Places.

The following goods were imported at Antwerp in 1832 from all places:

Coffee.

Sugar.

Hides. Cotton!

Casks. Barrels Bags. Casks. C.Braz. Bx.Hav Can. Barrels. Bags. Ox& Cow. Bales.

65,164 12,789 1,623 203,756

United States

90

162

50,102

841

13,602

Continent of Europe

11,660

291

260

1,078

66,079 13,754 20,262

521

East Indies

19,298

Jersey and Guernsey

Indigo. Tobac. Tea. Dyewoods.

U. Stat. Russia. Tierces. Bags. Chsts. Serns. Hhds. Pack.C.Tons. F. Tons.

1,936 9,958 526
150
10,731
2,046 1,791

45

61

173

21

8

East Indies

41

Jersey and Guernsey

Conditions under which Goods are sold.-On goods generally 2 per cent. is allowed for payment in 20 days, and 13 per cent. on credit of 6 weeks or 2 months. allowed, and 14 per cent. on a credit of 2 or 3 months. days, and 14 per cent. for three months' credit.

10

On cottons, at 20 days' credit, 3 per cent. are
On ashes, hides, and sugar, 3 per cent. for 20

Tares.-West India, Brazil, and Java coffee, in single bags, 2 per cent., and Havannah in jones, lb. per bag extra. Bourbon, in whole bags, 44 lbs., and in do. 24 lbs. Pimento, pepper, and ginger, in bags, 2 per cent.; on these articles, as also coffee, in casks and barrels, real tare. Cassia lignea, and cinna mon, in bales, 10 per cent.; and in chests, 6 to 6 lbs. per chest. Ashes, 12 per cent. Quercitron bark, Horse per cent. Cotton, in bales, 4 per cent., exclusive of ropes; and in serons, 6 lbs. per seron. hair, real tare. Indigo, in chests or barrels, real tare; and in serons, 6 to 7 lbs. per seron. Rice, in casks, 12 per cent.; and in bags, 2 per cent. Muscovado sugars, in casks and barrels, and Havannah clayed, in boxes, 14 per cent.; Brazil, in chests, 16 per cent.; Java, in canisters and baskets, 9 per cent.: Slam and Manilla, in bags, 3 per cent.: Bengal, in triple bags, 5 lbs. each: Bourbon, in mats, 6 per cent. Bohea tea, exclusive of wrappers, 46 lbs. per chest, 24 lbs. per ditto, and 13 lbs. per ditto, 14 lbs. per ditto; fine black and green tea, 12 to 13 lbs. per chest, 9 lbs. per ditto, 7 lbs. per ditto, 5 lbs. per 1-12th ditto, 3 lbs. per 1-16th ditto, and 2 per cent. in boxes. Tobacco, real tare: no draft or other deduction allowed. - (From the Circular of Jollie, Clibborn, and Co.)

It is very extensively culti

The

APPLES, the fruit of the Pyrus Malus, or apple tree. En immense variety and quantity of excellent apples vated in most temperate climates. are raised in England, partly for the table, and partly for manufacturing into cider. Those employed for the latter purpose are comparatively harsh and austere. principal cider counties are Hereford, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, Somerset, an. Devon. Mr. Marshall calculates the produce of the first four at 30,000 hhds. a year, of which Worcester is supposed to supply 10,000. Half a hogshead of cider may be expected, in ordinarily favourable seasons, from each tree in an orchard in full bearing. The number of trees on an acre varies from 10 to 40, so that the quantity of cider must The produce is, however, very vary in the same proportion, that is, from 5 to 20 hhds. fluctuating; and a good crop seldom occurs above once in three years. Encyc. of Agriculture, &c.)

-(Loudon's

Besides the immense consumption of native apples, we import, for the table, considerable supplies of French and American apples, especially the former; the entries of foreign apples for home consumption having amounted, at an average of the three years ending with 1831, to 36,012 bushels a year. Were it not for the oppressive duty of 4s. a bushel, there can be little doubt that the imports would be decidedly larger. The apples produced in the vicinity of New York are universally admitted to be the finest of any; but unless selected and packed with care, they are very apt to spoil before reaching England. The exports of apples from the United States during the year ended the 30th of September, 1832, amounted to Of these, 1,370 barrels were shipped for England. - (Papers pub6,928 barrels, valued at 15,314 dollars. lished by the Board of Trade, p. 106.; Papers laid before Congress, 15th of February, 1833.)

