given him, and then suddenly withdrawn; and, escaping, he sought refuge with the Indians, obtained a grant of land from Massasoit, the chief of Wampanoags, on the eastern bank of the Seekonk River, and built a house there.

1635. AN armed cruiser threatened the settlement of St. Mary's.

It was sent by William Clayborne, one of the council of Virginia, who, under a royal license to trade "in all those parts for which patents of sole trade had not already been granted," which he had obtained in 1631, claimed that the charter for Maryland was an infringement. He had established trading-posts on the Isle of Kent in the Chesapeake, and at the mouth of the Susquehanna. Two boats from St. Mary's captured this cruiser with its officers, and also the Isle of Kent. Calvert claimed Clayborne, who had escaped to Virginia, but Harvey sent him to England. The Virginians, disliking the Catholic settlement by Calvert, the council suspended Harvey, and called an assembly to hear charges against him. Harvey agreed to go to England to be tried; but those appearing against him would not be even heard, and he was sent back with a new commission as governor.

1635. AN assembly was held in Maryland, and a body of laws enacted.

The proprietary rejected them, on the ground that the initiative in legislation was his. Clayborne's officers were tried for murder, and found guilty, and his property at Kent Island confiscated.

1635.-A MILL is mentioned as having been built this year in Maryland, "near the town;" probably St. Mary's, the capital.

1635.- A PARTY from Virginia having occupied the empty fort Nassau on the Delaware, an armed vessel was sent from Fort Amsterdam, who captured them.

They were sent back to Virginia.

1635. AT Manhattan, Fort Amsterdam, which had consumed two years in building, was almost completely destroyed in half an hour by a fire, caused by the lodgment of a spark from a gun in the reeds of the thatched roof.

After this, catted chimneys and thatched roofs were forbidden in New Amsterdam.

1635. THE emigration from Massachusetts Bay to the Connecticut River set out.

A portion went by land, driving their cattle before them, and were fourteen days, guided by a compass, threading the forests, in reaching the settlement of the company from Plymouth. A party by water reached the mouth of the Connecticut, and settled Saybrook. With these were commissioners from the lords proprietors of Connecticut, - John Winthrop, Jr., Hugh Peters, and Henry Vane, who had instructions and means to take possession of the territory claimed under a conveyance from the Earl of Warwick of the tract extending along the coast one hundred and twenty miles from the Narragansett River west to the Pacific Ocean. What authority he had to make such a conveyance does not appear, though it was claimed he had a grant from the council for New England, and a charter from the king. Neither of these documents have, however, ever been found, and probably never

had an existence. During the winter, this Connecticut emigration suffered greatly, most of their cattle dying, so that a number of the colonists returned. As all the settlements depended only upon the natural meadows for the support of their stock, the need of finding new was one of the chief reasons for the emigration from the vicinity of Boston.

1636, MARCH.-The general court of Massachusetts passed an act for the regulation of the towns.

"Whereas particular towns have many things which concern only themselves, and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own town, it is therefore ordered, that the freemen of every town, or the major part of them, shall only have the power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the privileges and appurtenances of the said towns to grant lots, and make such orders as may concern the well ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders here established by the general court; as also to lay mulets and penalties for the breach of these orders, and to levy and distrain the same, not exceeding the sum of twenty shillings; also to choose their own particular officers, as constables, surveyors for the highways, and the like." There were twenty towns in Massachusetts.

1636. THE colony at Plymouth adopted a body of laws known as "The General Fundamentals."

The first two articles read: "That no act, imposition, law or ordinance be made or imposed upon us at present or to come, but such as has been or shall be enacted by the consent of the body of freemen or associates, or their representatives legally assembled, which is according to the free liberties of the free-born people of England. · And for the well governing this colony, it is ordered that there be a free election annually, of governor, deputy governor, and assistants, by the vote of the freemen of this colony."

1636, MAY 1.-The three towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, forming the only settlements in Connecticut, contained at this time not quite two hundred men.

