscus Assissi. All the monks of Rome are accustomed to preach sermons on the day of their patriarch, which they call Panegyrica. I heard the panegyricum of St Franciscus of Assissi, composed by a Franciscan friar! He enumerated all the miracles of St Franciscus, and all the pains of his body, where they observed the five wounds of Christ. And, after the account of these mira |