wisdom, liberty, and true glory,-in every | ures changed with my age, though I founded their civil institutions. It was the sinthing that exalts man, and both exhibit-myself often retiring to the same place, Igle determination of every man, to subing an approach to perfection which past ascended part way up the hill, and instead mit his religious sentiments to no tribunal of my fishing-rod, took with me a book- but to that of God and his own conscience,

ages never saw.

From what has been, we have every reason to infer that the world shall improve until all the nations shall become civilized, each a rival to its neighbour, and every one striving to obtain the superiority in excellence-all shall improve, yet the world never reach what it will continue to approach,-perfection. W. Cambridge, Oct. 11.

To the Editor of the U. S. L. Gazette. MR EDITOR,

A few nights since, after reading a recent publication respecting this country, which interest ed me considerably,

-I had a dream,

That was not all a dream;

the play thing of more advanced childhood.
This spot had become in some measure the
home of my leisure or my listless hours.
But my familiarity had not rendered me
insensible to its beauties; it had rather en-
deared them to me. I had not been here
long, before I was addressed by a man, ap-
parently about the age of forty, whom 1
saw not until he spake to me. I never in
my life remember to have seen so much
decision without harshness, and dignity
without reserve. For him to instruct, and
for me to listen, was a thing so natural,
that he replied rather to my thoughts than
to my words.

'In what,' said he, 'would you be in-
structed?'

I cast my eye from the eminence on

But such as it was, if it will help you to fill a page, which I was, to the surrounding objects beyou and your readers are welcome to it.

A DREAM.

INDICUS.

I retired to rest weary, though not fatigued. I was not in that frame of mind, which demands sleep, as the victim of intemperance seeks the draught which will extinguish care or lassitude in forgetfulness; but the day had already ended; the morrow had commenced; and I regarded the repose which I sought, but as a quiet preparation for what my hands might next find to do, rather than a state of lethargic lifelessness. -Man is not held to be accountable for his dreams, because he cannot control them; for that very reason they indicate his character; and imperfect indeed must his be, whose dreams are stained with deeds of wantonness or cruelty. Thoughts are then spontaneous, and they disclose the way in which we are disposed to act. May not the waking hours often profit by lessons, that the hours of slumber will give; for the heart never reflects its own image more truly, than when the limbs lie still; the eyes are closed; the breath prolonged; and the whole influence which man exerts over himself, suspended.

neath me; I would learn, I replied, some-
thing of the future prospects of my coun-
try.

which finally produced the republican form of government. Say not, then, there is no union of church and state; for there is a union of the heart, though not of the hand. That there is this union, let the example of France testify. Had there existed in that country the same sense of religion that is found in yours, she would not, in her zeal to be free, have laid the hand of violence on liberty herself. She would have wooed, not ravished. She would have resembled the good man, standing forth in the steadfast defence of his rights; not the felon broken from his prison. She would have stood omnipotent, with justice for her cause, heaven her protection, and wisdom her law; and not have wasted her strength in the impotent efforts of madness. The peculiar characteristic of thy country which has marked her progress, is religious liberty; the cause and the effect of religious principle. This must prevail throughout the world. Think of its effects on the civil institutions, the laws, habits, and customs of other nations, and measure, if you can, the influence of thine own, the centre from which it emanates. You desired to know something of the future prospects of your country; I have shewn her peculiar characteristic, from this, if she is true to herself, judge ye of her prospects. I have carried thee to the root of the tree, and analyzed the juices which give it sustenance; to count the fruit, the branches, and the leaves, were endless.'

