Culbert G. Rutenber, American Baptist Convention. J. Harold Sherk, National Service Board for Religious Objectors. Bishop B. Julian Smith, Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. John M. Swomley, Jr., Methodist Church. Herman Will, Jr., Methodist Church. The Church Peace Mission has been specially involved with the question of nuclear-weapons tests. 1. American Forum for Socialist Education-chairman-New York Times, May 13, 1957, page 12; Daily Worker, May 13, 1957, page 1; National Guardian, February 3, 1958, page 1. 2. Appeal for Amnesty for Eleven Communist Party Leaders-signer-press release, January 13, 1953. 3. Bronx Socialist Forum-speaker-National Guardian, February 3, 1958, page 11. 4. Christmas Amnesty Plea for Communists Convicted Under the Smith Actinitiator-New York Times, December 21, 1955, page 20. 5. Church Peace Mission-signer of statement on nuclear weapons testspress release, December 2, 1957. 6. Church Peace Mission Statement Calling for Cancellation of Nuclear Tests-signer-press release, April 21, 1958. 7. Clemency Appeal for Green and Winston—signer-New York Post, September 23, 1958. 8. Committee on Militarism in Education-member of national council-letterhead, October 1, 1935. 9. Committee for Socialist Unity-speaker at United Socialist Rally for May Day-Daily Worker, April 30, 1957, page 8. 10. Consumers National Federation-sponsor-program, December 11-12, 1937. 11. Dissent-contributing editor-letterhead, May 1958. 12. Fellowship of Reconciliation-speaker at forum-Daily Worker, May 29, 1956, page 1. 13. Fellowship of Reconciliation-secretary emeritus-letterhead, January 1958. 14. First U.S. Congress Against War, 1932-member of arrangements committee Massachusetts hearings, page 464. 15. Greater New York Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy-sponsor-leaflet, April 14, 1958. 16. Greater New York Emergency Conference on Inalienable Rights-speaker— program, February 12, 1940. 17. Melish Brief Amici Curiae-signer-U.S. Supreme Court, January 11, 1951. 18. Militant Labor Forum-speaker-National Guardian, March 3, 1958, page 10. 19. National Associates-sponsor of dinner-forum-program, May 25, 1952. 20. National Committee To Aid Victims of German Fascism-chairman-letterhead, July 3, 1934. 21. National Committee To Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case-appealed for clemency-leaflet, 1953. 22. National Scottsboro Action Committee member of executive committeeDaily Worker, May 3, 1933, page 2. 23. New York Committee for the Harold Davies MP Meeting-sponsor; speaker-letterhead, September 11, 1958. 24. New York Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy-speaker-leaflet, April 11-19, 1958. 25. Petition to Congress to eliminate the House Committee on Un-American Activities signer-Washington Post and Times Herald, January 7, 1959, page AS. 26. Rosenberg clemency appeal-signer of appeal to President Truman Daily Worker, January 13, 1953, page 2. 27. Scottsboro Unity Defense Committee-participated in meeting-Daily Worker, April 18, 1933, page 2. 28. Socialist Unity Forum-speaker at symposium-Worker, January 13, 1957, page 15. 29. Statement by non-Communist observers at Communist Party Convention, stating that the convention was democratically run and assailing Eastland committee-signer-Daily Worker, February 25, 1957, page 1. 30. Symposium on socialism in America-participated in—Worker, August 26, 1956, page 4. 31. United States Congress Against War-member of arrangements committee letterhead of National Organizing Committee, November 1, 1933. 32. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom-signer of open letter asking President Eisenhower to call off H-bomb tests-New York Times, May 7, 1956, page 21; Daily Worker, May 8, 1956, pages 1, 8. Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, will the distinguished Senator yield? Mr. THURMOND. I take this opportunity to congratulate the able and distinguished Senator from Mississippi, who is the chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary of the U.S. Senate, for the valuable information he has brought to Senators and to the American people on this very timely and pertinent topic. Mr. EASTLAND. I thank my distinguished friend from South Carolina. Mr. President, the Subcommittee on Internal Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, by special resolution, has been instructed to investigate the Communist conspiracy in our country and the administration of the Internal Security Act, From investigation and examination of the facts and records there can be little doubt, in my judgment, but that this group is an arm of the Communist conspiracy. They are agents of worldwide communism, who sow strife and discord in this country. A Communist movement must live with decisions that must be made by our Government. They desire to hurt our Government in the eyes of countries in other parts of the world who do not realize what the real conditions in the Southern States are. APPENDIX VII [Excerpt from the Congressional Record of Feb. 23, 1956] SUBVERSIVE CHARACTER OF NAACP The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Marshall). Under previous order of the House, the gentleman from Arkansas [Mr. Gathings] is recognized for 45 minutes. Mr. GATHINGs. Mr. Speaker. I ask unanimous consent to revise and extend my remarks and include citations of the House Committee on Un-American Activities and other pertinent data. