jurisprudence, among which may be named Lebret, and also Loysel, whose works are found in the Library of Congress. I mention especially the "Institutes Coutumières" of Loysel, with the various notes of Laurière, Dupin, and Laboulaye, the last being the very loyal ally of our country, where this principle is stated and illustrated.1

The case of the slave at Metz deserves further mention. He had escaped from the besieging general, and taken with him a Spanish horse. The Duke of Guise, who commanded in the city, returned for answer to the application for his surrender, that he could not comply; that his hands were tied by the law of France from time immemorial; that, entirely free as it had been and is, it would not receive a slave: and so it would be, if he were the most barbarous and foreign in the world; having only set foot on the land of France, he is immediately at liberty and beyond all slavery and captivity, and is free as in his own country. The slave could not be returned; but the horse was sent back. The gay and lively Brantôme, who lived for pleasure, was struck by this incident, and, after repeating it "among other beautiful actions," adds:

"Truly, we must praise and admire that noble freedom, beautiful and Christian, in France, not to admit such servitudes and slaveries, too cruel, and which savor more of the Pagan and Turk than of the Christian." 2

Bodin, in his work on Government, which first appeared in French in 1576, must be quoted also. I

1 Institutes Coutumières, Liv. I. § 24, Tom. I. pp. 38-41.

2 Vies des Hommes Illustres et Grands Capitaines François, Discours LXXVIII.: Œuvres (Paris, 1822-23), Tom. III. p. 184.

copy from the old translation by Knolles, published in 1606.

"But in France, although there be some remembrance of old servitude, yet is it not lawful there to make any slave, or to buy any of others: insomuch that the slaves of strangers, so soon as they set their foot within France, become frank and free; as was by an old decree of the Court of Paris determined against an ambassador of Spain, who had brought a slave with him into France. And I remember that of late a Genoa merchant, having brought with him unto Toulouse a slave whom he had bought in Spain, the host of the house, understanding the matter, persuaded the slave to appeal unto his liberty. The matter being brought before the magistrates, the merchant was called for. The Attorney General out of the records showed certain ancient privileges given (as is said) unto them of Toulouse by Theodosius the Great, wherein he had granted, that slaves, so soon as they came into Toulouse, should be free: the merchant alleging for himself, that he had truly bought his slave in Spain, and so was afterward come to Toulouse, from thence to go home to Genoa, and so not to be bound to the laws of France. In the end, he requested, that, if they would needs deal so hardly with him as to set at liberty another man's slave, yet they should at least restore unto him the money he cost him whereunto the judges answered, that it was a matter to be considered of. In the mean time, the merchant, fearing lest he should lose both his dutiful slave and his money also, of himself set him at liberty, yet covenanting with him that he should serve him so long as he lived."1

Nor was the principle persons of a white skin.

restricted in application to The fugitive slave at Metz

1 Commonweal, tr. Knolles, Book I. ch. 5, p. 42.

was a Moor or Turk. And there are other cases. In 1571, a merchant of Normandy brought to Bordeaux several Moors for sale; but the Parliament of Guienne, by a solemn decree, discharged them from slavery, "because France, the mother of Liberty, does not permit any slaves." Another case occurred in the reign of Henry the Third, who, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Spanish ambassador, refused to surrender two or three hundred "Turks, Moors, and Barbarians" who had escaped from a Spanish galley, but sent them all to Constantinople, each with a crown-piece in his pocket. These cases also appear in the authoritative pages to which I have already referred.1

That the African was no exception to the prevailing principle in its original vigor appears in subsequent cases. Unhappily, Slavery, exiled from France, found a home in the French colonies, and then succeeded in obtaining certain privileges even in France. By the Edict of 1716 and the supplementary Declaration of 1738, the rights of the master over his slave in France were recognized in certain cases. A slave escaping. from the colonies was surrendered, and the officers of the Admiralty, and others whom it concerned, were enjoined to assist the master in his recovery; but where a master voluntarily brought or sent a slave into France, he was obliged first to obtain permission from the colonial governor, and register the same both at his place of residence and the port of disembarkation. With these considerable limitations the great rule of France prevailed. The master was not permitted to sell or exchange his slave in France;

1 Causes Célèbres, Tom. XIII. pp. 549, 550.

nor could he hold him, if he had failed to comply with the required formalities.1

In 1738, the liberty of a slave brought from San Domingo, and without compliance with prescribed formalities, was recognized after an elaborate hearing by the Admiralty. The general principle was presented with much force. One of the counsel exclaimed: "In France there are no slaves; and the custom is such that not only Frenchmen, but also foreigners entering a port of France, and crying, 'France and Liberty!' are out of the power of him who possessed them, who loses the purchase-money and the service of the slave, if the slave refuse to serve him."2 This case, which testifies against our Chief Justice, is found in a French collection of Celebrated Trials, and there is a full abstract of it in the notes to the case of Somerset in Howell's edition of the State Trials.3

In 1776, there was a case, entitled "A Negro and a Negress who claimed their liberty against a Jew,"4 where, after elaborate hearing, the Admiralty decreed the liberty of the claimants. Here also, while insisting upon failure to comply with the prescribed formalities, the original rule of France was eloquently declared. The counsel of the slaves began by saying: "Two slaves have had the happiness to land in France; they have heard that the air breathed here is that of Liberty." Proceeding in his argument, the counsel refutes the Dred Scott decision. "Those,"

1 Recueil d'Édits, etc., concernant l'Administration de la Justice et la Police des Colonies Françaises de l'Amérique (Paris, 1765), pp. 67, 89, 128. 2 Causes Célèbres, Tom. XIII. p 549.

3 Vol. XX. col. 12-16, note.

4 Un Nègre et une Négresse qui réclamoient leur liberté contre un Juif: Causes Célèbres (Paris, 1775-87), Tom. XXXVI. pp. 49-110.

said he, "who have thought to perceive a natural imprint of servitude-on the countenances of certain people, instead of consulting reason, have taken for guide only the prejudices engendered by vanity and pride. Had they listened in silence to the powerful voice which cries at the bottom of the heart of all men, their own heart would have contradicted the error of the mind. They would then have recognized that daring to pretend that all men are not born free is to calumniate Nature."1

In these cases there was an evident disposition to follow the teachings of Justice and Humanity. In another case, finally decided in 1759, it was suggested, that, even where the prescribed formalities had been complied with, the great rule of Liberty was not restricted, inasmuch as the Code Noir had never been registered in the Parliament of Paris. On appeal to this Parliament, the highest tribunal of France, the slave was ordered to be set free; upon which counsel, quoting the case, observed: "This decree attests that the jurisprudence of the Parliament of Paris is favorable to Liberty.""

Thus far I have adduced only the jurisprudence of France. But French literature also cries out. The famous Encyclopædia, edited by those leaders of thought, Diderot and D'Alembert, in the middle of the last century, says at the end of an elaborate article on Slavery: "We conclude that Slavery, founded by force, by violence, and in certain climates by excess of servitude,

1 Un Nègre et une Négresse, etc.: Causes Célèbres, Tom. XXXVI. pp. 50, 51, 66.

2 Ibid., pp. 82, 83.