cafes, and particularly ferviceable for obviating objections, can only mislead when applied to explain the operations of mind.

In the fifth chapter, the Author points out the proper means of obtaining an acquaintance with the operations of the mind, viz, accurate reflection upon them, united with attention to the ftructure of language and to the course of human actions and conduct, both of which are indications of human thoughts and fentiments. To give attention, however, to our own mental operations, fo as to become well acquainted with them, is not an eafy tafk, and the caufes of the peculiar difficulties which occur in this branch of study, are fully and properly illuftrated in the fubfequent chapter.

The feventh chapter treats of the divifion of the operations of the mind, which we have already noticed: and the eighth treats of another divifion of them into focial and folitary, which has hitherto been overlooked by writers upon this fubject. Simple apprehenfion, judgment, and reafoning, which have engroffed the whole attention of those philofophers who have treated concerning the human understanding, are folitary acts. But when a man afks a queftion, bears teftimony, makes a promife, gives a command, or begs a favour, he is employed in a focial act, different from any of the former, and not refolvable into any of them, Thefe acts are expreffed in correfponding modes of fpeech. But neither the operations themselves, nor the expreffions of them, have attracted the attention of writers on this branch of knowledge,

[To be continued in our next. ]

ART. VII. Military Antiquities refpecting a Hiftory of the English Army, from the Conqueft to the prefent Time. By Francis Grofe, Efq. F.A. S. 4to. Numbers I-V. 3s. each. Hooper. 1786.

APTAIN Grofe, who has favoured the lovers of British

Cantiquities with a rich collection, which will become more

valuable in proportion as it acquires antiquity itself, and as the objects recorded in it moulder into oblivion,-has, with great propriety, taken up the hiftory of his own profeffion and when we confider him in the twofold character of an antiquary and a foldier, the task could not be affigned to more fuitable hands.

The five Numbers publifhed are decorated with very good engravings, reprefenting the military dreffes, machines, &c. of our ancestors; and the propofed objects of the work are expreffed in the following prefatory Advertisement:

The defign of this work being to give an historical and chronological detail of the different conftituent parts of the English army, from the Conqueft to the prefent time, with the various changes they have fucceffively undergone; for the fake of method, they will be arranged, and confidered under the following heads:

• A brief

Mr. Arthur. - Edinburgh

A brief account of the Anglo-Saxon army before the battle of Haflings. The general outlines of that part of the feudal fyftem which refpe&s military fervice, inflituted by William I. The confitutional force of this kingdom fhortly after the Norman invasion, with the fabfequent regulations relative thereto. Of ftipendiary, or mercenary troops. Of troops, provifion, and munition, levied by the royal prerogative.

The modes of fummoning the military tenants. The forms of affembling the poffe comitatus. Of embodying and arming the clergy. Commiffions of array. Methods of engaging for troops by indenture, and other occafional expedients practifed for levying foldiers in cales of emergency.

• The different kinds of troops of which our armies have from time to time been compofed. Their arms offenfive and defenfive, the division of the ancient forces into troops and companies, the number and denomination of their officers, with the fucceffive alterations to the prefent time.

The general, field, and ftaff officers of different ranks. The ancient manner of muftering the troops, and appreciating the horses of the cavalry, with the prices allowed for them."

The pay of the officers and foldiers at different periods. Clothing, quarters, caftrametation, colours, ftandards, and military mufic, exercife, evolutions, and manœuvres.

• Administration of juftice, and the various manners of trying mi litary delinquents. The military laws and ordonnances of different reigns. Obfervations on the prefent articles of war. Military rewards and punishments.

Artillery. The ancient machines ufed for projecting darts and flones their conftruction, power, and ranges. The machines impelled by human force. Thofe contrived for covering troops employed in a fiege. The Greek fire, and other artificial fireworks. Gunpowder, with an investigation of the time when and by whom it was invented. Proportions obferved at different times in the materials of which it is compounded. The invention of cannons and mortars, with their improvements. The introduction of hand of different forts and denominations.

guns

• Fortification. The ancient manner of attack and defence of towns, forts, and caftles, before the use of gunpowder; alterations and improvements fince that invention. Mines, and infernals.

The laws and cuftoms refpecting prifoners of war, their parole, and ranfem.