You know,' said he, the fruit, from the seed that is planted. You may see the character of your country, in that of the few men who first stept on its shores. They were full of the divine intentions of Heaven, which later times have but partially developed. The future exists in the present; the present existed in the past. Revolutions are often the effect of causes, which have been in operation for centuries. The independence of America was achieved before she was discovered; even when the human mind was redeemed from superstition, from the dire bondage of religious slave- He proceeded-Look not for the prory. The independence of America, did I gress of religion to the din of controversy, say? I should have said the independence and the noise of party. The effects of of the whole world. That strong, convul- these must be as ephemeral as the feelings sive impulse to liberty, which the earth from which they proceed. The crusades feels from its centre to its circumference, to the holy land to rescue it from the foot which the iron hand of despotism can hard- of infidels, were not more the effect of amly bind, is an effect of the same cause, bition, feebly masked by false religion, than which is already strengthened by its suc- are the controversies that have since agicessful operation in thy country. There is tated Christendom. The power and enthis only difference. Here the strong de- signs of religion have been bestowed on termination to pursue an upright course the foulest passions of the human heart, as carried with it enough of faith for the ac- the temple of God has afforded protection complishment of that, which other nations to the outlaw and assassin. Religious truth could hardly believe to be possible, until is not a treasure which a man may easily the reality proved itself before them. God defend with his sword; he would seek in sent his veterans in the cause of religious vain, after his victory, for that which he freedom and civil liberty, to this country, had fought for. It is to be found neither that they might be in the front of the bat- in the despondency of defeat, nor the extle. And as other countries gradually ef- ultation of conquest. It is not a prize to fect that, which yours has already accom- be gained by strength, or lost by weakness. plished, from being the youngest, you will It is reflected from the calm and quiet become regarded as the eldest nation on heart in the faithful and peaceable disthe earth. Happy country! destined to charge of its duties, like the face of nareceive aggrandizement, not from hard- ture from the placid water. There exists, I soon found myself in a pleasant field, fought battles, and ill-deserved conquests; deep in the minds of very many, far renot far from my abode; it was indeed a but from every successful struggle in the moved from what is often called religion, a place which I often visited both in my wak-cause of civil and religious liberty, where- conscientious regard to their duty, produced ing and sleeping hours. It is situated on a ever it may be.-The union of church and and nurtured by the word of God. This it declivity facing the east, and at its foot state has been a most unhallowed connex-is, which will grow, and work miracles on moved a narrow stream, of considerable ion, not from essential necessity, but from earth.-The literature of your country depth, overhung with willows Hither, in the depravity of man. It was the peculiar-will be as distinctly marked as its governmy youthful days, I used to go for the purposely religious character of this people, which ment. It will be the wreath, which will of fishing; and as the nature of my pleas- achieved their independence, and establish- decorate her civil and religious institutions,

I am more accustomed than most persons to watch my dreams. They amuse me, at least; and they have sometimes almost as much distinctness and continuity as the “visions" elaborated by writers who are broad awake. I will not say that I dreamed the following, just as I have written it; but something like it I did dream. I had retired at a rather late hour, and the moon kept me awake for some time; but her beams gradually withdrew to the foot of my bed; the moaning of the wind was heard less audibly; and I slept.

and will derive its life from that of which it is the ornament. It will be a real, substantial, living form, on whose face may be read the inmost workings of the soul. It will not as yet-if ever-abound with fiction, for as the eye looks into the past, it is only as it loses itself in a dim and doubtful twilight, that it discovers the shadowy forms of romance; and America has no dark ages, to be the illimitable haunt of those who would work into reality the phantasms of their own minds. The literature of America will be beautiful and strong and chaste and healthy.'

The last words sounded in my ears as I awoke, and saw the full splendour of the sun falling where I had last seen the gentle light of the moon. I recalled the leading parts of the conversation as well as I could, and spent my first hour of leisure in arranging them in this form.

MR EDITOR,

used merely as attributives, is divided into
adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. None
of our grammarians have, however, so de-
fined either of these parts of speech, as to
give us any means of determining what
words belong to it. They have given ta-
bles of those which they think belong to
each of these classes; and, but for these
tables, we should be left wholly in the dark.
No competent reason is given for making
of these words three parts of speech, and
they might, for all that appears, as well
have been divided into twenty.

