Commonwealth and the State: || (xxxiv.) Railway construction and extension in any State with the consent of that State: (xxxv.) Conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one State: || (xxxvi.) Matters in respect of which this Constitution makes provision until The Parliament otherwise provides: || (xxxvii.) Matters referred to The Parliament of the Commonwealth by the Parliament or Parliaments of any State or States, but so that the law shall extend only to States by whose Parliaments the matter is referred, or which afterwards adopt the law: | (xxxviii.) The exercise within the Commonwealth, at the request or with the concurrence of the Parliaments of all the States directly concerned, of any power which can at the establishment of his Constitution be exercised only by the Parliament of the United Kingdom or by the Federal Council of Australasia: || (xxxix.) Matters incidental to the execution of any power vested by this Constitution in The Parliament or in either House thereof, or in the Government of the Commonwealth, or in the Federal Judicature, or in any department or officer of the Commonwealth. || The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have exclusive power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to (i.) The seat of government of the Commonwealth, and all places acquired by the Commonwealth for public purposes: || (ii.) Matters relating to any department of the public service the control of which is by this Constitution transferred to the Executive Government of the Commonwealth: || (iii) Other matters declared by this Constitution to be within the exclusive power of The Parliament.

53. Proposed laws appropriating revenue or moneys, or imposing taxation, shall not originate in the Senate. But a proposed law shall not be taken to appropriate revenue or moneys, or to impose taxation, by reason only of its containing provisions for the imposition or appropriation of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment or appropriation of fees for licences, or fees for services under the proposed law. The Senate may not amend proposed laws imposing taxation, or proposed laws appropriating revenue or moneys for the ordinary annual services of the Government. || The Senate may not amend any proposed law so as to increase any proposed charge or burden on the people. || The Senate may at any stage return to the House of Representatives any proposed law which the Senate may not amend, requesting, by message, the omission or amendment of any items or provisions therein. And the House of Representatives may, if it thinks fit, make any of such omissions or amendments, with or without modifications. || Except as provided in

this section, the Senate shall have equal power with the House of Representatives in respect of all proposed laws. || 54. The proposed law which appropriates revenue or moneys for the ordinary annual services of the Government shall deal only with such appropriation. || 55. Laws imposing taxation shall deal only with the imposition of taxation, and any provision therein dealing with any other matter shall be of no effect. Laws imposing taxation, except laws imposing duties of customs or of excise, shall deal with one subject of taxation only; but laws imposing duties of customs shall deal with duties of customs only, and laws imposing duties of excise shall deal with duties of excise only. 56. A vote, resolution, or proposed law for the appropriation of revenue or moneys shall not be passed unless the purpose of the appropriation has in the same session been recommended by message of the GovernorGeneral to the House in which the proposal originated. || 57. If the House of Representatives passes any proposed law, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, and if after an interval of three months the House of Representatives, in the same or the next session, again passes the proposed law with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, the Governor-General may dissolve the Senate and the House of Representatives simultaneously. But such dissolution shall not take place within six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time. || If after such dissolution the House of Representatives again passes the proposed law with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, the Governor-General may convene a joint sitting of the members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. || The members present at the joint sitting may deliberate and shall vote together upon the proposed law as last proposed by the House of Representatives, and upon amendments, if any, which have been made therein by one House and not agreed to by the other, and any such amendments which are affirmed by an absolute majority of the total number of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives shall be taken to have been carried, and if the proposed law, with the amendments, if any, so carried is affirmed by an absolute majority of the total number of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, it shall be taken to have

been duly passed by both Houses of The Parliament, and shall be presented to the Governor-General for the Queen's assent. || 58. When a proposed law passed by both Houses of The Parliament is presented to the GovernorGeneral for the Queen's assent, he shall declare, according to his discretion, but subject to this Constitution, that he assents in the Queen's name, or that he withholds assent, or that he reserves the law for the Queen's pleasure. The Governor-General may return to the House in which it originated any proposed law so presented to him, and may transmit therewith any amendments which he may recommend, and the Houses may deal with the recommendation. || 59. The Queen may disallow any law within one year from the Governor-General's assent, and such disallowance on being made known by the Governor-General by speech or message to each of the Houses of The Parliament, or by Proclamation, shall annul the law from the day when the disallowance is so made known. || 60. A proposed law reserved for the Queen's pleasure shall not have any force unless and until within two years from the day on which it was presented to the Governor-General for the Queen's assent the Governor-General makes known, by speech or message to each of the Houses of The Parliament, or by Proclamation, that it has received the Queen's assent.

Chapter II.

The Executive Government.

