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would obtain by the purchase of land from the Indians. The Thirty Years' War interfered with the schemes of colonization, and the king died in 1632. The plan was not abandoned, however, and in 1637 a colony was sent out from Sweden to the new continent.

81. New Sweden. The first Swedish colony was under the command of Peter Minuit, formerly governor of New Netherland, and the first settlement was on the Delaware. Fort Christina was built near the site of the present Wilmington, the land being purchased from the Indians. This was within the territory claimed by the Dutch, but they were afraid to enter into disputes with the brave Swedes of those days. The growth of New Sweden was very slow, and at the end of seventeen years, in 1655, there were perhaps seven hundred people in the colony. During that year the Dutch, deeming themselves of sufficient strength, attacked Fort Christina, and with no shedding of blood New Sweden again became a part of the Dutch possessions.

82. Delaware. The Dutch retained possession of the lands upon the Delaware less than ten years. When the Duke of York, in 1664, wrested New Netherland from the Dutch, Delaware became an English colony. New Jersey was soon granted to other proprietors, but Delaware continued to be a part of New York and directly under the control of the duke. Soon after William Penn had secured a grant of the land which he called Pennsylvania, he found that his colony needed access to the ocean, and he obtained from the Duke of York a deed of the three lower counties on the Delaware (195). The small strip of land which had first been under the Dutch, then under the Swedes, then under the Dutch again, afterwards conquered by the Duke of York, had at last obtained, in 1682, a permanent owner, and become a part of the possessions of the Quaker proprietor. Delaware had the same. governor as Pennsylvania, but a different legislature, until, by the American Revolution, it became an independent State.

NEW JERSEY.

83. New Jersey. The early history of the colony of New Jersey is almost the same as that of its neighbors, New York and Delaware. The Dutch claimed its territory as a part of New Netherland,

but made few if any permanent settlements within its limits. The Swedes did not confine themselves within the present boundaries of Delaware, a few of them having farms across the Delaware River. When the Dutch seized upon New Sweden, they claimed continuous land from the Hudson to and beyond the Delaware, but did not have any settlements of note between New Amsterdam and Christina. When the Dutch surrendered to the Duke of York, the land became a part of his territory, and immediately its history as a separate colony began.

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84. Berkeley and Carteret. One of the first acts of the Duke of York, after acquiring his new territory, was to give a certain portion to two of his friends. In 1664 Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret received from the duke a grant of the land between the Hudson and the Delaware. To this territory was given the name of New Jersey, in honor of Carteret, who had been gov ernor of the Isle of Jersey. Berkeley sold his portion to two Quakers in 1674, and New Jersey was divided into East Jersey, belonging to Carteret, and West Jersey, a Quaker colony. Later Carteret's heirs sold East Jersey to William Penn, and in 1702

The Isle of Jersey is one of the islands in the British Channel, and contains about forty-five square miles. Sir George Carteret was governor of this island at the breaking out of the Civil War in England in 1642, and the island under his leadership remained loyal to King Charles. The Channel Islands suffered great loss because of their devotion to the king, and only yielded to Parliament when, in 1651, it was evident that a further contest was useless. When the Duke of York, James II., gave a part ownership of New Jersey to Carteret, it was a partial recompense for the devotion which Carteret had shown to his father, King Charles.

the two colonies were united, and henceforth New Jersey was a

royal colony.

85. Settlements. The early settlers of New Jersey were of three different classes. Some of them were New England Puritans, others came across the border from New York, while others were Quakers who came direct from England. A few months after the surrender of New Netherland, a few persons from Long Island began, in 1665, to make a settlement at Elizabethtown. Here the new governor of Jersey found them and confirmed their right to the land. Religious toleration was permitted, and settlers began to arrive in numbers from the New England colonies. By 1688 settlements had been made in such numbers that a colonial legislature was assembled. The class of people that flocked to New

Jersey was of the best, and the history of the people is one of quiet growth. The Indians were rarely troublesome, and the adjoining colonies of New York and Pennsylvania protected New Jersey from the French.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA.

THE CAROLINAS.