Thefe are the different articles under which the Author propofes to conduct his enquiry; an undertaking, it must be confeffed, of no fmall magnitude; but as the due execution of it will depend more on induftry than genius, he flatters himself a degree of patience and application, a great liking for the fubject, and many years practical experience in diverfe branches of it, will enable him to complete his undertaking, if not in a manner equal to his wifhes, at leaft fo as to efcape the accufation of temerity for the attempt; and he farther hopes, that his endeavours may excite fome more able writer to take up the fubject.

It may be neceffary to obferve, that although the number of references to customs and ufages obferved in France, brought as proofs

of

of like practices in England, may at firft fight be deemed incompetent evidence; yet when it is confidered, that the Conqueror would, undoubtedly, with the feudal fyftem, introduce all the other Norman cuftoms into his English army; and when we recollect the intimate connection that long fubfifted between the two nations, and that most of our great barons were formerly poffeffed of eftates and feigneurie's in both countries, with the number of French troops that ferved in the English armies, this objection will vanish, and the propriety of the introduction become apparent. Indeed the fimilarity of military ufages was not confined to France and England; the number of dif ferent nations affembled by the crufades could not fail of making the military customs, arms, machines, and difcipline pretty much alike throughout Europe.

As many records and other authorities are cited in fupport of affertions, in which the mere word of the Author ought not to be taken as fufficient proof, fuch of them as cannot be conveniently inferted in the notes, will be placed at the end of each volume, under the title of Appendix.'

An undertaking of this curious nature appeared to deferve the moft early mention; and having fhewn what the very ingenious Author promifes, we have only to add our confidence in his fatisfactory performance, from what the Public have already received from his hand.

N.

ART. VIII. The Obferver-a Collection of moral, literary, and

familiar Effays. 3 Vols. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. Dilly. 1786. Jee Vol.

HE first edition of Mr. Cumberland's entertaining work 80410. confifted of forty efiays only: this fecond contains ninety- Gigned three numbers; and is as remarkable for correctness and beauty A.B.) of typography, as the former was for awkwardness and inaccuracy. The favourable opinion which we expreffed of the first forty Numbers, in our Review for Auguft 1785, may be extended to the additional effays; which are not inferior to the others, either in thought or expreffion. The fame characteristics. prevail through all of them. The literary effays are diftinguifhed by the fame unoftentatious difplay of real learning, and are the productions of a much more extenfive enquiry than will appear, we apprehend, to a fuperficial reader. The familiar and moral effays favour much more of the world, than the closet ; they not only contain faithful pictures of real life, but are written with praife-worthy intentions, and are enlivened by a chafte and fubdued facetioufnefs, which befpeaks the gentleman as well as the accomplished writer.

With refpect to Mr. Cumberland's ftyle, it may deserve attention, as being formed on a very different model from the fashionable phrafeology of the day. He feems to have avoided all gaudy words, all formal antithefis, and all ftudied turns of expreffion, with as much care as others feek for them; and has rather af→

fected

fected the idiomatic eafe and elegant fluency of ADDISON, than the ambitious ornament and elaborate dignity of JOHNSON. In doing this he has fometimes been betrayed into a vulgarity and Aatnets of diction, which fhould be carefully avoided by every polite writer, in times fo correct and critical as the present.

Among the new effays we were particularly pleased with the Voluptuary's Soliloquy, which we shall here infert, together with the concluding number, containing an account of the Author's views and wishes in this publication.

The VOLUPTUARY'S SOLILOQUY.

I find myself in poffeffion of an eftate, which has devolved upon me without any pains of my own: I have youth and health to enjoy it, and I am determined fo to do: pleafure is my object, and I must therefore fo contrive as to make that object lafting and fatisfactory if I throw the means away, I can no longer compafs the end; this is felf-evident. I perceive therefore that I must not game; for though I like play, I do not like to lose that which alone can purchase every pleasure I propofe to enjoy; and I do not fee that the chance of winning other people's money can compenfate for the pain I must fuffer if I lofe my own: an addition to my fortune can only give fuperfluities; the lofs of it may take away even the neceffaries; and in the mean time I have enough for every other gratification but the defperate one of deep play: it is refolved therefore that I will not be a gamefter: there is not common fenfe in the thought, and therefore I renounce it.

