66

the partner would be sure to look coldly upon the thing. However, a domestic evening with the quiet partner of the firm of T. and T. gave a more feasible aspect to the case, the woman's spirit bringing into consideration the circumstances of a youth immersed at once amidst the troubled sea of London.

66

Now, Joe," said his Cousin Tom, "I'll make you work: you must n't be nice; you shall clean shoes and scrub the floors if you 're wanted to! and we'll put you into the warehouse." This was Cousin Tom's way of frightening people with the worst, that the better might seem agreeable; but his bark was always worse than his bite; and

a

was a sad blank with us at every Christmas; but rather back at having his own history imitated. we heard of their snug Christmases in the little | His being a relation and a Scotchman was the house at Bixton-could picture to ourselves Cous- very bar against introduction into the house, and in Tom, his wife, her sister, and a few friends, sitting before the fire over the bottle of prime port and the walnuts, the cask of Scotch whiskey he always kept for old acquaintances, the servant Mary, the Scotch terrier "Tip," the gig in its house, the mare Nanny looking round in her stable for her double feed at the sound of Tom's foot. At Christmas time there invariable came to us such a bundle of "Timeses,' Punches," and "Illustrated London Newses," all redolent of the season, and showing by the flourishing "T. T." and "All's well," how our favorite cousin's very soul rejoiced in Christmas, and became then almost poetical. Next there came a list of members of the "Honorable Company of Fishmon-after dinner, when his cousin was left in the gers," to which he had been elected, where the counting-house, he came down once or twice at name of Thomas Tytler was marked with two first with something nice in his hand, which he crosses. Finally, we were all electrified by the made Joe take behind the door. My brother was sudden appearance of a circular, headed by the one of the tall specimens of the north, "wellsignificant words, "Dutton and Tytler, Brush-growd un," as his cousin phrased it; and it was makers," without further notice, showing that his delight to show him off at home for his Scotch our Cousin Tom had become a partner in the firm. cousin, the smallest of his family, whose common Old Mr. Dutton was dead, upon which Tom's tongue was Gaelic, and who had left his kilt in experience, some money he had saved, and more his own country. he was to pay out of his income, sufficed to give him this position: he said it was owing to Mrs. Tytler, and I believe to a certain extent he must have been right, since she was just the sort of woman to confirm and impel the inward steadiness of a man externally "fast," and dashing, and overflowing with bonhomie. Cousin Tom, whose handsome stoutness at one time prophesied ominously of "blood to the head," left off porter, finished his pint of port only on Sundays, took a new lease of his life, and went at it like a head Cousin Tom's friends in the ward at length in the firm. His senior partner in rank, Mr. Dut-made him a common councilman; and he just ton the son, was the very contrast of him; a young peeped in at the counting-house door with his blue Englishman, cold, distant, but gentlemanly, and silk robes on, edged with fur, merely to see of standing upon his position in life, with a young course if all was right, the day he went to be preand pretty wife, who thought no more of the sented to the queen, and kiss her hand. At night business, probably, than Mrs. Tytler did of fashion: he said chuckling to his wife and Joe, "What yet they all worked well together; and Travelling would my poor mother say if she saw me!"Tom, of roadside celebrity, with his genial man- then the tears stood in his eyes. Again, it was ner and long head, was only the animating spirit his strict rule for Mrs. Tytler to write every day of the house in his capacity of Thoroughgoing when he was absent on an occasional journey, Tytler. which one day when he was at Brighton she had To my younger brother in commercial occupa- apparently omitted to do. Cousin Tom took rail tion our cousin was the model and idea, at a rever-immediately, arrived at the street door at home; ing distance, of success in life; even privately, he let himself in, took off his boots, and crept on some little trait of his seeming to transpire in-cautiously up stairs.

66

Joe," he would say to him, "you 're a goodlooking fellow now there's a tinman's daughter over the way, with a hundred thousand pounds, and I'm sure she casts sheep's eyes at you! Could n't you make up to her, and astonish your mother yet-eh?"