APPRENTICE, a young person of either sex, bound by indenture to serve some particular individual, or company of individuals, for a specified time, in order to be instructed in some art, science, or trade.

According to the common law of England, every one has a right to employ himself at But this sound principle was almost entirely subverted pleasure in every lawful trade. by a statute passed in the fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, commonly called It enacted that no person should, for the future, exerthe Statute of Apprenticeship. cise any trade, craft, or mystery, at that time exercised in England and Wales, unless he had previously served to it an apprenticeship of seven years at least; so that what had before been a bye-law of a few corporations, became the general and statute law of the kingdom. Luckily, however, the courts of law were always singularly disinclined to give effect to the provisions of this statute; and the rules which they established for its But though its iminterpretation served materially to mitigate its injurious operation. policy had been long apparent, it was continued till 1814, when it was repealed by the 54 Geo. 3. c. 96. This act did not interfere with any of the existing rights, privileges, or bye-laws of the different corporations; but wherever these do not interpose, the formation of apprenticeships, and their duration, is left to be adjusted by the parties themselves.

The regulations with respect to the taking of apprentices on board ship, the only part of this subject that properly comes within the scope of this work, are embodied in the 4 Geo. 4. c. 25. They are as follow:

From the 1st of January, 1824, every master of a merchant ship exceeding the burden of 80 tons shall have on board his ship, at the time of such ship clearing out from any port of the United Kingdom, one apprentice or apprentices, in the following proportion to the number of tons of her admeasurement, according to the certificate of registry; viz.

For every vessel exceeding 80 tons, and under 200 tons, 1 apprentice at least,

200
400

400

2

who shall, at the period of being indentured, respectively be under the age of 17 years; provided that every apprentice so to be employed on board any vessel, as above described, shall be duly indented for at least four years; and the indentures of every such apprentice shall be enrolled with the collector and comptroller at the Custom-house of the port whence such vessel shall first clear out after the execution of such indentures. - § 2.

Every apprentice so enrolled is hereby exempted from serving in his Majesty's navy until he shall have attained the age of 21 years; provided he is regularly serving his time either with his first master or ship-owner, or some other master or ship-owner to whom his indentures shall have been regularly transferred; and every owner or master neglecting to enrol such indentures, or who shall suffer any such apprentice to leave his service, except in case of death or desertion, sickness, or other unavoidable cause, to be certified in the log book, after the vessel shall have cleared outwards on the voyage upon which such vessel may be bound, shall for every such offence forfeit 104., to be paid in manner following; that is to say, one moiety by the owners of such vessel, and the other moiety by the master thereof, to be levied, recovered, and applied, in manner hereinafter mentioned. - § 4.

Every person to whom such apprentice shall have been bound may employ him, at any time, in any vessel of which such person may be the master or owner; and may also, with the consent of such apprentice, if above 17, and if under that age, with the consent of his parents or guardians, transfer the indentures of such apprentice, by endorsement thereon, to any other person who may be the master or owner of any registered vessel.-5.

No stamp duty shall be charged on any such transfer by endorsement. § 6.

And by 6 Geo. 4. c. 107. 158. it is enacted, that no person shall be deemed to be an apprentice for the purposes of the preceding act (4 Geo. 4. c. 25.), unless the indenture of such apprentice shall have been enrolled with the collector and comptroller of the port from which any such apprentice shall first go to sea after the date of such indenture; or in default of such enrolment, until the same shall have been enrolled at some port from which the ship in which such apprentice shall afterwards go to sea shall be cleared.

By stat. 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 56. § 7. it is enacted that no higher duty than 2s. shall be charged upon the indenture of any apprentice bound to serve at sea in the merchant service.

AQUA FORTIS. See ACID (Nitric).
AQUAMARINE.

See BERYL.

AQUA VITÆ (Ger. Aquavit; Fr. Eau de vie; It. Acqua vite; Sp. Agua de vida; Rus. Wodka; Lat. Aqua vita), a name familiarly applied to all native distilled spirits; equivalent to the eau de vie, or brandy, of the French, the whisky of the Scotch and Irish, the geneva of the Dutch, &c. In this way it is used in the excise laws relating to the distilleries.

