—this has been proved by experiment-and each generation has been said to average one hundred individuals; so that Réaumur's calculation, that a single female may be the progenitor of 5,904,900,000 descendants during her own life, large as the number is, is probably within the mark. ProfesBor Rennie says that he has counted upwards of a thousand Aphides at a time upon a single hopleaf; supposing, therefore, each of the thousand to be capable of producing the number of descendants mentioned by Réaumur, we need not resort to the popular belief in the blight-producing property of the east wind to account for the rapidity with which a hop-garden is frequently overrun with a pest, against whose ravages no adequate protection has yet been discovered.

Whatever degree of qualification we may feel inclined to apply to the statements of the rate of increase of Aphides, it is undeniable that they do multiply with extreme rapidity, and their production is attended with circumstances which have no exact parallel in the kingdom. Certain two-winged flies are viviparous; that is, instead of depositing eggs, according to the general law obtaining among insects, their young ones are produced alive, in the form of larvæ or pupa; but whether eggs are deposited, or living young brought forth, neither mode of increase takes place until the parent flies have paired. Aphides, on the contrary, at certain times of the year, are endowed with the remarkable faculty of producing living young without having previously paired; and this is not confined to the original parent, but is also shared by the descendants for several generations. Bonnet, a French naturalist, took the precaution to isolate some of the first-hatched wingless females of the Aphis inhabiting the oak tree, as soon as they were excluded from the egg, and he found, that in the course of three months, nine generations were successively produced in this way, although care was taken that no males should have access to the females. Towards autumn, however, the power of giving birth to a living progeny is lost, and eggs are deposited in the usual way after pairing, no doubt because they are better adapted to withstand the rigors of winter than living individuals would be; and from these eggs the race is renewed in the following spring.

An accurate observer before quoted, who, under the pseudonyme of Rusticus,* used to publish some extremely lively and pleasing descriptions of the every-day proceedings of animals, in a letter on blights, ," details the mode of production of Aphides in the following words:—

I have taken a good deal of pains to find out the birth and parentage of true blights; and for this purpose I have watched, day after day, the colonies of them in my own garden, and single ones which I have kept in-doors, and under tumblers turned

*We are happy to learn that the delightful papers on Natural History by Rusticus have been collected, and are now being printed in a handsome volume, (with illus tritions,) from which we have been kindly allowed to make some quotations.

15

heard,

upside down; the increase is prodigious; it beats
everything of the kind that I have ever seen,
or read of. Insects in general come from an egg-
then turn to a caterpillar, which does nothing but
eat-then to a chrysalis, which does nothing but
sleep-then to a perfect beetle or fly, which does
nothing but increase its kind. But blights proceed
altogether on another system; the young ones are
horn exactly like the old ones, but less; they stick
their beaks through the rind, and begin drawing
sap when only a day old, and go on quietly sucking
away for days; and then, all at once, without love,
courtship, or matrimony, each individual begins
bringing forth young ones, and continues to do so
for months, at the rate of from a dozen to eighteen
every day, and yet continues to increase in size all
the while; there seem to be no males, no drones—
all bring forth alike. Early in the year these
blights are scattered along the stems, but as soon
as the little ones come to light, and commence sap-
sucking close to their mother, the spaces get filled up,
and the old ones look like giants among the rest-
as here and there an ox in a flock of sheep-when
all the spare room is filled up, and the stalk com-
The young ones, on making their
pletely covered.
first appearance in the world, seem rather posed as
to what to be at, and stand quietly on the backs of
the others for an hour or so then, as if having
made up their minds, they toddle upwards, walking
on the backs of the whole flock till they arrive at
the upper end of the shoot, and then settle them-
selves quietly down, as close as possible to the
outermost of their friends, and then commence sap-
sucking like the rest; the flock by this means ex-
tends in length every day, and at last the growing
shoot is overtaken by their multitude, and complete
ly covered to the very tip. Towards autumn,
however, the blights undergo a change in their na-
ture, their feet stick close to the rind, their skin
opens along the back, and a winged blight comes
out-the summer generations being generally wing-
less. These are male and female, and fly about
and enjoy themselves; and, what seems scarcely
credible, the winged females lay eggs, and whilst
this operation is going on, a solitary, winged blight
may be observed on the under side of the leaves, or
on the young shoots, particularly on the hop, and
differing from all its own progeny in being winged
and nearly black, whereas its progeny are green
and without wings. These are mysteries which I
leave you entomologists to explain. In May, a fly
lays a lot of eggs; these eggs hatch and become
blights; these blights are viviparous, and that with-
out the usual union of the sexes, and so are their
children and grandchildren-the number of births
depending solely on the quantity and quality of
their food; at last, as winter approaches, the whole
generation, or series of generations, assumes wings,
which the parents did not possess, undergoes fre-
quently a change in color, and in the spring, instead
of being viviparous, lays eggs.-(Letters of Rusti
cus, p. 67.)