Then he would rub his hands, and laugh till the tears ran down his cheeks, at the thought of Joe's making such a quick step of it, and going home in his carriage.

voluntarily in her son, our mother would exclaim, "Where's Mrs. Tytler, Mary?" said he in a "So like Thomas!" London, too, with the whisper to the servant. "Is she confined to her youth, was the great field of luck as well as ex-room?" ertion if its streets were not paved with gold, The girl informed him that she was quite well; yet the old story of " Whittington and his Cat" but on the discovery that the letter had not been was apparently being acted over again in our posted in time, how he did blow up the unfortu Cousin Tom. After a disagreement with his nate culprit ! After which, ordering her not to master, our young man in his first huff set off for mention his return, off he posted back to Brighton that mighty battle-field of life in the cloud; and again. This was our cousin in his thoughtful or without having said a word to any one, presented Tytler character, so curiously alternating with the himself before his cousin, who was naturally taken 'common Tom-like one.

Happiness and good-humor to the end rest at our Cousin Tom's fireside, albeit adorned by no heirs, who would probably degenerate. With his quiet wife, her still quieter maiden sister, and a few friends, their circle is complete. If he should ever come to be lord mayor of London, and his wife lady mayoress, one might suggest a motto for them, at which Cousin Tom once laughed till his sides were sore; namely, A. T. T. O. T. T., being

their matrimonial initials linked possessively to those of their own commercial firm, and at the same time signifying, "At the top of the tree." Then he would die an alderman that has "passed the chair;" but at any rate, on his monument might appropriately be inscribed nothing more than his favorite epistolary form, "All 's well.T. T."

CAUSES OF DISEASE.-Before a disease can be have expired, the young mechanic is obliged, in produced, it is necessary to have-first, an exciting the phrase of his country, to "wander" for three cause, such as exposure, miasm, or contagion; and years. For this purpose he is furnished, by the second, a body in an apt or predisposed state to master of his craft in which he has served his apreceive the impression of the exciting cause, and prenticeship, with a duly-authenticated wanderingthis aptness may be produced, among other predis-book, with which he goes to seek employment. In posing causes, by bad and low living, or too high whatever city he arrives, on presenting himself, living. But of the two specified predisposing causes, with his credentials, at the house-of-call or harbor it has been found that poor living induces a condi- of the craft in which he has served his time, he is tion of body much more favorable to receive the allowed, gratis, a day's food and a night's lodging. poison of malaria and contagion than the opposite If he wishes to get employed in that place, he is state; nay, to such an extent does it do so, as in assisted in procuring it. If he does not wish it, or appearance to swamp the exciting causes, and give fails in the attempt, he must pursue his wandering: rise to the idea that poverty and wretchedness alone and this lasts three years before he can anywhere will induce endemic fever. I cannot think so, or be admitted as a master. I have heard it argued else we would often, in cases of shipwreck and long that this system had the advantage of circulating voyages, have those exposed to such a fate, when knowledge from place to place, and imparting to extreme want has been for a length of time pressing the young artisan the fruits of travel and intercourse on them, and death in the shape of starvation star-with the world. But however beneficial travelling ing them in the face. I say in such cases, if pov- may be, when undertaken by those who have the erty alone could create fever, then we ought to taste and capacity to profit by it, I cannot but think have it developed to a frightful extent; but such that to compel every young man who has just served is not the case. No, instead of going the full length out his time to leave home in the manner I have of Dr. Alison's views, I would stop short with this described, must bring his habits and morals into conviction, that poverty and wretchedness predis-peril, and be regarded rather as a hardship than as pose the body to receive the impression of the small- an advantage. There is no sanctuary of virtue est taint of contagion and miasm.-Journal of the like home.-Everett's Address. Indian Archipelago.