Most of our rules for connexion, arrangement, and government, depend on these undefined words; and these rules are generally such as children cannot understand, and men forget or despise. At least, nine tenths of the time devoted in our common schools in learning to parse, is rendered necessary solely by the folly of these rules. Let us take the first, for an example, and combine with it those which relate to I would direct the attention of some of your "The boy reads his the objective case. readers to the most important faults of our common book in school." "Boy" is in the nominasystems of English grammar; and your apparent tive case, beyond a doubt. But what is the willingness to estimate aright the importance of nominative case? "The nominative case these inquiries, which I propose making, encourages denotes an agent or actor; or it is the me to hope that you will admit my essays, if I subject of the verb." How long will it take may venture so to call them. I am aware, that to many of your readers, they cannot be interesting; a child to understand, from this explanaand I hardly dare to hope, that they will fully con- tion, that boy is, for this reason, the nominvince those who may read them with interest; but if ative case to reads? What will he know they serve to fix the attention of thinking men upon then, that he did not know before? He will topics which are certainly of great importance, and know that grammarians call a word thus have certainly been too long and too much neglect- situated, in the nominative case. In speaked, my principal purpose will be answered. ing or writing the sentence, he would have used exactly the same words, and arranged them in the same order, without this information. Before parsing the sentence he must understand it; and if he understand it, he cannot say the book reads the boy; that is, he cannot give the term boy, the situation of any thing except what grammarians term the nominative. The word is the same in the nominative and the objective, and hence no error can be committed in the term itself. In fact, the scholar does not learn to guard against error, nor to understand the sentence better than he did before; but devotes a long portion of previous time to learning this really useless fact-that a word having a certain use, or performing a certain office in a sentence, is called by a certain name. With few exceptions, these remarks will apply to this case wherever it occurs.

W

ON THE COMMON SYSTEMS OF ENGLISH
GRAMMAR.

THERE is no fact more obvious than that no method of parsing the English language has yet been devised, which gives general satisfaction to teachers or learners. All allow that Murray's Grammar, for example, contains much useful information, and affords great assistance towards speaking and writing correctly; but it could scarcely have been made to contain less that is of any use in analyzing the language-reducing it to its elements, and showing the precise use of every word in a sentence. Many words in our language of very common use, and of essential importance, have apparently lost their original, radical meaning, because they are no longer used as leading terms, but only as qualifying terms. Still, if the use of these is to be governed by any rule or system of rules, they must be defined. Although custom may be uniform in many cases, and there may be little danger of error, there are hundreds of those in which even the learned do not agree in their use of terms, because they do not see their radical meaning. Our dictionaries afford us little assistance in determining their specific signification; and our grammars profess to teach us how to construe and parse the language with scarcely any reference to their meaning. Murray gives from Horne Tooke a few definitions, but his system of parsing has no reference to them. This numerous class of words, which were originally nouns and verbs, but are now

It is required that the nominative case shall govern the verb in number and person. The noun boy, is singular, therefore, the verb reads, must be singular. But this, so far as it regards the use of the words, is learned when the language is learned, and not from grammars; and as to the fact, that different forms of the verb are sometimes required, by our grammars, to succeed nominatives of different numbers, it is of no consequence. All that the scholar learns from this, and most other parts of our grammars, is to apply certain technical terms to what he perfectly understood before. We are told that all nouns are of the third person, except when they denote the object of a direct address. This may be

comprehended by most children of ten or twelve years of age, after considerable instruction and explanation. But what is the use of teaching them this fact? No person ever violated this part of the rule, and there can never be a doubtful case for this to determine. Is not the time devoted to it, therefore, misspent?

