Triangulum Minor was formed, and thus named, by Hevelius, from three small stars immediately to the south of the major constellation, towards Hamal of Aries; but it has been discontinued by astronomers since Flamsteed's day. Still Gore has recently revived it in the title Triangula on the planisphere in his translation of l'Astronomie Populaire, as did Proctor in his reformed list. Triangulum Australe, the Southern Triangle, much more noticeable than its northern original, first appeared in print in Bayer's Uranometria of 1603, although its formation is attributed to Pieter Theodor of nearly a century previous. Caesius cited names for it drawn from the older constellation, among them Almutabet algenubi Arabice neotericis, which would show that either the Arabians had anticipated Bayer, or were very prompt to learn of his work. But he also called it the Three Patriarchs, doubtless Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, from its three prominent stars; and Julius Schiller had recourse to their descendants for his alphabetical title Signum Tau. Proctor catalogued it as plain Triangulum, the Northern Triangle being one of his Triangula. The French, Germans, and Italians exactly translate the Latin words. The Chinese equivalent is San Kiō Hung. The constellation lies south of Ara, between the tail of Pavo and the fore feet of the Centaur, Gould assigning to it 46 components down to the 7th magnitude. The lucida a comes to the meridian on the 14th of July. a, 2.2, ẞ and y, 3.1 each, were- perhaps are now angle Stars. the seamen's Tri Ideler said that La Caille substituted for it Norma et Regula, but in maps of the present day both constellations appear side by side. Tucana, the Toucan, was published by Bayer under our English name,1 but some one has Latinized it in ornithologists' style as we now see it. Burritt had Toucana and 1 Professor Alfred Newton says that the avian word may be from the Guaranis' Tī, Nose, and Cang, Bone; and that it first was mentioned in print by Trevét in 1558 as from that Brazilian Indian tribe. It is the Rhamphastos toco of the naturalists. Touchan; the French, Toucan; the Italians, Toucano; and the Germans, Tukan. The Chinese translated the original word, given to them by the Jesuits, as Neaou Chuy, the Beak Bird, very appropriate to a creature that is almost all beak. In the 17th century the English called it the Brasilian Pye, but Caesius gave it the geographically incorrect Pica Indica; while Kepler, Riccioli, and even later authors knew it as the Anser Americanus, a title that appears as late as Stieler's planisphere of 1872, in the American Gans. Tucana lies immediately south of Phoenix, bordering on the south polar Octans, its tail close to the bright Achernar of Eridanus, and marks the crossing of the equinoctial colure and the antarctic circle. Gould assigned to it 81 naked-eye stars, from 2.8 to the 7th magnitudes. The 4th-magnitude y is very blue, and the 51⁄2 v, strongly red; but its most notable object is Bode's cluster 47, N. G. C. 104. This celebrated "ball of suns" has been lettered § by Gould, as it shines like a hazy 411⁄2magnitude star. Bailey counted, within 660" of its centre, 2235 stars, and among them six variables. The cluster seems to be completely insulated with regard to the surrounding stars. Turdus Solitarius, the Solitary Thrush, was formed by Le Monnier in 1776 from the faint stars over the tail-tip of the Hydra, where some modern seeker of fame has since substituted another avian figure, the Noctua, or Night Owl. The title is said to be that of the Solitaire, formerly peculiar to the little island Rodriguez in the Indian Ocean, 344 miles to the eastward of Mauritius; although the bird has been extinct for two centuries,— as indeed now is the constellation. Little seems to be known of this sky figure, although Ideler wrote of it as Einsiedler, the German Drossel. 1 The generic word Turdus, however, is erroneous; for the bird was not a thrush, but, as its correct name, Pezophaps solitaria, denotes, an extremely modified form of flightless pigeon allied to the dodos, yet larger and taller than a turkey. 1 1 'Twas noon of night, when round the pole The sullen Bear is seen to roll. Thomas Moore's translation of the Odes of Anacreon. round and round the frozen Pole Glideth the lean white bear. Robert Williams Buchanan's Ballad of Judas Iscariot. Ursa Major, the Greater Bear, the Grande Ourse of the French, the Orsa Maggiore of the Italians, and the Grosse Bär of the Germans, always has been the best known of the stellar groups, appearing in every extended reference to the heavens in the legends, parchments, tablets, and stones of remotest times. And Sir George Cornewall Lewis, quoting allusions to it by Aristotle, Strabo, and many other classical writers, thinks, from Homer's line, Arctos, sole star that never bathes in th' ocean wave (by reason of precession it then was much nearer the pole than it now is), that this was the only portion of the arctic sky that in the poet's time had been reduced to constellation form. This statement, however, refers solely to the Greeks; for even before Homer's day we know that earlier nations had here their own stellar groups; yet we must remember that the "Apos and "Auaža of the Iliad and Odyssey consisted of but the seven stars, and that