To the singular tribe of blights we are now
treating on belongs the hop-fly-an insect, which,
"has more rule over the
as Rusticus well says,
pockets and tempers of mankind, than any other;
its abundance or scarcity being the almost only
criterion of a scarcity or abundance in the crops of
hops." It is scarcely necessary to allude to the
speculative operations which arise from this cause.
Rusticus contrasts the amount of duty paid in

1802, with that paid in 1825 and 1826. The for- gled;" an hypothesis as tenable as that of Pliny,

mer year was favorable to the increase of the hopfly, and the duty paid was £15,463 10s. 5d. The fluctuations of the years 1825 and 1826 are so curious, that we quote the passage:

who hesitated whether he should call honey-dew, the substance alluded to, "the sweat of the heavens, the saliva of the stars, or the liquid produced by the purgation of the air." Trees and other plants are sometimes greatly disfigured by the quantity of this sweet clammy substance, which not only gives them an unsightly appearance, but prevents the leaves from performing their proper functions. Much has been written upon honeydew and its origin; some authors have described it as "a peculiar haze or mist, loaded with a poisonous miasm," by which the leaves are stimulated

to the morbid secretion of a saccharine and viscid

In 1825, the duty commenced at 130,000l., but, owing to the excessive increase of the fly, had, in July, fallen to 16,000l.; at the beginning of September, it rose to 29,000l., but towards the end fell again to 22,0007.; the amount paid was 24,3177. Os. 11d. In the following year the summer was remarkably dry and hot; we could hardly sleep of nights with the sheets on; the thermometer for several nights continued above 70 degrees all the night through; the crop of hops was immense, scarcely a fly was to be found, and the betted duty, juice; others have ascribed it to electrical causes; which begun in May, at 120,000/., rose to 265,000l.; and others, again, have believed it to be produce the old duty actually paid was 269,3317. Os. 9d.; by the leaves of plants, in consequence of their the gross duty, 468,4017. 16s. 1d., being the largest roots being attacked by insects. The truth is, amount ever known. From this it will appear that, however, that honey-dew is a peculiar syrupy fluid, in duty alone, a little, insignificant-looking fly has secreted by Aphides, and expelled from their bodies control over 450,0007. annual income to the British treasury; and, supposing the hop-grounds of Eng- through two short tubes placed on their back. land capable of paying this duty annually, which That this is its true origin has been well ascerthey certainly are, it is very manifest, that in 1825, tained. It never occurs on plants on which the these creatures were the means of robbing the Aphides are not present at the same time, or which treasury of 426,0007. This seems a large sum, have not been recently infested by them; it is albut it is not one twentieth part of the sums gained ways deposited on the upper side of the leaf; and and lost by dealers during the two years in ques- the insects may be actually observed in the act of tion. (Letters, p. 75.)

Rusticus, in the following passage, describes some of the curious effects of the attacks of blights, or Aphides, upon the plants infested by them.

on

in

which fell under his own observation.

He says

expelling it from their tubes. On one occasion we saw this honey-dew falling in such quantities from a cherry-tree trained against a wall, and standing at the proper angle with regard to the All blights infest the young and juicy shoots and sun, that a beautiful little Iris was formed in the leaves of plants, for the purpose of sap-sucking; shower, with all the proper colors, just as a simi and the plants honored by their operations forthwith lar bow may be produced at will by directing a play the most amusing and incredible vagaries; stream of water from a garden-engine against a bearing blossoms instead of leaves, leaves instead wall, so as to form a fine spray, opposite the sun. of blossoms; twisting into corkscrews stems which Mr. Robert Patterson, in his delightful little book ought to be straight, and making straight as sticks "The Natural History of the Insects mentioned those which, as the scarlet-runner and hop, ought Shakspeare's Plays," relates a circumstance to twine; sometimes, as in the peach, making the leaves hump up in the middle, and causing the tree to look as though it had a famous crop of young fruit; making apple-trees bear blossoms on their roots, and causing roots to grow out of their young shoots; and, by tormenting orchards in this way, preventing the fruit from ripening, and making it woolly, tasteless, and without juice. It is amusing to see with what regularity the blights station themselves on the young shoots of the guelder-rose, crowding so close together, that not a morsel of the rind is to be seen, and not unfrequently forming a double tier, or two thicknesses; the poor sprig losing its formal, unbending, upright position, and writhing itself into strange contortions.-(Letters, p. 66.)