Let us leave the nominative, and proceed to the other nouns in the sentence. Book and school are both in the objective case. Is not this a little remarkable that two nouns, one of which expresses the object of a transitive verb, and the other denotes the place where the action expressed by the verb is performed, should be considered in the same case. It is to be remembered, that by cases are denoted the relations which nouns and pronouns bear to other words in the same sentence. The nomina tive denotes the agent; the genitive denotes the possessor; and the objective is made to represent all other relations which exist between nouns, and between nouns and verbs. The principal use of parsing is to acquire the habit of analyzing our language, for the purpose of determining the exact meaning of every word, and its relation to other words in connexion with it: or, to say what we mean in another way, it is to determine exactly the use of every word in the place where it occurs. I suppose no one will dispute the correctness of this assertion. In those languages in which nouns are varied in form, to express cer tain relations to other words, it is of use, at least to those who learn the language from books, to have the nouns declined. But in English we have no cases of this kind except the genitive; and, except with reference to this, the term case expresses the relations or offices of nouns, and not their terminations. We ought, therefore, to have, in this sense, as many cases as we have relations; and this would make more than a hundred. To tell a child that cases are these relations or particular offices of nouns, and then teach him that there are but three, is a greater absurdity than can be found any where but in English Grammars. Besides the relation between a transitive verb and its object, and those relations expressed by prepositions, there are numerous others, which we have no words to express. Such are the relations between intransitive verbs and nouns of time,

space, dimension, &c. Our grammars inform us that these nouns are governed by prepositions understood? but in many, not most of these examples, there is no preposition in the language that will express our meaning.

What shall we say of the possessive or genitive case? It is said to denote property or possession. The noun expressing this idea is made to express it, sometimes by placing of before it, and sometimes by s and an apostrophe placed after it. These two methods signify the same; that is, they denote the same mode of possessing. When we wish to convey the idea emphati cally, in a declarative form, or with refer ence to the attributes and qualities which

66

any one possesses, we commonly express this idea of possession by the word be and have, with their variations. For example: "This man is a philosopher." Here we assert that the qualities which constitute a philosopher are possessed by this man. Again: "The man has a watch." In this case, man is as obviously a possessor, as if it were said, "The man's watch," or " The watch of the man." According to the common and only proper definition of English cases, these four methods of expressing the possessive have so near an affinity in meaning, as equally to entitle them all to be termed possessive; but our grammarians call one of them possessive, one objective, and two nominative.

As my present object is merely to lead the attention of my readers to the faults in the present mode of parsing the English language, I have not thought it important to adopt any systematic method, nor to study any greater degree of exactness than is ne cessary for my general purpose. But, seeing that I have got fairly under way, I have a mind to proceed in some future numbers, and remark on some of the more obvious errors in the common method of parsing the several parts of speech.

POETRY.

SARDANAPALUS AT THE TEMPLE OF BELUS.
This spacious mausoleum holds

Proud dust in many a worshipped shrine;
Yon massive golden urn enfolds
The Founder of our line.
In gloomy grandeur, here are laid
The gods, our regal race have made.

Yes, here are sleeping side by side

The gods, Assyrian queens have borne;
Warriors of madmen deified,

And tyrants overthrown.
Why, since my sires are all divine,
Am I, their son, without a shrine ?

I have unto my people been

A father, brother, and a friend; Go to the Western Island men-

Go eastward to mine empire's end;
If there be one hath wrong of me,
Him, fourfold recompense shall see.

I loved the glittering javelin not-
I did not love war's bloody suit;
Though came the strife with victory fraught,
And empires were its fruit.

I passed the prancing war-horse by,
To gaze at beauty's melting eye.

I never crushed Assyria's sons
To build Colossal temples high;
I bade the sire his little ones.
Watch with a parent's eye.
Throughout the land no vassal strives
With a hard lord, nor wears his gyves.

I bade my subjects plant the vine

Throughout the realms my sceptre sways;
And bade them drink the joyous wine,
And feast away their days.
Sardanapalus thence hath lost
His golden shrine and holocaust.