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Arkansas? There was no objection. Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, on February 3, the Memphis Commercial Appeal carried an article written by Paul Malloy quoting from an interview with Thurgood Marshall, Negro special counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In the article it was stated, and I quote: "The meeting sponsored by the Memphis NAACP chapter heard Marshall angrily deny claims his organization is Communist tainted.” Marshall said: "Edgar Hoover, boss of the FBI, says we are not subversive. Our conventions have been addressed by Harry Truman, and President Eisenhower and Vice President Richard Nixon." Subsequently, on Tuesday, February 21, 1956, Frederick Woltman, ScrippsHoward staff writer, writing in the Washington Daily News, stated, and I quote: "The country's largest Negro organization, which has been accused of working in league with Communists by white citizens councils in the South, has taken steps to head off the move. "Each of the 1,300 local branches and youth councils of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) has received a stern warning that the Communists are making intensive efforts to infiltrate the nationwide civil rights assembly here in Washington March 4 6. "Roy Wilkins, NAACP executive secretary, directed units of his organization to exercise special care in selecting delegates to avoid any possibility that the assembly will be captured by leftwing individuals and groups. "'Otherwise,' Mr. Wilkins said, "The whole civil rights movement will receive a black eye and we will get very little attention, if any, by Congress.' "The Communist Party in the Daily Worker last week officially called for support of the mass lobby." Which of these statements are we to believe the statement of Thurgood Marshall, made in Memphis on February 3, which would lead the people of the country to believe that the NAACP is free of subversive influences, or are we to believe the article of Mr. Woltman dated February 21? It seems to me that if the NAACP is free of subversive influences on February 3, there would be no need to issue a warning about intensive efforts to infiltrate on February 21. The issue of the Daily Worker which Mr. Woltman refers to in his article is dated Tuesday, February 14. In it an editorial appears, and I quote: "The great debate will go on. But the Negro people and other democratic forces will not lose sight of the primary requirement for action: Demand that Eisenhower and Brownell act to enforce civil rights in the South. Support the mass lobby for civil rights in Washington March 4, 5, and 6." Roy Wilkins, NAACP executive secretary, would have the people of the Nation believe that the NAACP has just been marked as a Communist target for infiltration. In 1925 the Communist line as published by the Daily Worker Publishing Co. in the official report of the American Communist Party's fourth national convention held in Chicago, Ill., August 21–30, the party was directed to penetrate the NAACP. "Even in this organization (NAACP), under present circumstances, it is permissible and necessary for selected Communists (not the party membership as a whole) to enter its conventions and to make proposals calculated to enlighten the Negro masses under its influence as to the nature and necessity of the class struggle." The report reads. Now, let us look at this fellow Wilkins. He seeems to be greatly disturbed about this issue of Communist infiltration of the NAACP because of its effect being the whole civil-rights movement will receive a black eye. Here is the record from the files of the Committee on Un-American Activities, United States House of Representatives: "February 13, 1956. "Subject: Roy Wilkins, national administrator and executive secretary, NAACP, 1954. "The public records, files and publications of this committee contain the following information concerning the subject individual. This report should not be construed as representing the results of an investigation by or findings of this committee. It should be noted that the individual is not necessarily a Communist, a Communist sympathizer, or a fellow-traveler unless otherwise indicated. he "The Daily Worker of July 15, 1949 (p. 5), in an article datelined Los Angeles, July 14, reported that Roy Wilkins, acting secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, told a press conference * voted for Benjamin J. Davis, Negro Communist, at the last election. Davis is now on trial for his Communist beliefs, along with 11 other national Communist Party leaders in