• But if I give up gaming, I will take my fwing of pleasure; that I am determined upon. I must therefore afk myself the question, what is pleasure? Is it high living and hard drinking? I have my own choice to make, therefore I must take fome time to confider of it. There is nothing very elegant in it I must confefs; a glutton is but a forry fellow, and a drunkard is a beast: befides I am not sure my conftitution can stand against it: I fhall get the gout, that would be the devil; I fhall grow out of all fhape; I fhall have a red face full of blotches, a foul breath, and be loathfome to the women: I cannot bear to think of that, for I doat upon the women, and therefore adieu to the bottle and all its concomitants; I prefer the favours of the fair fex to the company of the foakers, and fo there is an end to all drinking; I will be fober, only because I love pleasure.

But if I give up wine for women, I will repay myself for the facrifice; I will have the finest girls that money can purchase-Money, did I fay? What a found has that!-Am I to buy beauty with money, and cannot I buy love too? for there is no pleasure even in beauty without love. I find myfelf gravelled by this unlucky question: mercenary love! that is nonfenfe; it is flat hypocrify; it is difgufting. I fhould loath the fawning careffes of a diffembling harlot, whom I pay for false fondness: I find I am wrong again: I cannot fall in love with a harlot; the must be a modeft woman; and when that befals me, what then? Why then, if I am terribly in love indeed, and cannot be happy without her, there is no other choice left me; I think I must even marry her! nay I am fure I muft; for if

pleasure

pleasure leads that way, pleasure is my object, and marriage is my lot: I am determined therefore to marry, only because I love plea

fure.

Well! now that I have given up all other women for a wife, I am refolved to take pleafure enough in the poffeffion of her; I muft be cautious therefore that nobody elfe takes the fame pleafure too; for otherwife how have I bettered myself? I might as well have remained upon the common. I fhould be a fool indeed to pay fuch a price for a purchafe, and let in my neighbours for a fhare; therefore I am determined to keep her to myself, for pleasure is my only object, and this I take it is a fort of pleasure, that does not confift ia participation.

The next queftion is, how I must contrive to keep her to myself.. -Not by force; not by locking her up; there is no pleafure in that notion; compulfion is out of the cafe; inclination therefore is the next thing; I must make it her own choice to be faithful: it feems then to be incumbent upon me to make a wife choice, to look well before I fix upon a wife, and to ufe her well when I have fixed. I will be very kind to her, because I will not deftroy my own pleasure; and I will be very careful of the temptations I expofe her to, for the fame reafon. She fhall not lead the life of your fine town ladies; I have a charming place in the country; I will pafs most of my time in the country; there fhe will be fafe, and 1 fhall be happy. I love pleasure, and therefore I will have little to do with that curft intriguing town of London; I am determined to make my house in the country as pieafant as it is poffible.

But if I give up the gaieties of a town life, and the club, and the gaming-table, and the girls, for a wife and the country, I will have the fports of the country in perfection; I will keep the bett pack of hounds in England, and hunt every day in the week.-But hold a moment there! what will become of my wife all the while I am following the hounds? Will the follow nobody; will nobody follow her? A pretty figure I fhall make, to be chacing a flag and come home with the horns! At least I fhall not rifque the experiment; I shall not like to leave her at home, and I cannot take her with me, for that would fpoil my pleafure; and I hate a horse-dog woman; I will keep no whipper-in in petticoats. I perceive therefore I must give up the hounds, for I am determined nothing fhall ftand in the way of my pleasure.

Why then, I muft find out fome amusements that my wife can partake in; we must ride about the park in fine weather; we must vifit the grounds, and the gardens, and plan out improvements, and make plantations; it will be rare employment for the poor people-That is a thought that never ftruck me before; methinks there must be a great deal of pleafure in fetting the poor to work-1 shall like a farm for the fame reafon; and my wife will take pleafure in a dairy; The fhall have the most elegant dairy in England; and I will build a confervatory, and the fhall have fuch plants and fuch Aowers! —[ have a notion I fhall take pleasure in them myfelf-And then there is a thousand things to do within-doors; it is a fine old mansion, that is the truth of it: I will give it an entire repair; it wants new fur. niture; that will be very pleafant work for my wife: I perceive I

could