For had I made the rivers dance

With waves of blood from prostrate foes; And couched a warrior's murdering lance, And broke my land's repose;

TO MY MOTHER'S MEMORY.
My Mother! weary years have passed, since last
I met thy gentle smile; and sadly then
There was a mortal paleness on thy cheek,
It fell upon my young and joyous heart.
And well I knew, they bore thee far away
With a vain hope to mend the broken springs-
The springs of life. And bitter tears I shed
In childhood's short-lived agony of grief,
When soothing voices said that thou wert gone,
And that I must not weep, for thou wert blest.
Full many a flower has bloomed upon thy grave,
And many a winter's snow has melted there;
Childhood has passed, and youth is passing now,
And scatters paler roses on my path;

Dim and more dim my fancy paints thy form,
Thy mild blue eye, thy cheek so thin and fair,
Touched, when I saw thee last, with hectic flush,
Telling, in solemn beauty, of the grave.
Mine ear hath lost the accents of thy voice,
And faintly o'er my memory comes at times
A glimpse of joys that had their source in thee,
Like one brief strain of some forgotten song.
And then at times a blessed dream comes down,

Missioned, perhaps, by thee from brighter realms;
And, wearing all the semblance of thy form,
Gives to my heart the joy of days gone by.
With gushing tears I wake; O, art thou not
Unseen and bodiless around my path,
Watching with brooding love about thy child?
Is it not so, my mother? I will not
Think it a fancy, wild, and vain, and false,
That spirits good and pure as thine, descend
Like guardian angels round the few they loved,
Oft intercepting coming woes, and still
Joying on every beam that gilds our paths;
And waving snowy pinions o'er our heads
When midnight slumbers close our aching eyes.
A.

This deep, this heartfelt loneliness, this quietness of grief

Falls heavier on the flowers of joy, than tempests strong but brief;

Though whirlwinds tear the blossoms fair, yet still the stem may thrive,

dust hath gone,
And in its wonted, channeled course, the stream of
life flows on;

Oh who can tell how drear the space once filled by

those most dear,

When well known scenes which they have loved,
and all but they are here.

But the withering blight of one wintry night, scarce leaves the root alive.

Yet as our earthly pleasures fade, if plants of purer

peace

Spring in our bosom's wilderness, and nurtured there, increase;

And humble hope, and holy fear, our wounded bo-
soms fill,

They'll teach us all the blessedness of yielding to
His will.

Then seek not, hours of sober grief or sorrowing
thoughts, to shun,

Until we feel that we can say, "Thy will-not mine-be done."

And then our hearts to Him will pay an homage
pure and warm,

Who saw the cloud o'er them we love, and housed
them from the storm.
A. C. H.

TURKISH LITERATURE.

THE following remarks are contained in a review of a Grammar of the Turkish language by M. Jaubert, published in the Courier de Londres, and translated into the Asiatic Journal for May, 1824.

"An erroneous opinion is generally entertained in Europe respecting the language and literature of the Ottomans, and their system of education. It is supposed by many that the language of this barbarous people is even less cultivated than their manners. Such however is not the case. The descendants of Othman possess a language, which is inferior to no ancient or modern tongue in softness, flexibility, and harmony; and its rules are so admirably simple, that we should rather suppose them to have been framed by an academy of learned men, than by a society consisting of Nomade and pastoral tribes.

"We shall not enter into a minute analysis of this language; but it may not be amiss to furnish, as an example of its general construction, the facility with which a verb is conjugated. By adding a single syllable and sometimes, a single letter, to the radical of the verb, it is thus modified. The verb sevmeq, to love, is made to signify, to be loved, to love one another, to make one love, to make us love one another, to love not, to be not loved, to make us not love one another, &c. We should tire our readers by following up the series of modifications.

"There are, however, several defects with which this language, or rather those who write it, may be charged. The literati of the country frequently write with a degree of obscurity it would be easy to avoid. Not contented with admitting into Persian terms, borrowed from their neightheir pages, a multiplicity of Arabic and to the rules of Turkish Syntax, they strive bours, and which are not readily subjected to crowd together a number of participles which give no determinate time, always

222

keep the meaning of the sentence inconveniently suspended, and sometimes even to the end of the second or third leaf of the volume. When in addition to these defects, we take into consideration, that there are neither vowels, paragraphs, nor punctuation, which in fact are seldom to be met with in oriental languages, we may form a tolerable idea of the perspicuity of a Turkish manuscript.

