suspended for twelve months, but he never returned to the army. The battle of Monmouth was the last important conflict fought in the Northern States. A beautiful monument has recently been erected to commemorate this notable engagement. It stands on the public square, or triangle, rather, in the town of Freehold, not far from the Monmouth Court House. During the summer and autumn terrible massacres were committed by the Indians, especially at Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and Cherry Valley, New York. Wash

General George Rogers Clark was a conspicuous character west of the Alleghanies, throughout the entire period of the Revolution, and later. His several expeditions against the French and the Indians of the Northwest probably saved that country to the United States. In like manner we secured the country south of the Ohio, including the Mississippi territory, by the ability, bravery, and patriotism of John Sevier, James Robertson, and others. General Clark was born in Albemarle County, Virginia, in 1752. The expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes, when he was twenty-five years old, was intrusted to him by Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. The sufferings of officers and men in this expedition across the wilderness of Illinois, often over the drowned lands, including every privation from fatigue, wet, cold, and hunger, are almost without parallel in the history of military expeditions in this country. His military ability, power of endurance, bravery, and patriotism, were of the highest order. His services to his country were great, but he died near Lou'sville, Kentucky, in his sixty-sixth year, in obscurity and poverty.

ington took up his position at White Plains again, where he remained until he went into winter-quarters in New Jersey.

326. Colonel Clark at the Northwest. In the summer of 1778, Colonel George Rogers Clark conducted an expedition through the Western territory against the French settlements which had been planted by the Canadians in the Illinois country. He marched his force more than twelve hundred miles through an uncultivated and uninhabited wilderness. He surprised the town of Kaskaskia in the night, and captured it. Colonel Clark secured the written instructions which Rocheblave, the governor, had received from Canada for setting on the Indians, and paying them great rewards for the scalps of the Americans.

327. Clark captured Vincennes.-Governor Hamilton of Detroit had placed himself at the head of seven hundred Indians, with the intention of sweeping the Ohio and Kentucky country, and destroying all American settlements. Colonel Clark, hearing that Hamilton had captured Vincennes and fortified it, determined to attack him. He made a hasty march with only one hundred and thirty men, being all he could raise. He attacked Hamilton February 19th, 1779, captured the town, and the next day received the surrender of the fort. On his return, Colonel Clark transmitted to the Vir

ginia council letters and papers relating to Governor Hamilton. Hamilton and others were tried and convicted of inciting the Indians to unaccustomed cruelties, of sending detachments of them against the frontiers, and of giving standing rewards for scalps. They were sentenced to be put in irons and confined in the dungeons of the public jail. "The expedition," wrote Jefferson, "will have an important bearing ultimately in establishing our northwestern boundary."

CHAPTER XLVI.

STONY POINT AND PAUL JONES.

328. At Newport. - Near the close of July, 1778, an attack was planned upon the British army at Newport. General Sullivan was in command of the land forces, aided by Generals Greene and Lafayette, with ten thousand troops. An attack against the British fleet was made by Count D'Estaing. While the siege was in progress, an additional British fleet approached, and D'Estaing sailed out to give them battle. A severe storm arose, which separated the French vessels from the British fleet, and D'Estaing felt obliged to put into Boston for repairs. Sullivan with his forces retired to the northward. There, upon the highlands of Portsmouth, he was attacked by the British, but he repulsed them. The French fleet, after refitting at Boston, sailed for the West Indies. The British. fleet soon followed to protect their possessions in those islands.

329. Raids.—In May, 1779, the British conducted marauding expeditions in various quarters. They made raids into Virginia, destroying much property, both public and private, in Norfolk, Portsmouth, and the surrounding country. General Clinton in person led an expedition up the Hudson. He occupied and garrisoned Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, and returned to New York. In July General Tryon raided through Connecticut, and burned East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, plundering and ravaging the country bordering on the sound.

330. Wayne captures Stony Point. On the morning of the 16th of July, the Americans performed one of the most gallant and suc

cessful operations of the whole war. Washington could not regard with indifference the British occupation of any points upon the Hudson. He therefore sent General Anthony Wayne to capture Stony Point. This exploit was a military expedition of characteristic boldness and distinguished success. The plan was made by Washington, and its details were faithfully carried out by General Wayne. In the assault upon the works the troops placed their sole dependence on the bayonet, and the watchword which every man shouted was, "The fort is ours." Wayne led one of the columns in

General Anthony Wayne was one of the most active and conspicuous characters of the war. His bravery gained him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," but he was discreet and cautious, fruitful in expedients, quick in decision, and prompt in execution. He participated in a long line of engagements, from the very beginning of the war to its close. He raised a regiment in September, 1775, was made colonel in January, 1776, and brigadier-general in 1777. For his brilliant achievement at Stony Point, Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.

