onists soon followed. It was not long before the trustees found that others besides paupers were needed to make the colony a success. Scotch and German immigration was therefore encouraged, and as long as Oglethorpe remained in the colony, it enjoyed a general prosperity, although it continued to be scarcely more than an experiment up to the time of the Revolution.

CHAPTER XIV.

PENNSYLVANIA.

94. Quakers. One of the results of the religious agitations in Europe during the seventeenth century (T47) was the formation. of the sect called Friends, or Quakers. George Fox was the founder of this denomination, and its peculiar features caused it

William Penn.

to receive severe persecution. The Friends did not believe in any church with paid ministers or priests, and objected to State support of religion. They believed in the equality of persons, would not remove their hats even in the presence of the king, and used no titles in their conversation. They dressed very plainly, and refused to engage in war or attempt to enforce obedience to laws (182).

95. William Penn.-The doctrines of George Fox were accepted by a large number of those who were dissatisfied

with the Church of England, and rich and poor alike joined the body of Friends. Among them was William Penn, a son of Admiral Sir William Penn, a man of high rank and a friend of King

Charles II. and his brother, then Duke of York. Penn became interested in the attempt of the Quakers to settle West Jersey, and determined to provide a refuge for those who might be persecuted for religion's sake. In 1681 Charles II. gave him a grant of the land now comprised within the limits of Pennsylvania, in payment of a debt which the government had owed to his father. The king called the country "Pennsylvania," or "Penn's Woods," in honor of the admiral, in spite of objections that Penn made to the name. By this charter Penn obtained a title to forty thousand square miles of land, which was increased the next year by the purchase of Delaware from the Duke of York (¶ 82).

"The scene at Shackamaxon forms the subject of one of the pictures of West. Shall the event be commemorated by the pencil? Imagine the chiefs of the savage communities, of noble shape and grave demeanor, assembled in council without arms: the old men sit in a half-moon upon the ground; the middle-aged are in a like figure at a little distance behind them; the young foresters form a third semi-circle in the rear. Before them stands William Penn, graceful in the summer of life, in dress scarce distinguished by a belt, surrounded by a few Friends, chiefly young men, and, like Anaxagoras, whose example he cherished, pointing to the skies, as the tranquil home to which not Christians only, but

96. Settlement. The Swedes and the Dutch had begun small settlements on the banks of the Delaware many years before the grant to Penn. These villages were of but little account, however, and the real settlement of Pennsylvania may be said to have been made in 1681. Three vessels of Quakers came over in this year, and in the following year Penn himself arrived with a hundred companions. He landed at Newcastle, Del., and soon after held his first assembly at Chester, or Upland. Passing up the Delaware to its junction with the Schuyl kill, Penn chose this strip of land to be the site for his capital, and in 1683 laid out the city of Philadelphia, or "Brotherly Love." He met the Indians under an elm-tree at Shackamaxon, and purchased the land from them for his city. Though the colony was founded for the sake of the despised Quakers, those who held other religious opinions were cordially invited, and persecution was unknown. Religious freedom and easy laws stimulated immigration, and the colony grew rapidly, with Germans and Scotch-Irish, as well as English, among its numbers.

the souls of heathen go, Who better live than we, though less they know.'"

(Bancroft's History of the United States).

97. Government. - Penn prepared a Frame of Government" and proposed it to the colonists, and the first Assembly adopted it.

Perfect religious freedom was accorded to all who believed in God, and the only religious qualification for the officers was that they be professing Christians. Many of the laws were such as would be particularly appropriate for a Quaker colony, and they made Pennsylvania, in many respects, a pattern for the other settlements. The same spirit showed itself in Penn's treatment of the Indians. He was always honest and straightforward in his dealings with them, so that they acquired a love and respect for him.

The "Frame of Government" provides among other things, "That all persons living in this province, who confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eternal God to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the world, and that hold themselves obliged, in conscience, to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall, in no ways, be molested, or prejudiced, for their religious perswasion, or practice, in matters of faith and worship; nor shall they be compelled, at any time, to frequent, or maintain, any religious worship, place or ministry whatever."

This was doubtless the leading cause of the freedom that Pennsylvania enjoyed from Indian warfare.

1603. England - Reign of James I.

1605. Port Royål - Settlement by De Monts.

1606.

Charter granted to London and Plymouth Companies, April 10. 1607. Jamestown - Settlement by London Company, May 13. 1608. Holland — Immigration of the Scrooby Pilgrims.

Quebec Settlement by Champlain, July 3.

1609. Virginia · Second charter of the London Company. Hudson River - Explored by Henry Hudson.

Lake Champlain - Explored by Champlain.

1610. France - Reign of Louis XIII.

1612. Virginia — Third charter of London Company. 1614. Fort Nassau Built by Christiaensen.

1619. Virginia - First Legislative Assembly, July 30.

Virginia — First importation of negro slaves.

1620. Plymouth - Settlement by the Pilgrims, December 21, N. S. New England - Charter of the Council of Plymouth.

Of

63

CALIFORNIA

1624. Virginia - Charter of London Company annulled. 1625. England - Reign of Charles I.

1626. Salem- Settlement by Conant.

1629. Massachusetts Bay - Charter granted, March 4. 1630. Boston Settlement by Winthrop, August.

1634. Maryland ·

1635.

Settlement at St. Mary's, March.

New England - Council of Plymouth resigns its patent.

1635 to 1636. Connecticut Settlement at Wethersfield, Windsor, and

Hartford.

-

1639.

Rhode Island -- Settlement at Newport.

Connecticut

Connecticut

- Settlement at New Haven.

- Constitution adopted, January 14.

1643. France Reign of Louis XIV.

1660. England The Restoration. Reign of Charles II. Connecticut Charter granted, April 20.

1664. New York - Conquered by the English, September 1665. New Jersey Settlement at Elizabethtown.

1669.

1670.

1673.

Connecticut and New Haven united.

Spain - Reign of Charles II.

Carolina · Locke's Constitution formed.

South Carolina · Settlement at Old Charleston.

--

Great Lakes Explored by Marquette and Joliet. 1674. New Jersey Divided into East and West Jersey. New England - King Philip's War begun.

1675.

1681. Pennsylvania — Granted to William Penn, March 4. 1682. Pennsylvania Settlement at Philadelphia.

1691. Plymouth - United to Massachusetts.

1700. Spain - Reign of Philip V.

1702. England - Reign of Anne.

1703. Delaware - Becomes a separate colony.

1714. England — Reign of George I.

1715. France - Reign of Louis. XV.

1727. England — Reign of George II.

1733. Georgia - Settlement at Savannah, February 12.