"The penury of Turkish literature is, doubtless, to be attributed to those causes. Nevertheless the language can boast of poets, for instance Rouhihi and Meshiy; of romance-writers, amongst whom the aged Tartare Barakeh may be mentioned; and of a considerable number of historians, geographers, and physicians.

at the same time, be interesting to other
readers, by exemplifying the wisdom and
observation of a people generally supposed
to be barbarous.

"We repeat, the Turks are by no means
so uncivilized as report declares them.
Public instruction is encouraged by all the
higher classes of society. Numbers of rich
men in bequeathing legacies, usually devote
a portion to the erection of a Mudreseh, or
public school. Several of the Turkish em-
perors have followed the example. It is
actually the case, whatever surprise the
statement may occasion, that, at the pres-
ent moment, there exists at Constantino-
ple, a greater number of Colleges than at
Paris.

"In the penal laws of this people, there "But, even if the Turkish language does are certain provisions which are not to be not present us with a variety of literary found in our own codes, but which would productions worthy of attention, it ought have done honour to the wisdom of our legnot the less to be an object of study to the islators. Unfortunately, however, the inphilologist, for it is the only diplomatic lan- stitutes are infected with the same fanatiguage made use of at most of the eastern cal spirit which attaches generally to the courts. It is almost exclusively spoken at the followers of Mahomet, and more especially courts of the Viceroy of Egypt, and the Shah to those Mahometans who belong to the of Persia; under the tents of the great Khans Sunnite sect. This fanaticism will ever of Tartary, and in the Seraglio of the Sul- prevent the present rulers of the Bosphotan; and is certainly the maternal language rus from attaining to such a degree of civof these princes. In fact, over all the north-ilization, as is absolutely requisite to enable ern coast of Africa, and from Constantino- them to command respect in the great ple to the western frontiers of China, there family of European nations. is scarcely a spot where the Turkish idiom is not more or less understood. The importance of such a language is undoubtedly great, whether regarded in a commercial or diplomatic view.

RUSSIAN LITERATURE.

same bookseller, met with like success, and is out of print.

If the work is a remarkable phenomenon in Russia, the venerable author himself is no less so. M. Von Karamsin is a rare, and in Russia the only, instance of a man who has become known and rich by his literary labours alone; who is indebted to them and his moral character for universal esteem; who, without holding any office, was distinguished at court, and honoured with particular favour and regard by the Emperor and the whole imperial family. M. Von Karamsin, though he has suddenly risen into favour at court, has not become a courtier, but, faithful to the sciences, continues to dedicate the greater part of the day to serious study, and is never so happy as in the circle of his family, or in the society of chosen friends.

HEAT PRODUCED BY THE COMPOUND BLOW

薯 PIPE.

The astonishing heat from the flame of oxy-hydrous gas, issuing from the compound blowpipe (originally invented by Dr Hare, in 1802), is such that Mr Thomas Skidmore found, on projecting this flame against the outside of a small tinned iron cup, full of cold water, that the outside of the cup be came red hot, and at length assumed a white heat, not only on its outside, but within, contact with the water; and in an instant afterwards the flame broke through the side of the cup and entered the water, without being extinguished. This sug gested to him the plunging of the jet pipe and flame under water; which, after due precaution, was effected, and the flame continued to burn with undiminished ener gy in actual contact with the water; which latter, in a tumbler holding about half a pint, quickly became heated from 56° to 170° Farenheit.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF COKE AND
WOOD AS FUEL.