New York City. Wilkins, however, refused any comment on the trial itself. The same information appeared in the Daily People's World of July 13, 1949 (p. 1). "Mr. Wilkins was a member of the national committee, International Juridical Association, as was shown on the leaflet entitled 'What Is the IJA? and a letterhead of the group dated May 18, 1942; he was identified as being from New York State. The special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the International Juridical Association as 'a Communist front and an offshoot of the International Labor Defense' report 1311 of March 29, 1944); the Committee on Un-American Activities cited the organization as having 'actively defended Communists and consistently followed the Communist Party line' (report dated September 17. 1950, p. 12). "A letterhead of the Conference on Pan American Democracy dated November 16, 1938, contains the name of Roy Wilkins in a list of sponsors of that group, cited by the Attorney General as subversive and Communist (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948; also included on his consolidated list released April 1, 1954); the special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the Conference as a Communist-front organization which defended Carlos Luiz Prestes, a Brazilian Communist leader and former member of the executive committee of the Communist International (report 1311 of March 29, 1944; also cited in report dated June 25, 1942). “According to the Daily Worker of September 24, 1937 (p. 6), Roy Wilkins was one of the sponsors of a joint meeting of the American League Against War and Fascism and the American Friends of Chinese People. "The American League Against War and Fascism was cited by the Attorney General as subversive and Communist (press releases of December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948; also consolidated list of April 1, 1954); it had previously been cited by the Attorney General as a 'Communist-front organization' (in re Harry Bridges, May 28, 1942, p. 10); and as 'established in the United States in an effort to create public sentiment on behalf of a foreign policy adapted to the interests of the Soviet Union.' (Congressional Record, vol. 88, pt. 6, p. 7442.) The special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the American League *** as 'completely under the control of Communists' (reports of March 29, 1944: January 3, 1939; January 3, 1940; and June 25, 1942). American Friends of the Chinese People was also cited by the special Committee on UnAmerican Activities as a Communist-front organization (report of March 29, 1944). "The Daily Worker of January 23, 1937 (p. 8), reported that Roy Wilkins spoke for the International Labor Defense in Brooklyn. The International Labor Defense was cited by the Attorney General as the legal arm of the Communist Party and as subversive and Communist. (Congressional Record, vol. 88, pt. 6, p. 7446; and press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948; also included on consolidated list released April 1, 1954.) The special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the ILD as the legal arm of the Communist Party (reports of January 3, 1939; January 3, 1940; June 25, 1942; and March 29, 1944); the Committee on Un-American Activities also cited the group in a report released September 2, 1947. "Roy Wilkins spoke at a New York State convention of the Workers Alliance, as reported in the Daily Worker of February 11, 1939 (p. 1), and February 7, 1939 (p. 5). The Workers Alliance was cited as a Communist-penetrated organization and later as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General (Congressional Record, vol. 88, pt. 6, p. 7443, and press releases of December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948; included on consolidated list released April 1, 1954). The special committee cited the Workers Alliance as among the successes in the Communist-front movements (report dated January 3, 1939; also cited in reports of January 3, 1940; June 25, 1942; and March 29, 1944), "In an article by Blaine Owen which appeared in the Daily Worker of June 17, 1936 (p. 1), entitled '1936 Communist Party Convention Significant to Negroes,' he stated: "The greatest significance undoubtedly attends the 1936 convention of the Communist Party,' Roy Wilkins, assistant national secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and editor of the Crisis, said today. It must be patent to anyone who has kept track of the news that the political leftwing-and especially the Communist program-has been an important factor in bringing the plight of the Negro people, along with other underprivileged groups, more sharply to the attention of those parties which have been in power. * Nevertheless, there is no doubt in my mind that the program and demands of the Communists have had a very wholesome effect on the Negro people themselves. They have been emboldened by the basic and basically right demands put forth.' This, it was pointed out to