Economic Development of the United States

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Appleton, 1921 - 691 páginas

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Private Institutions
20
Resources
21
The Soil and Climate
22
Forest Resources
24
Mineral Resources
26
Iron
27
Coal
28
Lead and Zinc
29
Water Resources
30
Other Resources
32
PART II
35
CHAPTER PAGE III EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT
37
The Discovery of America
40
Explorations of the Interior
41
The Difficulties of Founding Settlements
42
French Colonies
45
Spanish Settlements
46
Background of Eng lish Colonization
47
The First English Settlements
49
COLONIAL INDUSTRIES
57
Farming in New England
60
Farming in the Middle Colonies
62
Tobacco
63
Rice and Indigo
65
Agriculture in Louisiana
66
Colonial Methods of Cultivation
68
Land Tenure
70
Systems of Labor
75
Indentured Servants
76
Negro Slavery
80
Lumbering
82
Fisheries
85
Metals Products of the Mine
87
The Role of the Extractive Industries
88
COLONIAL REGULATIONS
90
The Mercantile Theory
92
Commercial Regulations 17631775
98
PART III
103
J SYSTEM 17891866
105
The Results of War Financing
106
The Effects of the Issue of Paper Money
108
Conflicting Regulations of the States
110
GROWTH OF POPULATION EXTENSION OF THE NATIONAL
128
Immigration
136
The Settlement of the Far West
143
PRODUCTS OF FIELD FOREST AND MINE 17901860
149
Factors in Manufacturing Development
183
COMMERCIAL EXPANSION
217
+126 Turnpikes
227
+129 The Canal Period
233
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE
247
CHAPTER PAGE 144 The Overland Trade
261
Summary of Domestic Commerce
263
The Embargo and NonIntercourse Acts
266
Tonnage
268
The Composition of American Foreign Trade
270
The Largest Consumers of American Exports
271
PART IV
273
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERIOD
275
The Results of the Civil War
276
New Resources
277
The Human Element
279
Other Economic Innovations
282
A New Spirit of Enterprise
284
New Industries
285
The Causes of Industrial Growth
286
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
288
Alaska
289
The Philippine Islands
293
The Hawaiian Islands
297
Porto Rico
301
The Resources of Other Possessions
304
The Economic Value of Island Possessions
305
GROWTH OF POPULATION
307
The Growth of Population
311
Immigration
314
The Causes of Immigration
315
The Restriction of Immigration
318
Chinese Immigration
323
Economic Contributions of Immigrants
324
I MINING AND QUARRYING
326
CHAPTER PAGE 179 The Source of the Leading Mineral Products
328
Iron Ore
330
Copper
332
Coal
334
Petroleum
337
Natural Gas
341
Aluminum
342
188
344
Other Minerals
345
The Rank of the United States as a Producer of Mineral Products
346
II LUMBERING AND FISHERIES
348
The Uses of ByProducts
349
The Shifting Source of Timber
350
Organization and Mechanical Improvements
352
Foreign Trade in Forest Products
355
Forest Reserves
358
Fisheries
359
I GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGEMENT
362
The Growth of Agriculture
363
The Causes of Growth
366
Government Encouragement
368
Agricultural Experiment Stations
370
Agricultural Education
371
Agricultural Coöperation
372
The Federal Farm Loan System
374
The Land Policy of the United States
378
Irrigation
382
II DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY
387
Farm Management
391
The Production of Cereals
395
The Export of Breadstuffs
398
Stock Raising
399
The Concentration of the Livestock Industry
400
Features in the Growth of Manufactures
416
The Cause of Growth
419
Power Used in Factories
423
Patents
425
The Use of Waste Materials and ByProducts
430
The Localization of Industry
434
The Density of Manufactures
438
II GROWTH OF CERTAIN INDUSTRIES
440
Iron and Steel
441
Electrical Apparatus and Supplies
444
Automobiles
446
Agricultural Implements
447
The Textile Industries
450
Mens ReadyMade Clothing
456
Womens ReadyMade Garments
460
Food and Kindred Products
462
Slaughtering and Meat Packing
464
Flour and GristMill Products
465
Other Industries
466
The United States Census
467
III THE COMBINATION MOVEMENT
469
Business Under the Corporate Form
470
Corporation Evils
473
The Increasing Size of the Business Unit
475
The Combination Movement
477
What Is a Trust?
481
The Number of Combinations
482
Unfair Competition
483
AntiTrust Laws
485
The Dissolution of the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company
486
The Clayton Act and the Federal Trade Commis sion Act
487
The Webb Export Act
489
IV LABOR PROBLEMS THE TARIFF
491
The Farmers Movement
497
General Purposes of the American Federation
504
Employers Associations
510
The Tariff Commission
518
Transcontinental Railroads
527
The Amendment of the Commerce