61. The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen, and is exercisable by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution an maintenance of this Construction, and of the laws of the Commonwealth. || 62. There shall be a Federal Executive Council to advise the Governor-General in the government of the Commonwealth, and the members of the Council shall be chosen and summoned by the Governor-General and sworn as Executive Councillors, and shall hold office during his pleasure. | 63. The provisions of this Constitution referring to the Governor-General in Council shall be construed as referring to the Governor-General acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council. || 64. The Governor-General may appoint officers to administer such departments of State of the Commonwealth as the Governor-General in Council may establish. || Such officers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General. They shall be members of the Federal Executive Council, and shall be the Queen's Ministers of State for the Commonwealth. || After the first general election no Minister of State shall hold office for a longer period than three months unless

he is or becomes a senator or a member of the House of Representatives. || 65. Until The Parliament otherwise provides, the Ministers of State shall not exceed seven in number, and shall hold such offices as The Parliament prescribes, or, in the absence of provision, as the Governor-General directs. || 66. There shall be payable to the Queen, out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the Commonwealth, for the salaries of the Ministers of State, an annual sum which, until The Parliament otherwise provides, shall not exceed twelve thousand pounds a year. || 67. Until The Parliament otherwise provides, the appointment and removal of all other officers of the Executive Government of the Commonwealth shall be vested in the Governor-General in Council, unless the appointment is delegated by the Governor-General in Council or by a law of the Commonwealth to some other authority. || 68. The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative. || 69. On a date or dates to be proclaimed by the Governor-General after the establishment of the Commonwealth the following departments of the public service in each State shall become transferred to the Commonwealth: || Posts, telegraphs, and telephones: | Naval and military defence: || Lighthouses, lightships, beacons, and buoys: || Quarantine. || But the departments of customs and of excise in each State shall become transferred to the Commonwealth on its establishment. || 70. In respect of matters which, under this Constitution, pass to the Executive Government of the Commonwealth, all powers and functions which at the establishment of the Commonwealth are vested in the Governor of a Colony, or in the Governor of a Colony with the advice of his Executive Council, or in any authority of a Colony, shall vest in the Governor-General, or in the Governor-General in Council, or in the authority exercising similar powers under the Commonwealth, as the case requires.

Chapter III.

The Judicature.

71. The judicial power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a Federal Supreme Court, to be called the High Court of Australia, and in such other federal courts as The Parliament creates, and in such other courts as it invests with federal jurisdiction. The High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice, and so many other Justices, not less than two, as The Parliament prescribes. || 72. The Justices of the High Court and of the other courts created by The Parliament || (i.) Shall be appointed by the Governor-General in Council: || (ii.) Shall not be removed except by the Governor-General in Council, on an address from both Houses of

The Parliament in the same session praying for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. (iii.) Shall receive such remuneration as The Parliament may fix; but the remuneration shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. || 73. The High Court shall have jurisdiction, with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as The Parliament prescribes, to hear and determine appeals from all judgments, decrees, orders and sentences - (i.) Of any Justice

or Justices exercising the original jurisdiction of the High Court: || (ii.) Of any other federal court, or court exercising federal jurisdiction; or of the Supreme Court of any State, or of any other court of any State from which at the establishment of the Commonwealth an appeal lies to the Queen in Council: || (iii.) Of the Inter-State Commission, but as to questions of law only and the judgment of the High Court in all such cases shall be final and conclusive. || But no exception or regulation prescribed by The Parliament shall prevent the High Court from hearing and determining any appeal from the Supreme Court of a State in any matter in which at the establishment of the Commonwealth an appeal lies from such Supreme Court to the Queen in Council. Until The Parliament otherwise provides, the conditions of and restrictions on appeals to the Queen in Council from the Supreme Courts of the several States shall be applicable to appeals from them to the High Court. || 74. No appeal shall be permitted to the Queen in Council in any matter involving the interpretation of this Constitution or for the Constitution of a State, unless the public interests of some part of Her Majesty's Dominions, other than the Commonwealth or a State, are involved. || Except as provided in this section, this Construction shall not impair any right which the Queen may be pleased to exercise, by virtue of Her Royal Prerogative, to grant special leave of appeal from the High Court to Her Majesty in Council. But The Parliament may make laws limiting the matters in which such leave may be asked. || 75. In all matters il (i.) Arising under any treaty: || (ii.) Affecting consuls or other representatives of other countries: || (iii.) In which the Commonwealth, or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth, is a party: || (iv.) Between States, or between residents of different States, or between a State and a resident of another State: || (v.) In which a writ of mandamus or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an officer of the Commonwealth: || the High Court shall have original jurisdiction. || 76. The Parliament may make laws conferring original jurisdiction on the High Court in any matter || (i.) Arising under this Constitution, or involving its interpretation: || (ii,) Arising under any laws made by The Parlia