England. Few domestic matters of importance occupied the attention of Congress.

In 1811 an attempt was made to re-charter the National Bank (T 409), but it was unsuccessful, and the bank was closed. Five years later another attempt fared better, and a charter was granted for twenty years.

Two new States were admitted, — Louisiana, the eighteenth, April 30th, 1812, and Indiana, the nineteenth, December 11th, 1816.

President Madison was re-elected in 1812, by a vote of 128 to 89 for DeWitt Clinton of New York; Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts being chosen Vice-President. James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins were the Republican candidates in 1816, and Monroe received a large majority over Rufus King, the candidate of the Federalists.

one.

CHAPTER LIX.

AN ERA OF GOOD FEELING. 1817-1825.

445. Monroe's Administrations. — James Monroe became President in 1817, a time when the United States was at peace with all the world. During his term of office the Federalist party ceased to exist, and all the people belonged to one party. In 1820 there was no opposition to the re-election of Monroe and Tompkins, and in the electoral college President Monroe received all the votes but These eight years were termed the "Era of Good Feeling." 446. The Purchase of Florida. — In 1818, General Andrew Jackson (¶ 468) was sent to repel the invasion into Georgia by the Seminole Indians of Florida. The Spanish officials so persistently aided the Indians that Jackson exceeded his authority, invaded Florida, and seized the town of Pensacola. John Quincy Adams, the Secretary of State, entered into communication with Spain to settle this difficulty as well as the boundary dispute which had been pending since the purchase of Louisiana. These negotiations resulted in the purchase of Florida for the sum of five million

dollars. The treaty was signed by the commissioners in 1819, but was not finally ratified by the two governments until two years later. In this treaty the United States waived all right to the province of Texas (1483), and Spain

447. The Slavery Question. The most important question that arose during Monroe's administrations was with regard to slave and free States. One by one the Northern States abolished slavery, so that before 1808, when the foreign slave-trade was abolished, there were nine free States in the North and eight slave admission of Louisiana and Indiana

448. The Missouri Compromise. The South was very anxious to keep the equality in the Senate, which would be lost if both Maine and Missouri were made free States. The opposition to the extension

of slavery had become strong in the North, and many members of Congress hesitated to vote to increase the number of slave States.

Mississippi. -The first settlement made in southern New France was in 1699, at Biloxi, in what is now Mississippi. This region passed to the English in 1763, and the larger part of it to the United States in 1783. The portion along the Gulf of Mexico was granted to Spain at the same time, and was for nearly forty years the cause of a dispute, which was not settled until the purchase of Florida. The "Bayou State " contains an abundance of very fertile soil, a large portion of which is used in the production of cotton. More than a million and a quarter people live here, of which number one fourth are employed in farming.

The people of Illinois strongly objected

to the forming of the slave State of Missouri, as it lay to the west of them, and a portion of Illinois would then be nearly surrounded by slavery. After a long debate the famous Missouri Compromise bill of 1820 was passed (¶ 513). This bill admitted Missouri as a slave State, while a statute was passed forever prohibiting slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana purchase, north of the parallel of 36° 30'. The result of this compromise was simply

to postpone the settlement of the slavery question, and for thirty years (521) no further trouble arose directly over the admission of free or slave States. Missouri be

came a State August 10th, 1821.

Illinois, the third State in rank of population, was the third of the "Northwest" States to be admitted. In 1810 the population of the territory was about twelve thousand, while, eighty years later, it was nearly four million. In 1895 its population was more than four and a half millions. The city of Chicago had, in 1830, a population of ten families, and in 1896, after a period of sixty-six years, it vies with New York for first place, with nearly a million and a half inhabitants. Illinois is one of the great cereal-producing States, and possesses very rich soil throughout its whole extent. The manufacturing industries of the State rank well with any of the older States. The excellent location of Chicago makes it the centre of great commercial activity. The northern section of the State is more thickly covered with railroads than any other section of equal size in the world.