A RAFT OF MONKEYS.-A singular and almost THE CRAFTS IN GERMANY.-The different crafts touching drama was lately observed by the crew of in Germany are incorporations recognized by law, a French sloop-of-war, recently returned from a governed by usages of great antiquity, with a fund voyage from the seas of India. A dozen monkeys to defray the corporate expenses, and in each con- had been put on board and tied on deck, where they siderable town a house of entertainment is selected had delighted the old tars from morning till night as the house-of-call, or "harbor," as it is styled, with their frolics and gambols. Some, however, of each particular craft. Thus you see in the Ger- discontented with the short space allotted to them, man towns a number of taverns indicated by their broke their chains, invaded the captain's cabin, signs." Mason's Harbor," " Blacksmith's Harbor,' &c. No one is allowed to set up as a master work-cial documents, and behaved in such an inconsiderate jumped over chairs and tables, spilt the ink on offiman in any trade unless he is admitted as a freeman manner that their death was resolved upon and the or member of the craft; and such is the stationary warrant signed on the spot. The order to throw condition of most parts of Germany, that no person these poor innocent victims overboard was received is admitted as a master workman in any trade ex-with general sadness on the forward deck. The old cept to supply the place of some one deceased or sailors, after a long consultation, came to the conretired from business. When such a vacancy occlusion that a raft might be built, upon which the curs, all those desirous of being permitted to fill it poor creatures might at least find one chance of salpresent a piece of work, executed as well as they vation. All hands were soon at work and the raft are able to do it, which is called their master piece, completed, a small mast made fast to it, a sail hoistbeing offered to obtain the place of a master work-ed in the direction of the current, a good supply of man. Nominally the best workman gets the place; biscuit and crackers and a cask of water were put but you will easily conceive that in reality some on board, and the twelve unfortunate outlaws were kind of favoritism must generally decide it. Thus abandoned to their unhappy fate. We have been is every man obliged to submit to all the chances told, and willingly believe, that the old sailors were of a popular election whether he shall be allowed moved even to tears, and, waving their hats, reto work for his bread; and that, too, in a country mained on deck, watching with anxious solicitude where the people are not permitted to have any the frail embarkation until it was out of sight and agency in choosing their rulers. But the restraints disappeared toward the land, where they hoped it on journeymen in that country are still more oppres- might go on shore on some neighboring coast.sive. As soon as the years of his apprenticeship Boston Transcript.

GERMANY.

But

Vienna. On this subject all parties in Austria seem to be pretty well agreed. The whig-radical FERDINAND of Austria abdicated!-the pope section of the Assembly, which leans for support fled! Monarchs pass, states fall and rise, with a on the Polish "tail"-the "Irish members" of rapidity that mocks recording. that Austrian legislature-speaks nearly the same If portents are to be trusted, the government of language as the government. No formal connecAustria has fairly superseded the revolution by tion, they say, until the organization of each comheading it. Putting all things together, we dis-monwealth is perfect and complete! As far as cern a great combined movement, conducted by a friendly alliance will go, we are at your service, the leading statesmen of the empire. The Em- so soon as you are in a condition to form one; but peror Ferdinand has abdicated in favor of his we must decline any intimacy of a tenderer charnephew, "Francis Joseph the First." The new acter. Austria cannot become one flesh with Geremperor is a very young man-only in his nine- many. And thus vanishes, in the twinkling of an teenth year; he is popular, and held to be of great eye, the gorgeous phantasm of a Teuton Empire promise. The house of Hapsburg has been re-the iris which hung a while over the boiling markable for its power of producing examples of whirlpool of the revolution. We are far from the most opposite intellect, and after Ferdinand positively pronouncing that a time will never come we may look for a favorable change. when the principle of the federative association of races will exercise a predominating influence on the territorial arrangements of the continent. Possibly it may. It is difficult to foresee all the consequences which may flow from the diffusion of civilization; and this may be one of them. for the present it is shelved. The nationality of Italy does not seem likely to develop itself so irresistibly as to drive the Austrians out of the Peninsula, even with the help of the "Constituent Assembly," which Count Mamiani has taken upon himself to convoke at Rome. Panslavism, that wondrous exotic which was to astonish the European public by bursting suddenly into flower after a silent growth of many hundred years, still lies folded in the bud.. And for Germany, her theory of unity is overthrown. Moritz Arndt's stirring song, "Where is the German's fatherland? is not the true hymn of her regeneration. Germany does not extend wherever the German tongue is spoken and German features prevail. The claims she has set up to territories lying without her geographical boundaries are confuted out of her own lips. is out of court by her own confession. Whilst the Germans of Austria shrink from her embrace, and cleave to the motley fellowship of their own ancient empire, with what face can their general parent follow her emigrant offspring into Limburg and Schleswig-we might add, into Courland and Livonia? Let Germany, then, learn moderation from her rebuff, and gather wisdom from disappointment. And here we beg to submit again to her consideration a view which we urged upon her long ago. If she will have a coat, she must cut it according to her cloth. If she will gird herself with the sword of Prussia, she will hardly escape acknowledging a Prussian sovereign. If she is bent on a national unity, large enough to include the THE project of an organic union between the wide dominions of the house of Brandenburg, she Germans of Austria and their Swabian, Saxon, and can scarce decline to assign to Prussia a preponPrussian kinsmen must now be regarded as defini- derance in her system, proportioned to the magnitively abandoned. The overtures of the great Com-tude of that powerful kingdom. Under the acmittee of Union sitting at Frankfort, where, strange-knowledged hegemony of Prussia, she may indeed ly enough, an Austrian Archduke still occupies succeed in founding, in the heart of Europe, a the chair of state, and an Austrian statesman fills the foremost place on the ministerial bench, have been peremptorily, though courteously, rejected at