533
Improvement of Rivers
540
520
549
CHAPTER PAGE B 302 The Panic of 1873
561
The Silver Question 502
562
The BlandAllison Act 1878 564 5
563
The Sherman Act 1890
565
The Panic of 1893
566
The Gold Standard Act 1900
568
The Revival of Business 5695
569
The Panic of 1907
570
Shortcomings of the National Banking System
571
The AldrichVreeland Act 1908
572
The Federal Reserve Banking System
573
The Organization of the Federal Reserve System
574
The Federal Reserve Banks
575
Note Issues
576
Other Provisions
577
The Development of the Clearing House
579
Trust Companies
580
Building and Loan Associations
581
III COMMERCIAL ORGANI ZATION
583
The Work of the Chambers of Commerce
586
The Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America
587
Foreign Chambers of Commerce
589
Auction Markets
591
The New York Stock Exchange
592
Other Organizations
594
Changes in Methods of Distribution
595
The Department Store
596
The MailOrder Business
598
Chain Stores
599
Marine Insurance
601
Life Insurance
602
Storage
603
Mercantile Agencies
605
Advertising
606
Commercial Education
608
IV DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN COMMERCE
611
Changes in the Character of Industries
613
The Effect of the Increase of Wealth
614
CHAPTER PAGE 345 The Effect of Industrial Development on Foreign Trade
615
Economic Interdependence
616
The Export Trade Act
618
The Tariff Commission
619
The Wireless Telegraph
622
International Financial Facilities
623
Foreign Commercial Organizations
624
The PanAmerican Union
625
The Merchant Marine
626
The Growth of Foreign Commerce
628
The Largest Consumers of American Products
629
PART V
633
THE WAR PERIOD 19141920
635
Economic Conditions in 1914
636
Early War Legislation
639
Revenue Measures
640
The United States Shipping Board
641
The Council of National Defense
642
Food Control
645
Fuel Control
648
Labor Administration
649
371 The War Finance Corporation 651
651
The Silver Purchase
653
Railroad Administration
654
The Control of Foreign Trade
656
Summary of War Control 658
658
War Taxes
659
The Growth of War Industries
661
Foreign Commerce during the War
662
Facilities for Foreign Trade
663
Other AfterWar Measures
664
Conclusion
665
INDEX
671
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Página 473 - A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law. Being the mere creature of law. it possesses only those properties which the charter of its creation confers upon it, either expressly, or as incidental to its very existence.
Página 66 - ... a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the horrible Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless.
Página 511 - That the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for the purposes of mutual help, and not having capital stock or conducted for profit...
Página 474 - Among the most important are immortality, and, if the expression may be allowed, individuality ; properties by which a perpetual succession of many persons are considered as the same and may act as a single individual.
Página 325 - Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the United States, shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, and exemptions in respect to travel or residence, as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation.
Página 318 - Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plough, the shuttle, or the ship; the axe has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore.
Página 568 - ... the established policy of the United States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the present legal ratio, or such ratio as may be provided by law.
Página 198 - Americans will pay, which the exhausted state of the continent renders very unlikely ; and because it was well worth while to incur a loss upon the first exportation, in order, by the glut, to stifle in the cradle those rising manufactures in the United States, which the war had forced into existence contrary to the natural course of things.
Página 116 - The Congress shall have Power 1 To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States...
Página 326 - This understanding contemplates that the Japanese Government shall issue passports to continental United States only to such of its subjects as are nonlaborers or are laborers who, in coming to the continent, seek to resume a formerly acquired domicile, to join a parent, wife, or children residing there, or to assume active control of an already possessed interest in a farming enterprise in this country; so that the three classes of laborers entitled to receive passports have come to be designated...

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