1636, MAY 25. Sir Henry Vane was elected governor of Massachusetts.

This year the sessions of the general court were reduced to two a year: one to follow the court of elections, and the other in the autumn. The larger towns were given two deputies, and the smaller, one. The governor and assistants were required to hold four courts a year at Boston, to try the most important cases. Inferior courts were appointed, to sit quarterly at Ipswich, Salem, Newtown, and Boston. Appeal lay from these to the quarter courts, and thence to the general A standing council for life was instituted, and the powers of the military commission given to it.

court.

1636, JUNE. Roger Williams being advised by Governor Winslow of Plymouth that his place of settlement was within the limits of that colony, who "were loath to displease" the Massachusetts colony, he, with five others who had accompanied him, moved to the present site of Providence, Rhode Island, which he thus named in gratitude for his escape, and founded there a settlement.

PROVIDENCE. The first patent for the town was received from Charles I., bearing date 1643. The settlement suffered severely in King Philip's War in 1675. In 1832 it received a city charter. Providence is the principal port of entry of the state, and in wealth is the second city in New England. Here the first Baptist church in America was built in 1638; and, during colonial times, Providence had a large foreign commerce. Now that has fallen off, though it still has a large coasting-trade. It is famous for its manufactories, which include cotton, wool, iron, gold, and silver. There are three iron-screw factories, which consume five thousand tons of iron yearly. For more than a century, gold jewelry and silverware have been manufactured; and now the various establishments equal those in any other part of the country.

1636.-- DE MONTMAGNY succeeded to the governorship of Canada, Champlain having died.

1636.- WATER-MILLS were built this year in Massachusetts, at Salem, Ipswich, and Newbury.

This last was the first in the place, and was erected by Messrs. Dummer and Spencer, in accordance with an agreement made with the town in 1635, when a grant was made by the court. In 1638 Mr. Dummer was granted the exclusive right of having such a mill within the town, provided he agreed to keep it in condition to grind; and the town agreed to send their corn to it.

1636.JOHN JENNEY was granted liberty by the court of Plymouth to erect a "mill for grinding and beating of corn upon the brook of Plymouth."

1636.THE making of salt was commenced at Salem, Massachusetts, under the permission of the general court.

1636. THIS year two more wind-mills were built; one at Boston, and the other at Charlestown.

This last one was blown down in 1648, after having been struck by lightning in 1642, shattered, and set on fire, while the miller was made insensible for twentyfour hours.

1636.-THE people of Salem built a ship of one hundred and twenty tons, at Marblehead, this year.

1636, JULY.-John Oldham, a trader, was murdered by the Pequot Indians on his return from a trading voyage up the Connecticut River.

This was the commencement of the Pequot war.

1636, AUGUST 25. An expedition under John Endicott went against the Pequots, and in September burned their settlement at the mouth of the Thames River.

The Pequots, in retaliation, tried to form an alliance with the Narragansetts and other Indian tribes, for the extermination of the English. By the personal influence of Roger Williams, the Narragansetts and Mohegans were persuaded to refuse the alliance and form a treaty with the settlers of Massachusetts Bay, and the Pequots, alone, attempted to carry out their purpose.

1637, MAY 26. An expedition from Connecticut of ninety men, under John Mason, with a body of friendly Indians, surprised and burned a Pequot fortified village on the Pequot River, now the Thames.

About seven hundred of the Indians were burned or shot. Only seven were captured, and only the same number escaped.

1637, JULY 13.- Another expedition from Massachusetts, under Captain Stoughton, continued the attack upon the Pequots, and surrounded them in a swamp near New Haven.

The men taken captive were killed; the women and children were sent to Boston as slaves. A few of the Indians in this contest are said for the first time to have used fire-arms. This ended the war. The Indian allies of the settlers completed the extermination of the Pequots. The scalp and a part of the skin of Sassacus, who was killed by the Mohegans, were sent as a present to Boston. Stoughton had been selected as leader by lot.