On a fine day, in the month of September, 1829, when I was visiting the beautiful demesne of Lord Annesley, at Castle-wellan, I noticed a holly-tree, on which a number of wasps were continually alighting, running rapidly over its leaves, and flitting from branch to branch. A number of holly-trees were scattered over the lawn; but not one exhibited the same exhilarating bustle. I sat down beside it, to endeavor to ascertain what peculiar attraction this tree possessed, and soon found that the wasps were not its only visitors. A number of ants were plodding quietly along its twigs and leaves, exhibiting, by their staid and regular deportment, a singular contrast to the rapid and vacillating movements of Independently of the direct injuries to plants the wasps. I now discovered that both ants and wasps were attracted by a substance which was arising from the sap-sucking propensities of Aphi- plentifully sprinkled over all the leaves-the celedes, there is another effect produced by them, by brated honey-dew of the poets. This substance is which all the old naturalists were exceedingly a secretion deposited by a small insect, which is puzzled. Even White could not account for the "viscous substance" which enveloped his honeyBuckles, otherwise than by supposing "that in hot weather the effluvia of flowers in fields and meadows and gardens are drawn up in the day by brisk evaporation, and then in the night fall down again with the dews, in which they are entan

a

green upon the rose-tree, and black upon the woodbine, and which entomologists distinguish by the generic name of Aphis. The liquid they deposit is perfectly pure, and rivals either sugar or honey in its sweetness. The ants not only suck it up with eagerness, whenever it can be found, but they pos sess the art of making the Aphides yield it by patting them gently with their antennæ; and one particula

species of ant is said to confine the Aphides in apart- | eaten?" Why, it is with reference to the latter ments constructed solely for that purpose, to supply them with food, to protect them from danger, and to take, in every respect, as much care of them as we should do of our milch cattle.-(p. 144.)

Strange and almost incredible as this proceeding on the part of the ants may appear, it has been fully verified by accurate observers. One little extract from Rusticus may be quoted in reference to the connection of the ants and Aphides, as well

as to show the kind of enemies the latter are exposed to.

point, that very law of its existence which condemns it to be eaten, that our little Aphis exhibits a notable pattern in the virtue of passive endurance and submission to the decrees of fate. Never did Turk bend his neck to the bow-string, or rush upon the scimetar with more perfect composure and nonchalance, than does our lamb of the leaf submit itself to the murderous jaws of its lion-like or wolflike destroyers, seeming perfectly at ease, and enjoying life to the last bite or sup, while its merciless slaughterers are heaping up carcasses around. One of their devourers, indeed, the grub or larva before mentioned of the lace-winged fly, seems to play the part of a wolf in sheep's clothing, dressing itself up in the skins of the slain; but as the com

turbed where no such disguise is put on, it would be unfair to suppose they are deceived into philosophy." But perhaps, (say you,) they are not aware of the presence of their enemies. ." Possibly not; but yet they seem to have the same organs of perception as other victimized insects, which, under the same circumstances, generally testify alarm, and make vigorous efforts to escape.

You will never find a plant of any kind infested with the Aphis, without also observing a number of ants and lady-birds among them, and also a queer-posure of the Aphis flock appears equally undislooking insect, like a fat lizard, which is, in fact, the caterpillar of the lady-bird. The connection of the ants and the Aphis is of the most peaceful kind that can be conceived; their object is the honeydew which the Aphis emits; and, far from hurting the animal which affords them this pleasant food, they show it the greatest possible attention and kindness-licking it all over with their little tongues, and fondling it, and patting it, and caressing it with And here we must conclude our imperfect and their antennæ in the kindest, prettiest way imagina-superficial view of an inexhaustible subject. It ble;—not so the lady-bird, or its lizard-like caterpillar; these feed on the blights most voraciously, a single grub clearing a leaf, on which were forty or more, in the course of a day. The perfect ladybird is a decided enemy to them, but not so formidable a one as the grub. The eggs of the ladybird may often be seen on the hop-leaf; they are yellow, and five or six in a cluster placed on their ends; these should on no account be destroyed, as is too often the case, but, on the contrary, every encouragement should be given to so decided a friend to the hop-grower.