In early life he was a farmer and land surveyor. He served in the Pennsylvania Assembly, and was a member of the Pennsylvania Convention that ratified the United States Constitution. It will readily be seen how active his life must have been, when it is considered that though engaged in so many battles, and occupying such various honorable positions, yet he died at less than fifty-two years of age.

person, and was wounded in the head, but still went forward. Two columns gained the centre of the works at nearly the same moment. The number of killed and wounded was small on either side, but the whole British force of nearly six hundred was made prisoners. In this action the American loss was only fifteen killed and, eighty-three wounded. The stores captured were valued at more than one hundred and

fifty thousand dollars. These were divided among the troops. The Americans destroyed the works and returned to their camp.

331. Paulus Hook.

On the 19th of August, Major Henry Lee, with a force of four hundred Americans, captured Paulus Hook, where Jersey City now stands. The British works were stormed at half-past two o'clock in the morning, the bayonet only being used, and not a shot fired. The Americans lost twenty men, and the British fifty killed and wounded, and more than one hundred and fifty prisoners.

332. Springfield. During the summer of 1780, General Knyphausen, then in command at New York City, made constant forays, and in June advanced into New Jersey with five thousand men, hoping to surprise General Washington in his fortified camp. On hearing of Clinton's success in the South (¶ 342), he waited for his return.

June 23d Clinton united with him in the attack, and a battle ensued at Springfield. The American forces, under Greene, Maxwell, and Stark, were successful. This was the last invasion of New Jersey by the British.

333. Indians and Tories. In New York State, horrible depredations had been committed by the Indians and Tories. To put a stop to these atrocities, General Sullivan, with a force of five thousand men, was sent

against them. A severe battle was fought where the city of Elmira now stands, and the enemy completely routed. Sullivan then laid waste the Indian country as far as the Genesee River. This successful expedition effectually stopped the depredations and atrocities of the Indians in that quarter.

334. Paul Jones. - During the summer of 1779, a small squadron was fitted out at Paris by the American commission ers, and placed under command of Commodore Paul Jones. He was a Scotch American,

John Paul Jones.

and a man of great bravery. September 23d, 1779, while cruising with his ship, the "Bon Homme Richard," off the coast of Scotland, he fell in with the British ship "Serapis," and captured her after a most desperate fight. The "Richard" carried but forty guns, many of which were unserviceable. The "Serapis strongly manned and carried forty-four guns. Having great superiority in strength she engaged the "Richard" without hesitation. After a contest of an hour and one-half within musket shot, Paul

was

Jones ran up alongside his adversary and hooked her anchor to his own quarter. Jones could only use his smaller guns, but he

Admiral Paul Jones should be remembered by every school-boy as a bold, daring naval officer, who did great service to the American cause, and whose career was singularly checkered. When a mere boy he went to sea, and before he was eighteen, he commanded a vessel to the West Indies. Congress commissioned him first lieutenant in the navy on the 22d of December, 1775. It was at this time that he changed his name. His original name was John Paul, but in gratitude to General Jones, of North Carolina, who had strongly recommended his appointment by Congress, he assumed his name. In February, 1778, he received from Count D'Orvilliers the first salute ever paid to the American flag by a foreign man-of-war. On the English coast he captured "The Drake," a ship of superior force, which had been sent out especially to take him. After the capture of the "Serapis" he received from Louis XVI. the order of military merit and a sword of honor, and Congress ordered a gold medal to be struck in honor of his achievements. After the war he distinguished himself in the Russian service as rear admiral, was made a vice-admiral, and a knight of Saint Ann. Later he resigned his commission and removed to Paris, where he died. The Star Spangled Banner, it is said, was first displayed by him on board the "Alfred," in the Delaware. "In his character the tenderness and sensibility of a woman were united to the daring and courage of a hero."

threw combustible materials into every part of the "Serapis," which again and again set her on fire. After a two hours' terrific conflict the "Serapis" struck her flag. Jones raised his colors on the captured frigate, and transferred his men to her, because his own vessel was so damaged that it went down. The crew of the "Serapis" numbered three hundred and eighty, of whom three hundred and six were killed or wounded.

335. Another Gloomy Period. The last months in the year 1779 constitute another gloomy period. The assistance of the French had proved less effective than was anticipated. Several important plans of operation had failed. The conditions surrounding the army and the financial affairs of the country were depressing. On the other hand, Great Britain was laying plans for more vigorous operations. Parliament had proposed to enlist more than one hundred thousand men in the land and naval service of the country. It could not be foreseen that within two years the final overthrow of the British army

at Yorktown would prepare the way for the recognition of our independence. Before that event, however, still further gloom must result from additional disasters in the South.

A Revolutionary Musket.