and to their personnel shall be determined in each case through agreements between said organizations and the Governments concerned.

Article 83

Correspondence of the Pan American Union and of the specialized inter-American organizations, including printed matter and parcels, when bearing their frank, shall be carried free of postage by the mails of the American States.

CHAPTER IX: RATIFICATION AND ENTRY INTO FORCE

Article 84

The present Organic Pact of the Inter-American System shall remain open to signature by the American States, and shall be ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures. The original instrument, whose texts in Spanish, English, Portuguese, and French are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Pan American Union, which shall send certified copies to the Governments for purposes of ratification. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited in the Pan American Union, which shall notify the signatory Governments of such deposit. Such notification shall be considered an exchange of ratifications.

Article 85

The present Pact shall enter into effect as among the ratifying States, when two-thirds of the signatory States have deposited their ratifications. The present Pact shall enter into effect with respect to the other States in the order in which they deposit their ratifications.

Article 86

The present Pact shall be registered in the General Secretariat of the United Nations through the Pan American Union, upon the deposit of the ratifications of two-thirds of the signatory States.

Article 87

Amendments to the present Pact may be adopted only at an International Conference of American States held for such purpose. The Amendments shall enter into force under the same terms and in accordance with the procedure established in Article 84.

States are juridically equal among themselves. They have the same rights and the same obligations. This equality derives from the existence of the state as a person of international law and not from the power which the state may possess to defend or maintain it nor from the territorial size or degree of progress of each state.

The rights which each state enjoys in accordance with international law must be respected and protected by all other states, since right and duty are correlative and each state has the duty to respect the rights of all the other states.

The American States reiterate their adherence to the republican and democratic principles, which they consider essential for the peace of America.

IV

The conservation of peace based on justice and law is the fundamental criterion of conduct in the relations among the American States. Every state has the right to a peaceful and secure existence.

V

Good faith, as an elementary requirement of law and equity, should guide the relations of states among themselves and govern the interpretation of their duties and the fulfillment of their obligations. Mutual confidence in the pledged word is indispensable for peaceful cooperation among states.

VI

Treaties must be in the nature of open covenants and must be faithfully observed.

1

1 Formulated by the Committee on the Organization of the Inter-American System in accordance with Resolution IX of the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace,

VII

The political existence of a new state is independent of its recognition by other states. Recognition-which is unconditional and irrevocable-signifies that the states which recognize the new state accept its personality with all the rights and duties which international law prescribes.

VIII

Intervention by any one or more states, directly or indirectly, and for whatever reasons in the internal or external affairs of another state is inadmissible.

IX

The territory of a state is inviolable and may not be the object of military occupation or of other measures of force taken by another state directly or indirectly for whatever motive, even temporarily. No territorial acquisitions or special advantages obtained by force or other means of coercion shall be recognized.

X

The use of armed force is repudiated and outlawed.

XI

The measures taken by the Inter-American System or by the United Nations for the maintenance of peace and security in accordance with international agreements, and the measures which any state may take in the exercise of the inherent right of self-defense against armed attack, do not constitute a violation of principles set forth in Articles VIII, IX, and X of the present Declaration.

XII

All disputes that may arise between two or more American States, whatever their nature or origin, must be settled exclusively by peaceful procedures.

XIII

The jurisdiction of states within the limits of national territory applies to all the inhabitants. Nationals and aliens are under the same protection of and owe the same obedience to the law and the national authorities.

XIV

The purpose of the state is the complete development of man within society. The interests of the community should be harmonized with those of the individual. The American man cannot conceive of living without justice. Neither can he conceive of living without liberty.

XV

It is the duty and the obligation of each state to respect and promote the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration of the International Rights and Duties of Man, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

XVI

In order to ensure the development of democracy and for the purpose of achieving economic, social, and cultural progress, every state should advance public health, endeavor to raise the standard of living, combat unemployment, and promote widespread education.

XVII

Economic cooperation is essential to the common prosperity of the American peoples. Want among any of them in the form of poverty, malnutrition or ill health affects each of them and consequently all of them jointly.

XVIII

The American States proclaim the principle of equality of access to the trade and raw materials of the world and to the producers' goods which are needed for their industrial and commercial development. In order to realize these aims, the American States recognize the duty to cooperate for the prevention or elimination of unjust discriminations; to reduce barriers injurious to international trade; to avoid practices which obstruct international trade and to eliminate the excesses which may result from economic nationalism.

XIX

The American States, aware of the evident efficacy of the friendly interchange of views, especially through the procedure of consultation, may bring for the consideration of the American Governments any proposal or situation in the examination or solution of which the said States have a common interest.

XX

The American States reiterate their adherence to the policy of the "Good Neighbor," which expresses an aspiration that is common to all the American nations; and consider that this policy is a standard which should govern their common relations.

XXI

The American States, fully cognizant of the geographic and historical factors to which the Pan American movement owes its origin,

reaffirm their faith in the principle of continental solidarity and proclaim their unswerving loyalty to the Inter-American System; and, in consequence, they will fulfill in good faith all their obligations as members of that System.

XXII

The American States, in renewing their intention to strengthen continental solidarity, also proclaim their determination to conduct themselves as members of the world community; and, in consequence, they will fulfill in good faith all their obligations as members of the world organization.

PART 3

Draft Declaration of the Rights

and Duties of Man'

Articles of the Declaration

I. Right to life

II. Right to personal liberty

III. Right to freedom of speech and of expression in general

IV. Right to freedom of religious worship

V. Right to freedom of assembly

VI. Right to freedom of association

VII. Right to petition the government VIII. Right to own property

IX. Right to a nationality

X. Right to freedom of family relations

XI. Right to be free from arbitrary arrest

XII. Right to a fair trial

XIII. Right to participate in elections

XIV. Right to work

XV. Right to share in benefits of science

XVI. Right to social security

XVII. Right to education

XVIII. Right to equality before the law

XIX. Rights and duties correlative

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Definitive project presented by the Inter-American Juridical Committee for consideration by the Ninth International Conference of American States.