Count Stadion, and his colleagues, the new ministers, had already issued a manifesto, which of itself might have marked the new era in Austrian history. If the statesmen who have subscribed to it adhere to their purpose, they may possibly achieve the reconsolidation of the empire. They proclaim their resolve to vindicate, vi et armis, that authority in the executive, without which no government can exist; and so far they are justified by common sense and sound policy. But they still more wisely disclaim all reactionary intention reading their declaration by the plain meaning of the words, we understand that, instead of endeavoring to recall the past and reestablish the Austria of 1815, they seek to develop a new Austria, suited to the altered state of Europe. This is to be effected by organizing a true representation of the people, on the basis of free institutions and local self-government, with a vigorous central administration. Such a constitution of the empire would be the very opposite of that which existed down to 1848: that was a centralized bureaucracy, ruling over provinces kept in a state of subjection, separation, and mutual ignorance; the new plan is a popular machinery of government, and a federalized consolidation. How far such a consolidation may be practicable with such diversity of races, we cannot say ; but the plan is the only one which offers any hope of again setting the house of Hapsburg on a stable throne. Fran

cis Joseph's inaugural proclamation is in harmony with the ministerial programme. It really looks

as if Austria's foremost statesmen understood the

true function of the royal classes in the Europe of the nineteenth century, and could appreciate the capabilities of limited monarchy.—Spectator.

She

stronger, because a more compact, political power, than she could have obtained by grasping at the out-lying provinces of the Austrian Empire.

Up

THE POPE.

From the Spectator.

THE flight of "Pio Nono" from Rome proclaims that the vitality of the Papacy has departed. This catastrophe has come rather suddenly upon the world; but its causes are too obvious to allow of surprise. For some years the Roman government may be said to have subsisted on suffrage:

on the question, whether such a combination is likely to prove conducive to her own interests, or to the peace and stability of the European system, we offer no opinion, merely observing that, short of this ultimate goal of German ambition, the Frankfort Congress has a mission which it may honorably and usefully accomplish. There is a point to which the work of assimilation and consolidation may be carried on with credit and advan-it had to contend with all the dangers that beset a tage, even though Lord Westmoreland should con- feeble executive; and the extraneous support which tinue to reside at Berlin, and Mr. Forbes at Dresden, it received was of a kind to provoke a dislike and though every dollar which has been collected which comes into operation now that the Vatican for the outfit of a "German fleet" should find its is defenceless; even the personal character of the way into the Frankfort poor-box. Austria, for good pontiff not sufficing to counteract the noxious her part, under the Emperor Francis Joseph I., is influence of his position. The executive had for about, we trust, to resume that dignified and imyears been reduced to that last stage of feebleness, portant position in the councils of Europe, which extreme poverty; and Pio Nono had not been she seemed, a short while ago, to have well nigh allowed time to recruit the resources of his dominirrecoverably lost. Mistress of the Upper Danube, ions and of his exchequer, before the revolution she remains the guardian of the great interests in France sent over Europe a storm which proved which are involved in the free navigation of that too rough for the debilitated condition of the pagreat artery of continental traffic. Queen of a ter-pal convalescence. We have repeatedly exposed ritory within which the Slave and German families the fallacious notion that Mastai Feretti wantonly commingle with each other, and the outposts of raised the storm: a thoroughly new course was European civilization are planted among the reced- the only mode in which the new pope could hope ing hordes of the East, it is her high duty to pro-to avoid for his government actual insolvency and tect a vast and heterogeneous population at once from beggary: he did not originate, but fell in with, the intestine strife and from the usurpation of a pow-spirit of the times; and his doing so afforded the erful neighbor, and to keep those numerous tribes most promising chance of obtaining a new lease which form the advance guard of the great Slave for the Papacy. The French revolution was prorace, in close intercourse and perpetual amity with the cultivated nations of the West. There never was a wilder flight of fancy than the notion, so frequently put forward by the fanatics of German unity, that, upon the absorption of Austria into Germany, the Slavonian provinces of the defunct empire would hasten to group themselves, of their own accord, in compliant submission, around the great nation which, even on neutral ground, they regard with an unconquerable jealousy. Overthrow the domination of Austria, and it is tolerably The origin of the papal feebleness was very clear that Russia would have been tempted, nay deep-seated. The Guelph influence in Italy had forced, in self-defence, to territorial enlargements completely succumbed to the Ghibelline-mediatewhich Germany herself, in her half-consolidated ly or immediately the emperor was supreme; the state, would have been the first to resent, and national party, abandoned by the church, had which would probably have proved fatal to the become merely revolutionary; hence in part the tranquillity of Europe. The maintenance of the revolutionary character of the anti-Austrian movethrone of Maria Theresa is, in fact, the best guar-ment. For the same reason the ecclesiastical antee for the preservation of pacific and amicable relations between the Western states and the colossal Empire of the North; and for this, amongst other not less weighty reasons, the great powers, and Great Britain in particular, would do well to extend to the imperial government, by every legitimate means, a cordial and energetic support. The accession of a new monarch, surrounded by an able and enlightened administration, presents a favorable opportunity for the renewal of those friendly relations which, down to a not very distant period, subsisted between her majesty's government and that of Ferdinand J.; and we trust that it will be frankly accepted and duly used.-Chronicle.

duced by causes similar to those prevailing in Rome, but not by the example of the pope-it was excited by the disgust at official corruption, and at the neglected engagements of 1830; and it was predicted by Alexis de Tocqueville on the score of inevitable national insolvency. The pope had no more to do with the Paris revolution than Lord John Russell had, or Prince Metternich. That revolution shook Europe, and the tottering Papacy has fallen in the concussion.

party had become in a great degree anti-national; and therefore was it that the triangular-hatted patriot Gioberti made a renationalizing of the church an essential in the political scheme. Feeling her power incessantly on the wane, the church had endeavored to multiply her holds by conferring every office on ecclesiastics: hence further disgust; aggravated again by the corruption and abuses inevitable on a factitious concentration of power in incapable hands. In the process of this concentration, the pope was opposed by the nobles, the traditionary heirs of Roman fame: it became the more necessary to set the nobles aside, and they were added to the numbers of the discontented. By these long-continued processes, the Papacy had been forced into the monstrous position of