Besides the lady-bird and its grub, there are two other terrible enemies of the poor Aphis; one of these is a green, ungainly-looking grub, without legs, which lies flat on the surface of the leaf, and stretches out its neck, just like a leech, till it touches one of them; directly he feels one he seizes it in his teeth, and holds it up, wriggling in the air, till he has sucked all the goodness out of it, and left a mere empty skin. This curious creature turns to a fly which has a body banded with different colors, and which in summer you may often observe under trees and about flowers, standing quite still in the air as though asleep, yet, if you try to catch him, darting off like an arrow. The other has six legs, and very large, strong, curved jaws, and is a most ferocious looking fellow, strutting about with the skins of the blights which he has killed on his back. This fierce fellow comes to a very beautiful fly, with four wings, all divided into meshes, like a net, and two beautiful golden eyes. All these creatures, which thus live on the plantlice, have a very strong and disagreeable smell in the perfect state.-(Letters of Rusticus, p. 77.)

We must borrow one quotation from the Episodes, showing the equanimity with which the Aphides sustain the attacks of their insect foes.

Let us conclude our " Article on Aphides" with a few distinguishing traits of their personal character and peculiar physiology. "Character! (say you) what scope for the display of character in a little denizen whose world is comprised in a single leaf or flower-bud-who is born but to eat and be CCXLII. LIVING AGE. VOL. XX.

was our intention to have brought upon the stage
other performers, and to have exhibited them in
other scenes equally wonderful with those de-
scribed; we had also prepared some elaborate re-
marks upon classification and system, intending
that the scientific should have followed the popu-
lar as a sort of make-weight; but alas!

The best laid schemes o' mice an' men
Gang aft a-gley.

We have already exceeded our limits, and must
here finish our attempts to show that the meanest
insect possesses claims to consideration which only
require to be seen and understood to be universally
acknowledged.

From Chambers' Journal

WILLIAM ALLEN.

66

WILLIAM ALLEN, one of the most enlightened and untiring philanthropists of modern times, was the son of Job Allen, a silk manufacturer in Spitalfields, and in youth gave promise of that spirit of enterprise for which he was afterwards distinguished. At the age of fourteen he constructed a telescope to assist himself in the study of astronstrong in omy; and, as he mentions, not being cash," he contrived to make the instrument of pasteboard and lenses, which cost him a shilling. Homely as was the device, he adjusted the glasses so skilfully, that, to his delight, he could discover the satellites of Jupiter. Chemistry was, however, his favorite pursuit; and even when a child, he made frequent experiments in that science. He possessed good natural abilities, but they were not much cultivated by education, for he was employed in his father's business, to which he devoted himself with diligence and attention until his twentysecond year.