these alone bore those names till Thales formed our Ursa Minor. Later on the figure was enlarged "for the purpose of uranographic completeness," so that Heis now catalogues 227 components visible to his naked eye, although only 140 appeared to Argelander, down to the 6th magnitude. It is almost the first object to which the attention of beginners in astronomy is called,- a fact owing partly to its circumpolar position for all points above the 41st parallel rendering it always and entirely visible above that latitude, but very largely to its great extent and to the striking conformation of its prominent stars. It is noticeable, too, that all early catalogues commenced with the two Ursine constellations. Although the group has many titles and mythical associations, it has almost everywhere been known as a Bear, usually in the feminine, from its legendary origin. All classic writers, from Homer to those in the decline. of Roman literature, thus mentioned it,— a universality of consent as to its form which, it has fancifully been said, may have arisen from Aristotle's idea that its prototype was the only creature that dared invade the frozen North. Yet it is remarkable that the Teutonic nations did not know this stellar group under this shape, although the animal was of course familiar to them and made much of in story and worship. With them these stars were the Wagen, our familiar Wain. Aratos wrote in the Phainomena: Two Bears Called Wains move round it, either in her place; Ovid, in the Tristia, Magna minorque ferae; and Propertius included both in his Geminae Ursae; while Horace, Vergil, and Ovid, again, called them Gelidae Arcti. We also meet with Arctoi and Arctoe. The Anglo-Saxon Manual of Astronomy of the 10th century adopted the Greek Arctos, al though it adds "which untaught men call Carles-wæn"; rare old Ben Jonson, in 1609, in his Epicoene, or the Silent Woman, called Kallisto a star Mistress Ursula in the heavens; and La Lande cited Fera major, Filia Ursae, and Ursa cum puerulo, referring to Arcas. The well-known, although varied, story of Kaλλiorú,- as old as Hesiod's time, who was changed to a bear because of Juno's jealousy and transferred to the skies by the regard of Jove, has given rise to much poetical allusion from Hesiod's day till ours, especially among the Latins. In Addison's translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, where this myth is related, we read that Jove snatched them through the air In whirlwinds up to heaven and fix'd them there; And add a lustre to the northern skies; although the dissatisfied Juno still complained that in this location they proudly roll In their new orbs and brighten all the pole. This version of the legend turned Kallisto's son Arcas into Ursa Minor, although he was Boötes; Matthew Arnold correctly writing of the mother and son in his Merope: The Gods had pity, made them Stars. Stars now they sparkle In the northern Heaven The guard Arcturus, The guard-watch'd Bear. Another version substituted her divine mistress "Aprɛμiç — also known to the Greeks as Kaλλíorn, the Roman Diana-for the nymph of the celestial transformation; the last Greek word well describing the extreme beauty of this constellation. La Lande, however, referred the title to the Phoenician Kalitsah, or Chalitsa, Safety, as its observation helped to a safe voyage. Among its names from the old story are Kallisto herself; Lycaonia, Lycaonia Puella, Lycaonia Arctos, from her father, or grandfather, king of the aboriginal race that was known as late as Saint Paul's day, with the distinct dialect alluded to in the Acts of the Apostles, xiv, 11; Dianae Comes and Phoebes Miles are from her companionship in arms with that goddess; and it was one of the arctos oceani metuentes aequore tingi, because Tethys, at Juno's instigation, had forbidden Kallisto to enter her watery dominions. Yet Camões, from a lower latitude, wrote of As Ursas: We saw the Bears, despite of Juno, lave Their tardy bodies in the boreal wave. Ovid's arctos aequoris expertes; immunemque aequoris Arcton; liquidique immunia ponti, and utraque sicca, were from the fact that, being circumpolar, neither of the Bears sets below the ocean horizon. This was a favorite conceit of the poets, and astronomically correct during millenniums before and centuries after Homer's day, although not so in recent times as to the Greater, except in high latitudes. Chaucer reproduced this in his rendering of the De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boëtius, whom he styles Boece: Ne the sterre y-cleped" the Bere," that enclyneth his ravisshinge courses abouten the soverein heighte of the worlde, ne the same sterre Ursa nis never-mo wasshen in the depe westrene see, ne coveiteth nat to deyen his flaumbe in the see of the occian, al-thogh he see other sterres y-plounged in the see; our Bryant rendering this idea: The Bear that sees star setting after star In the blue brine, descends not to the deep. Poetical titles induced by the legend of Arcas were Virgo Nonacrina and Tegeaea Virgo, from the Arcadian towns Nonacris and Tegea; Erymanthis, perhaps the Erymanthian Boar that Hercules slew, but more probably the Erymanthian Bear; Maenalia Arctos, Maenalis, and Maenalis Ursa, from those mountains; Parrhasis, Parrhasia Virgo, and Parrhasides Stellae, from |