86. Early History. There were many unsuccessful attempts to colonize the land lying to the south of Virginia before the first permanent settlement was made. The most important of these were the Port Royal Colony of the French Huguenots (¶ 19), and the two disastrous colonies of Raleigh at Roanoke Island (28). During the century which followed the massacre of the Huguenots, many English settlers sought homes in this tract of land, which was called Carolana, or Carolina. The colony sent out by the London Company was intended for Roanoke Island (37), but instead sailed up the James River. Charles I. gave to one of his favorites a grant of Carolana, but no permanent settlements were made.

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87. Early Settlers. It was not until the middle of the seventeenth century that emigration began to set towards Carolina. In 1653, a party of Virginians made a settlement on the Albemarle River. These settlers had been harassed while in Virginia because they were not in sympathy with the Church of England, the established church of the colony (¶ 179). The Albemarle settlement was close to the original boundary of Virginia, but within the present limits of North Carolina. Some New Englanders attempted a settlement at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, but soon abandoned it because they deemed the place unsuitable. A party of Englishmen from Barbadoes were better satisfied with the location, and the Cape Fear Colony was established in 1665. 88. The Proprietors. Charles II., on ascending the throne at the Restoration, rewarded many of his friends by giving them lands in

the New World. In 1663 the king granted land south of Virginia to eight proprietors, and in 1665 enlarged the territory. Carolina, as thus granted, extended from the present southern boundary of Virginia, on the north, many miles beyond the Spanish town of St. Augustine, on the south, and westward to the Pacific. Among these proprietors were the Earl of Clarendon, the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Ashley Cooper, and Sir William Berkeley. The proprietors permitted the settlers who had already arrived to remain, and offered liberal inducements to attract immigrants to the new colony. Within a few years, besides the Albemarle and Clarendon or Cape Fear counties, two other settlements were begun, one on the Ashley and Cooper rivers, called Charleston, and one farther south, at Port Royal. The Charleston settlement grew the more rapidly, and the southern portion of the colony became the more important.

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89. The Locke Constitution. The proprietors attempted to place over the colonists of Carolina a form of government entirely unsuited to the time and character of the people. John Locke, one of England's greatest philosophers, is said to have drawn up the constitution, and the proprietors strove to enforce it for twenty years. It was based on the idea that the mass of the people should not only have no voice in public affairs, but that they should belong to the land, and be incapable of rising above the lot to which they were born. The tenants should be bought and sold almost as slaves, while their owners were to constitute a privileged class, called the nobility. Such titles were bestowed as admiral, chancellor, baron, landgrave, and cazique, and the supreme ruler was called the palatine. The woodsmen and farmers refused to have anything to do with such a government, and `before 1690 the proprietors abandoned the struggle. This was the only attempt ever made to establish a nobility in any of the colonies, and its result was to weaken the government and to injure the prosperity of the colony.

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90. North and South Carolina. The proprietors did not find so much profit in the colony as they had anticipated. Settlement went on very slowly, religious troubles became common, disorder and riots prevailed. In 1729, after an ownership of about sixtyfive years, the proprietors gave up their rights to the king.

Carolina already consisted of two counties, each with its own governor and assembly. At this time the king decided to divide the colony, and the two provinces thus formed were called North and South Carolina.

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GEORGIA.

91. Oglethorpe. The condition of the lower classes in England during the seventeenth century was very pitiable. The prisons were crowded with those who were unable to pay their debts, and these prisons were in a most terrible state. James Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament, was chairman of a committee on prisons. He was moved with compassion at the condition which he found, and formed the idea of establishing a colony for the poor and the oppressed. He prevailed upon the merchants of London, and upon Parliament also, to help pay the debts of those who were willing to emigrate to the New World.

92. Government.-In 1732 Oglethorpe obtained from King George II. a grant of land between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers.

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James Oglethorpe.

(From an old engraving.)

This colony was to be called Georgia, in honor of the king, and was founded for two special purposes. It was to be a refuge for the poor and the oppressed of all lands, and at the same time. it was to form a protection to Carolina from the Spaniards in Florida. The king's charter placed Georgia for twenty-one years in the hands of twenty-one trustees, "in trust for the poor." The trustees were to have full power, but were to obtain no personal advantage from the colony. The result was unsatisfactory, however, and the trustees gladly surrendered their rights in 1752, and Georgia became a royal colony.

93. Settlement.

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The first settlement within the colony was made by Oglethorpe himself with thirty-five families, in 1733, at Savannah. Some German Protestants came the following year, and other col

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