Wilkins, is what the Communist Party means when it bases its entire campaign on the proposal for and toward the realization of the broad People's Front. He nodded." To understand the civil rights movement as propagated by the NAACP, I feel that a person must know something of the history and development of the American Negro movement here in the United States subsequent to the Reconstruction period. In 1895, Booker T. Washington, president of Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, was selected to speak for the southern Negro at the Atlanta Exposition. Dr. Washington stated his position clearly and with great effect. I would like to quote several paragraphs from Booker T. Washington's address which I feel sums up the entire philosophy enunciated by him and his group: "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercises of these privileges. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house." Also: "Cast it down in agricultural, mechanics, in commerce, in domestic service, and in the professions. And in this connection it is well to bear in mind that whatever other sins the South may be called to bear, when it comes to business, pure and simple, it is in the South that the Negro is given a man's chance in the commercial world, and in nothing is this exposition more eloquent than in emphasizing this chance. Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and glorify common labor and put brains and skill into the comon occupations of life; shall prosper in proportion as we learn to draw the line between the superficial and the substantial, the ornamental gewgaws of life and the useful. No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem. It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities." There was an entirely different school of thought, however, which was headed by Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, of Alantic University. Dr. DuBois was a very bitter critic of the Washingtonian movement, which he referred to as "the Tuskegee machine." Dr. DuBois was the leader of the left-wing element of American Negro Society which, in 1905, met at Niagara Falls, N.Y., and devised plans whereby complete social equality could be attained. This group was subsequently called the Niagara movement. The Niagara movement was not very effective, because it was hampered by lack of funds. However, in 1908, a race riot occurred in Springfield. Ill., the home of Abraham Lincoln, which aroused the interest of the dormant abolitionist movement in the North. As a result of the feeling which was aroused by the Springfield race riots, William English Walling made a strong appeal for the emancipation of the American Negro in the fields of political and social equality. This appeal later became the clarion for the formation of a new organization, called National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which joined the white liberals of the northern abolitionist traditions with the Negro liberals of the Niagara movement. Dr. DuBois was one of the founding fathers of the present-day NAACP, which was founded in 1909. This Dr. DuBois, who broke away from the Booker T. Washington group, was the leader of the Niagara movement. His record of citations from the House Committee on Un-American Activities takes up nine pages single spaced: "FEBRUARY 21, 1956. "Subject: Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, founder NAACP, leader Niagara movement. "The public records, files, and publications of this committee contain the following information concerning the subject individual. This report should not be construed as representing the results of an investigation by or findings of this committee. It should be noted that the individual is not necessarily a Communist. a Communist sympathizer, or a fellow traveler unless otherwise indicated. "The Worker (Sunday edition of the Communist publication, the Daily Worker) on April 27, 1947, reported that 'almost 100 Negro leaders, headed by W. E. B. DuBois, Paul Robeson, and Roscoe Dunjee, last week called upon President Truman "to repudiate decisively" steps to "illegalize the Communist Party." *** As Negro Americans *** we cannot be unmindful that this proposal to outlaw the Communist Party comes precisely when our Federal Government professes grave concern over the democratic rights of peoples in far distant parts of the world' (p. 8 of the Worker). "Dr. DuBois sponsored a statement attacking the arrest of Communist Party leaders (Daily Worker, August 23, 1948, p. 3); he sponsored a 'Statement by Negro Americans' on behalf of the Communist leaders (the Worker of August 29, 1948, p. 11); he filed a brief in the Supreme Court on behalf of the 12 Communist leaders (Daily Worker, January 9, 1949, p. 3); he signed statements on behalf of Communist leaders, as shown in the following sources: Daily Worker, January 17, 1949 (p. 3); February 28, 1949 (p. 9); Daily People's World, May 12, 1950 (p. 12); Daily Worker, September 19, 1950 (p. 2); and in 1952, he signed an |