In 1792 he entered into partnership with Joseph

Curney Bevan, in a chemical establishment in Lon- | self in French and German, and made further obdon, and now his pursuits were congenial to his servations in astronomy, besides aiding in the fortastes. Success attended his professional labors; mation of geological and mineralogical societies, but his diligence did not by any means prevent his and becoming a member of the Board of Agriculattention to general science, nor obstruct the oper-ture, where he gave frequent lectures. From this ation of an earnest philanthropy. William Allen time his public engagements were so numerous, was a member of the Society of Friends, and that that we can here only glance at them. We are is almost saying that his views were practical, and astonished, as we proceed, to find that a compardirected to social improvement. Blessed with a atively humble individual, in the course of a brief kindly disposition and enlarged understanding, he life, was enabled to accomplish such a vast amount seems from the beginning of his career to have in- of good as he effected. vented and wrought out schemes of human ame- In 1801, Mr. Allen became a lecturer at the lioration. To do good, not merely to talk about it, Askesian Society, (the name now given to the was the leading feature of his energetic character. Philosophical Society before-mentioned.) The Shortly after beginning business, he, in connection next year he joined the Linnean Society, and lecwith Astley Cooper, Dr. Babington, Joseph Fox, tured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. The year and others, formed a philosophical society; and he following he was elected one of the presidents a talks in his diary of "sitting up all night prepar- Guy's, and by the advice of friends, accepted an ing for lectures and making experiments." He was invitation from the Royal Institution, of which he introduced in 1794 to Clarkson; and the unity of was a member, to become one of their lecturers. feeling subsisting between them cemented a friend-In 1804 he gave (in the whole) as many as 108 ship which lasted for half a century. Mr. Bevan lectures. He had now all but reached the pinnacle retired from business three years subsequent to of fame, and wealth and honors lay temptingly bethe period at which Mr. Allen entered the firm, fore him. It is obvious, however, that his object and the young man then became leading partner. was not self-aggrandizement or worldly applause, He married, and we now see him happy and pros- but that his motives were purely disinterested; for perous; his duties were his delight; and domestic we find him devoting his property, talents, and love shed its hallowed influence on his path. Brief, health wholly to the benefit of his fellow-creatures. however, was the duration of felicity; for, ten In 1805 he joined the committee formed by Clarkmonths after his marriage, death deprived him of son, Wilberforce, and others, for the abolition of his amiable partner, and left him with a motherless the slave trade. This iniquitous traffic had long infant. This sad event for a time so completely drawn forth his warmest sympathies; and, when unhinged him, that he was unable to continue his quite young, he made a resolution never to use favorite pursuits. It did not, however, deaden his sugar (which was procured principally by the labor sympathies, for in 1797, in conjunction with a Mr.of negroes) until the freedom of the slaves was seWilliam Phillips, he formed what was long known cured. This enthusiasm continued for forty-three as "The Spitalfields Soup Society," to which he years. Nor was his heart less feelingly alive to gave up all his energies. In March, 1798, the the sufferings of his fellow-countrymen. He rename of William Allen appears also on a list of cognized the claims of "a man and a brother," the committee of "The Society for Bettering the however low he had sunk in wretchedness and vice, Condition of the Poor ;" and these societies proved and bent his energies to the reformation of the highly beneficial at a time when bread was seven-criminal code, especially to the subject of punishteenpence-halfpenny a loaf. But his benevolencement by death. For this object a party of seven was not confined to public charities, for he was gentlemen dined together at his house in Plough daily seen entering the abodes of misery, and de- Court in July, 1808, and formed themselves into a voting himself to other labors of love. It was, society. The punishment of death was at that however, for a time only that his ardor in the pur-time inflicted for very slight offences. In 1813 we suit of scientific investigation was checked; for, find him interesting himself for a young man who, two years after, he resumed his labors in that being convicted of jumping in at a window, and branch of knowledge with renewed vigor. It is stealing certain articles of very little value, was not generally desirable for a young man, who is condemned to death. The following is an extract anxious to succeed in one particular department of from a letter he wrote to Lord Sidmouth on the science, to divide his attention among others; but subject:-" Shall a person to whom, be it rewe can scarcely quarrel with William Allen, though membered, society has failed in its duty, by we find him one day with Astley Cooper and Dr. suffering him to grow up in ignorance-for the Bradley trying experiments in respiration; another crime of stealing to the amount of a few shillings. with Humphry Davy making discoveries in elec- and without any aggravating circumstances, suffer tricity; on a third, freezing quicksilver with muriate the very same punishment which you inflict upon of lime, &c., with his friend Pepys; and, on the him who has been guilty of the most barbarous following, with Dr. Jenner and others making ob-murder, and, in short, endure the greatest punservations on the cow-pox. About this time, too, ishment which one human being can inflict upon he entered rather deeply into the study of botany, another? To reform the guilty, and to restore gained some knowledge of drawing, engaged a them as useful members of the community, is a tutor to assist him in mathematics, improved him-glorious triumph of humanity, and marks a state