The tenth and eleventh volumes of the Russian national work, the "History of the Russian Empire," by Karamsin, have been «M. Jaubert, whose justly celebrated published. They contain the history of the name recals to our recollection the various government of the last descendant of Ruservices he has rendered to his country, has rik, the Tzar Fedor Joannowitsch; the now established a new claim upon the grat-election, government and melancholy end itude of his fellow-citizens, as well as upon of Boris Godunow; the period of the false that of all friends to literature, by publishing Dimitrii; the horrors of the Interregnum; the grammar to which we are here request- the hated dominion of the Poles, and their ing the attention of our readers. The scar- expulsion from the Russian territories. city and dearness of the small grammar, pub- This is an important and interesting period. lished at Constantinople by the Jesuit, Al- Independent of the scientific worth of the derman; the obscurity of Merinski's gram- work, it must have great influence on the Some trials have been made by M. Delmar; and the incorrectness of the oriental improvement of the language, as it is so type in that which was published by father universally read; and in this respect these rit on the heating power of coke and wood, Viguier, render the new publication of M. two last volumes seem to be superior to the when consumed in stoves. Two similar Jaubert very acceptable to orientalists. In- preceding. We find in them a number of stoves were heated, one by wood and the othstead of following the example of his pre- truly national expressions and terms which by coke, and the temperature of the exdecessors, by rendering his subject difficult had not before been adopted in writing, and terior taken at some distance from the fire. and complicated by a multiplicity of rules, which, being now incorporated into the The temperature of the flues was at first for the most part useless, this writer has en-higher style of composition, are an impor-2° Centigrade, and the mean temperature deavoured to simplify the language he has tant philological addition. There has been at the end of six hours, was, by the wood, undertaken to teach, by laying its elements no book which has met with such general 130, by the coke 16°; so that the increase before us with method and perspicuity. by the wood was 4°, by the coke 7o. These He has distinguished with much address, a effects were produced by 73 kilogrammes variety of trifling anomalies, which other (163 pounds) of wood, worth three and a half grammarians had regarded as general rules francs; and 24 kilogrammes (53 pounds) of coke, worth one franc, 80 cents. During instead of exceptions. In short this learned the progress of this experiment another orientalist has employed the superior intelligence he has derived from long study and stove had been heated for several hours extensive experience to preserve to the with wood, and the temperature had not Turkish idiom the character of simplicity risen above 130. which justly belongs to it. quickly raised it to 15° or 16°. Hence it is concluded, and with reason, that coke is

approbation in Russia. The first eight volumes appeared in 1817; and in about three weeks after their publication, it is said that the whole edition, consisting of three thousand copies, was sold. The eagerness with which all classes, even the less educated, hastened to procure the history of their nation, was extremely interesting and remarkable. Peasants, mechanics, disbanded soldiers, joined together to make "The work is concluded by a collection up fifty rubles, which was its price. M. of proverbs, engraved in lithographic, by Soenin, a bookseller at St Petersburgh, M. Bianchi, and which are both entertain- published a second edition of an equal numing and instructive. These proverbs will ber, for which he paid the author a large serve as exercises for the pupil; and will, sum, The ninth volume, published by the

The use of coke very

Russia, towards the printing of which the Emperor *It is generally assserted that the History of contributed 60,000 rubles, has already yielded 250,000 rubles to its author.

Plantarum Americanarum Fasciculus | for the whole collection, or for the works Primus, continens Plantas, quas olim Ca- of separate authors. rolus Plumierus, Botanicorum princeps detexit, eruitque, atque in Insulis Antillis ipse depinxit. Has primum in lucem edidit, concinnis descriptionibus, Æneisque Tabulis illustravit Johannes Burmannus, M. D. Athenæi illustris, et in horto Medico Amstelodamensi Professor Botanices, Academiæ Cæsarea Naturæ Curiosorum Socius. In 1 vol. fol. Price $5,25.

This superb collection will be printed on paper of three qualities:

1. On fine paper at two dollars per volume.

2. On vellum paper, with a proof impression of the portrait, at two dollars and seventy-five cents per volume.

3. On large superfine vellum paper, with a proof impression of the portrait, and the etching on India paper, at four dollars per volume. Only fifty copies will be printed.

The public are respectfully requested to forward their subscriptions without delay, as the works most in demand will be the first put to press.

N. B. The works of Oliver Goldsmith will form the first four volumes. They are now in the press, and will be published shortly.

LIST OF AUTHORS INTENDED TO BE

Chaucer's select Works, 1 vol.
Donne's select Poems, Gower's select Po-

ems, Howard's (Henry, Earl of Surrey,
Poems, Wyatt's (Sir Thomas) Poems.
1 vol.

Spenser's (Edm.) Poems, 2 vols