being Austrian, anti-national, anti-Roman, at once | has been destroyed, no doubt, by the consolidation anti-aristocratic, and anti-popular. Austrian sup- of monarchical institutions; but for reasons totally port had been rendered intolerable by Austrian different from monarchical and republican antago arrogance; and ultimately, in addition to his other nism. Spiritual authority was at its height when antagonisms, the pope, though conservative ex intellectual power was at its lowest point, when officio, had been made anti-Austrian, but without civil authority was undetermined, when the lands the power of being thereby reconciled to his peo- were given up to incessant war. Consecrated by ple or the patricians of Rome. Such was the his vocation, venerated for his mediating offices, position of the Papacy when Pio Nono ascended useful for his learning, the ecclesiastic passed the throne. He is, as we have before said, an from the palace to the hut, from the council honest man, of strong sense, strong conscience, chamber to the camp, the sole representative of and hereditarily strong in will; but he is not a civil union. While feudality was still contending powerful or an original reasoner, not a profound against the rise of monarchy, while every landanalyzer of things; he receives things as they are, owner's residence was a castle, every country a and he accepted his mission with the unsearching battle-field, illustrious for its deeds of chivalry, faith of a sincere churchinan. It seemed his to infamous for its deeds of oppression—while an restore the Papacy; and he was engaged, patriot-oppressed race of villeins groaned amid the waving ically and piously, perseveringly and prudently, corn, and the traders of the towns were struggling in the endeavor to amend the ecclesiastical ma- to found the commerce of modern times-the chinery of his government, so as to make his Papacy was the only widely extended, stable, and spiritual authority fit with the altered condition of intelligent power; the only possessor of any widelyEurope and its movements. He failed, we believe, spread public opinion; the only authority common simply because his task was impossible. The to many classes: and it was in those days that attempt would, under any circumstances, have Gregory planned the crusades, which made the been difficult; but there was no time for a process which must at the best have been tedious and operose. He failed, and in flight he attempts to bear off his spiritual authority unimpaired.

But what will be the effect of his flight? What will he do? What can he? Will he thunder his edicts from Avignon, the unrenowned residence of alien and schismatic popes; or shoot them over the Neapolitan border? Is this flight only a rustication, or is it not rather abdication? Can "the thunders of the Vatican" be fulminated from any place but the Vatican ?

An ingenious writer* propounds the startling opinion, that the revolution of France and of the Roman power is favorable to the revival of the papal authority. Mr. Hunter Gordon contends, that the resuscitation of the Italian democracies is the antidote to the bane of the Apostolic See; Austria having been the main cause of the frequent obscurations of the papal glory. He emphatically adopts the opinion "that the genius of Catholicism and of the Catholic hierarchy, so far from being contrary to a republican constitution, is really more in harmony with liberty, with democratic liberty, than with the monarchical system." In this opinion Mr. Gordon appears to us to confound republican institutions with circumstances that have happened to coëxist, but were not essentially allied.

The Papacy was an institution essentially belonging to the middle ages. Its long ard slow rise has been followed by a long and slow decline. it rose to its utmost power in the middle agesit was the civilization of that period; it has declined with the advancement of modern civilization. It

*Letter to the Right Honorable Henry Lord Brougham, F. R. S., Member of the National Institute, &c., on the Influence of the French Revolution on the Church of France. By Hunter Gordon, Esq., of Lincoln's Inu. Pamphlet published by Mr. Ridgway.

pope commander-in-chief of Christendom's armies

that Innocent the Third trampled on the necks of the German Frederick, the Gallic Augustus, and the English John. That was the zenith of papal power: but all the circumstances which favored the development of that power belonged purely to the middle ages; and from the days of Innocent to those of Pius the Sixth, the decline has been progressive.

The first expatriation of the popes was found to weaken authority: the Pope of Rome, it was found, must be the Pope at Rome. The first emancipation of opinion by the consolidation of states under established monarchy, permitted the growth of Protestantism: Huss and Wickliffe troubled Rome long before the pope had sunk to the level of an ordinary prince, long before the refined worldliness of Leo the Tenth had exposed the traffic of the church to the dangerous enthusiasm of Luther. Protestantism is modernism.

In more recent times, smaller internal Protestantisms have convicted the Papacy of incapacity, of corruption, of weakness; the reforms of Ricci, under Leopold the First of Tuscany, exposed tyrannies and profligacies like those which gave strength to the earlier reformation, and the church has never got well over the scandal. Pius the Sixth was beaten with an ill grace. His successors were not men to restore vigor to the Vatican; Pius the Sevlenth was a gentlemanly man, best known as being the sport of Napoleon, and a foil to the low bigotry of Leo the Twelfth; the reign of Pius the Eighth was short but not sweet; Gregory the Sixteenth assumed the name and policy of Gregory the Seventh, but could no restore the middle ages-a mimic Jove, he launched his anderbolts from an obsolete Olympus, and they hurt nobody. Pius the Ninth was appointed as a forlorn hope; he made the effort manfully and generously; but it is vain. The pope is but a relic. The mediaval