1637, SEPTEMBER 22. The synod composed of all the elders, besides lay delegates, which had been sitting at Cambridge, Massachusetts, dissolved.

It had been in session twenty-four days, and had condemned eighty-two "erronious opinions" and nine "unsavory speeches," which comprised a complete list of the heresies then prevailing. A day of thanksgiving was appointed for its success, and for the recent victory over the Pequots, to be held October 12.

More than eight hundred of the Pequots had been slain, and about two hundred made captives. The legislature of Connecticut changed the name of the Pequot River to the Thames, and that of Pequot town to New London.

1637, NOVEMBER 2. The general court of Massachusetts passed a sentence of banishment against Mrs. Hutchinson and others of the Antinomians.

It was one of the results of theological disputation. The court also ordered the principal men of the heretical party to deliver up their arms, or acknowledge their sin before two magistrates.

Mrs. Hutchinson moved to Providence, and thence to a spot near Hurl Gate, New York, in the jurisdiction of the Dutch. There she and the whole household of sixteen persons, with the exception of one child, were slaughtered by the Indians in 1643. The child was subsequently restored.

1637. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered "that none should entertain any stranger who should arrive with an intent to reside, or shall allow the use of any habitation without liberty from the Standing Council."

This was intended to keep out strangers who held strange doctrines.

1637. THE general court of Massachusetts ordered that "No person shall brew any beare, or malt, or other drinke, or sell in gross or by retaile, but only such as shall be licensed by this Courte, on paine of £100; and whereas Captain Sedgwick hath before this time set up a brewe house at his great charge, and

very commodious for this part of the countrey, hee is freely licensed to brewe beare to sell according to the size before licensed dureing the pleasure of the Courte."

The "size" had previously been ordered to be not stronger than could be sold at eight shillings the barrel, under penalty of twenty pounds.

1637, NOVEMBER.-The general court of Massachusetts granted Abraham Shaw one half the benefit from any "coles or yron stone weh shall bee found in any comon ground wch is in the countrye's disposing."

By the ancient monopoly of privilege, gold and silver found in mines belonged to the king. In the grants to many of the colonies, one fifth of the produce of such was reserved as a royalty, and the London Company reserved another fifth of gold and silver mines in Virginia. The statutes 1 and 5 of William and Mary ordained that mines of copper, tin, iron, and lead belonged to the owners, but the precious ores belonged to the crown, on payment of the price of the base metal.

1637.- A WIND-MILL was erected this year at Scituate, Massachusetts, by William Gibson, and the same year land was granted for the erection of another, at Salem, to John Horn, who removed it in 1639 to Wind-Mill Point, on the south side of North River.

1637. — A PAMPHLET published in London this year, says of Massachusetts: "They that arrived this year, out of divers parts of Old England, say that they never saw such a field of four hundred acres of all sorts of English graine as they saw at Winter-towne there. Yet that ground is not comparable to other parts of New England, as Salem, Ipswich, Newberry, etc."

1637. Ir is stated that this year there were but thirty-seven ploughs in Massachusetts.

1637. BRICKS sold this year in New York for ten florins (four dollars) the thousand.

Reeds, for thatching, were one and a half florins the hundred bundles, and at Fort Orange, one florin. Carpenters' wages were about two florins a day, and day-laborers' one florin. Nails were eight to ten stivers (sixteen to twenty cents) a pound, one hundred nails to the pound.

1637. A HOSPITAL was established at Quebec.

1638.-NEW HAVEN, Connecticut, was settled by a company, principally from London, under the Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, who was chosen first governor.

It remained a distinct colony until 1664, when it was united with Connecticut under the charter of 1662. It was not incorporated as a city until 1784. It is the seat of Yale College, and its two great manufactures are clocks and carriagemaking.

1638. AN Ursuline convent, for the education of girls, was established at Quebec.