449. The Monroe Doctrine. During the early part of this century the various Spanish colonies on the American continent, influenced by the example of the United States, threw off the yoke of Spain, and, before 1822, had become independent States. Spain was unable alone to bring them back to their allegiance, but attempted to prevail upon other European nations to aid her. President Monroe decided to make a protest that Europe should not interfere in American affairs. He sent a message to Congress, in which he said. "that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers," and that, in matters relating to America, "we could not

view any interposition by any European power in any other light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the United States." He further added that we "should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." This main idea had been suggested by President Jefferson many years before this time; but this was the first explicit statement of the proposition, and it therefore received the name of the "Monroe Doctrine."

Alabama, a portion of the eastern half of the original Louisiana Province, was ceded to England in 1763. For a time included in the State of Georgia, it was afterwards ceded to the United States, and in 1802 became a part of the Territory of Mississippi. It was made a separate territory in 1817, when Mississippi became a State. Until within a few years, Alabama, or the "Cotton State," has devoted most of its attention to cotton and other agricultural products. Of late, however, it has begun to make use of its coal and iron mines, and to build up the manufacturing industries, for which it has great advantages. It is having a rapid growth, its population being more than a million and a half.

450. The Tariff Question. The War of 1812, as well as the attack upon American commerce before the war, led to the formation of many manufacturing establishments. Inasmuch as manufactured goods could not be imported, it was necessary to make them at home, if possible.

Maine. The Popham colony was established at the mouth of the Kennebec, in 1607. Mason and Gorges possessed the land from the Kennebec to the Merrimac in 1620. In 1639 Ferdinando Gorges obtained a charter of Maine from Charles I. Under the name of Pemaquid, the territory belonged later to the Duke of York, afterwards James I. After other changes, Maine was annexed to Massachusetts

They

When the Treaty of Ghent brought peace and a revival of commerce, a vast quantity of manufactured goods was brought in from England. were sold at such low prices that there was no sale for American manufac、 tures. A large number of petitions began to pour in upon Congress, ask ing it to impose high duties upon such imported goods as were being or could be produced in this country. It was hoped that if such duty was added to the price of foreign goods, home prod ucts might be sold at a price that would furnish some profit to the manufacturer. 451. Tariffs. In 1816 a new tariff act was passed by Congress, placing a comparatively high duty upon cotton and woollen goods, as these were the most important of the new manufactures.

in 1691. The province suffered severely in the French wars, the Revolution, and the War of 1812. March 15th, 1820, with the permission of Massachusetts, Maine was made a separate State. The "Pine Tree State" is devoted primarily to agriculture. Its fisheries are only exceeded in amount by Massachusetts. Its most unique production is the ice which is cut from its rivers. Its population is about seven hundred thousand.

This tariff did

not prove as satisfactory as had been hoped. The importations of foreign goods was considerably reduced, but not enough to satisfy the American manufacturers. In 1820

a bill laying a higher protective tariff lacked but one vote of becoming a law. In 1824 another, and this time a successful, attempt was made to furnish greater protection to home industries; and a new tariff was passed, increasing the duties on other goods as well as on cotton and woollen manufactures.

Missouri was the second State to be made out of the Louisiana purchase. When Louisiana was made a State in 1812, the rest of the territory was organized under the name of Missouri. The first settlement in the State was made at St. Genevieve, in 1700. St. Louis ranks fifth among the great cities of the country, with a population of nearly half a million, while the State also ranks fifth, with a population of about three million. The State ranks seventh in valuation, and at the head of the former slave States. Its industries are very diversified, mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce each holding a high place, as compared with its sister States.

When the

452. Presidential Election. At the close of President Monroe's term, as no parties existed, no party nominations for the Presidential chair were made. Four candidates were in the field for the office, each selected by a circle of friends. election took place it was found that Andrew Jackson had received 99 votes, John Quincy Adams 84, William H. Crawford 41, and Henry Clay 37. The election was, according to the Constitution, thrown into the House of Representatives, and a choice was made from the first three. Clay's friends gave their votes to Adams, and he was elected. John C. Calhoun (¶ 472), of South Carolina, was chosen Vice-President.

CHAPTER LX.

THE UNITED STATES OF 1825.

453. Population. - During the thirty-five years between 1790 and 1825 the population of the United States increased from less than four to about eleven millions. The business centres on the Atlantic coast had changed from small towns to cities of respectable size, and had lost the provincial character noticeable during the eighteenth century. The tide of migration was westward, and the centre of population, which in 1790 was east of the Chesapeake Bay, in