rising in the scale of civilization; but to have no people were no doubt surprised at this unexpected other resource than the punishment of death, re-arrival; but there was no commotion. The stranminds me of the miserable subterfuge of a barbar-gers took their seats along with the rest of the ous age, barren in expedients to save, strong only congregation; and, when the meeting broke up, to destroy." It is gratifying to state that the ap-expressed themselves pleased with their visit. plication was successful. In the same year Mr. The year 1815 is marked by fresh labors in the Allen became treasurer to the British and Foreign cause of benevolence. Allen's ever-active mind School Society; and the affairs of Joseph Lancas- now projected an institution for the reformation of ter were now in such a state of embarrassment, juvenile criminals; and, in the ensuing year, in that a vigorous effort was necessary to prevent this the midst of these numerous engagements, he excellent institution from falling to the ground, brought out a journal, entitled "The Philanthronotwithstanding the indefatigable labors of its wor- pist," the object of which was to show that each thy founder. His heart was set on this new un- individual may in some measure alleviate the sufdertaking, for in his diary he says: "Of all the ferings of his fellow-creatures, and add to the concerns that I have anything to do with, the Lan- amount of human happiness. In 1816 he entered casterian lies the most heavily on my mind." This upon another new and important sphere of usefulschool business brought him into frequent commu-ness, which was visits to the different European nication with different members of the royal family, who had become its patrons. Among these was the Duke of Kent; and his royal highness conceived such a strong regard for him, that he ever treated him as a confidential and attached friend.

In 1813 we find our philanthropist forming fresh plans of benevolence in the erection of savingsbanks. To a friend at Bristol he writes: "Hast thou turned thy attention to the subject of a bank for the poor, in which their little savings of threepence or sixpence a week might accumulate for their benefit? I have consulted Morgan, the great calculator, and he is to sketch me a plan."

countries, for the purpose of ascertaining, from personal inquiry, the state of prison discipline, and examining into the subjects of national education, the condition of the poor, and liberty of conscience. After such investigations, he proceeded to the various courts, and made known his observations, at the same time suggesting such improvements as were deemed necessary to the case. He was in most instances well received, though he sometimes had to contend with strong opposition from those who thought knowledge too powerful an instrument to be placed in the hands of the mass. He brought forth arguments showing the fallacy of this idea, These plans were carried into effect three years and proving that ignorance is an insurmountable after. The same year, from a pure desire to im- barrier to the progress of morality and civilization. prove the condition of the poor, he united with the He also strongly maintained the rights of conschemes which Robert Owen was then carrying out science, asserting that "the business of civil govat Lanark. He was urged to this step by the ernors is the protection of the people in their solicitations of his friends; but it subsequently rights and privileges; but that they have nothing to caused him much distress of mind, owing to the do in matters of religion, provided that the good orvery opposite views which he and Mr. Owen held der of the community is not disturbed." The first on the subject of religion. In the February of of these journeys was taken in company with sev1814, Wilberforce interested Allen and Clarkson eral friends. After crossing to Calais, they passed for the Lascars and Chinese; and with them sought through Belgium and Holland into Germany and and obtained permission to visit the barracks at Switzerland. At Geneva Mr. Allen experienced Ratcliff, where two hundred of those unhappy a severe shock in the death of his second wife. creatures were living in a most deplorable con- He deeply felt her loss, and soon after returned to dition. The Lascars' Society was in consequence his native land. His second tour was commenced formed for their relief. Mr. Allen also associated in August, 1818. He was then, accompanied by himself with the Peace Society; and when the al- Mr. Stephen Grellet. Their first mission was to lied sovereigns visited London, a deputation from Norway, and from thence they passed into Swethe Society of Friends presented addresses to den. At Stockholm they had a private interview them. The address of the Emperor of Russia with the king, to whom they had previously sent was sent to Count Lieven, and on the day follow- an address on the important subjects before-mening Mr. Allen waited on that nobleman, to make tioned. As their salutation on parting was rather arrangements for its presentation. Greatly to his uncommon, we will give the account from his diary. astonishment, instead of a ceremonious reception, "The king was most kind and cordial. While 1 the count was awaiting his arrival in his carriage. was holding his hand to take leave, in the love Having invited him to enter, he said that the em- which I felt for him, I expressed my desire that peror had expressed a desire to attend a Friends' the Lord would bless and preserve him. It seemed meeting, and proposed that they should therefore to go to his heart, and he presented his cheeks for embrace the present opportunity. They accord- me to kiss, first one, then the other. He took the ingly drove off to Count Nesselrode's, where the same leave of Stephen and Enoch, [friends who emperor, the Grand Duchess of Oldenburg, the were with him,] and commended himself to our Duke of Oldenburg, and the Duke of Wurtemburg prayers." The party then embarked for Finland, joined them, and they rode together to the nearest and journeyed on to St. Petersburg. The emperor meeting-house then open for devotion. The good was absent when they arrived at the Russian cap