ARANGOES, a species of beads made of rough carnelian. They are of various forms, as barrel, bell, round, &c., and all drilled. The barrel-shaped kind, cut from the best stones, are from two to three inches long, and should be chosen as clear as possible, whether red or white, having a good polish, and free from flaws. The bell-shaped are from one to two inches long, being in all respects inferior. Considerable quantities were formerly imported from Bombay, for re-exportation to Africa; but since the abolition of the slave trade, the imports and exports of arangoes have been comparatively trifling. (Milburn's Orient. Com.)

ARCHANGEL, the principal commercial city of the north of Russia, in lat. 64° 34' N., long. 38° 59′ E. It is situated on the right bank of the Dwina, about 30 English miles above where it falls into the White Sea. Population, 7,000 or 8,000. The harbour is at the island of Sollenbole, about a mile from the town. The bar at the mouth of the Dwina has generally 14 feet water; so that ships drawing more than this depth must be partially loaded outside the bar from lighters. The Dwina being a navigable river, traversing a great extent of country, renders Archangel a considerable entrepôt. It was discovered in 1554, by the famous Richard Chancellor, the companion of Sir Hugh Willoughby in his voyage of discovery; and from that period, down to the foundation of Petersburgh, was the only port in the Russian empire accessible to foreigners. Though it has lost its ancient importance, it still enjoys a pretty extensive commerce. The principal articles of export are grain, tallow, flax, hemp, timber, linseed, iron, potash, mats, tar, &c. Deals from Archangel, and Onega in the vicinity of Archangel, are considered superior to those from the Baltic. Hemp not so good as at Riga, but proportionally cheaper. Tallow is also inferior. Iron same as at Petersburgh, sometimes cheaper and sometimes dearer. The quality of the wheat exported from Archangel is about equal to that from Petersburgh. The imports are not very extensive. They consist principally of sugar, coffee, spices, salt, woollens, hardware, &c. The merchants of Archangel are said by Mr. Coxe to be distinguished for honesty and intelligence. (Travels in the North of Europe, vol. iii. p. 150.)

Account of the Quantities of the principal Articles exported from Archangel during each of the Six Years ending with 1832.

The total value of the exports in 1831 was estimated at 14,750,756 rubles, while that of the imports was estimated at only 1,155,872 rubles. During the same year there arrived at Archangel 443 ships; of which $49 were British, 12 Dutch, 14 Prussian, 12 Mecklenburgh, &c.

Account of the Number of Ships that sailed from Archangel during each of the Six Years ending

with 1832.

The trade of Archangel is very much influenced by the demand from the more southerly parts of Europe, and especially from England, for corn. When a brisk demand is anticipated, oats are brought in large quantities from the interior, sometimes even from the distance of 1,500 miles, in covered barks capable of holding several hundred quarters. But as there are few extensive mercantile establishments here, the supplies are scanty, except when a large demand has been expected for some time previously to the season for bringing them down. (Oddy's European Commerce, and private information.) Monies, Weights, and Measures, same as at Petersburgh; which see.

ARGOL, ARGAL, OR TARTAR (Ger. Weinstein; Du. Wynsteen; Fr. Tartre: It. Sp. and Port. Tartaro; Rus. Winnui kamen; Lat. Tartarus), a hard crust formed on the sides of the vessels in which wine has been kept; it is red or white according to the colour of the wine, and is otherwise impure. On being purified, it is termed creum or crystals of tartar. It consists principally of bitartrate of potash. White argol is preferable to red, as containing less drossy or earthy matter. The marks of good argol of either kind are, its being thick, brittle, hard, brilliant, and little earthy. That brought from Bologna is reckoned the best, and fetches the highest price. Argol is of considerable use among dyers, as serving to dispose the stuffs to take their colours the better. Pure argol, or cream of tartar, is extensively used in medicine. It has an acid and rather unpleasant taste. It is very brittle, and easily reduced to powder: specific gravity 1.95.

The duty on argol, which was judiciously reduced in 1832 from 28. a cwt. to 6d., produced in that year 6781. 38. 7d. of nett revenue. This, supposing the whole to have been charged with the low duty, would show an importation of 27,127 cwt. The price of argol in the London market, in August, 1833, varied, Bologna from 52s. to 58s. per cwt., Leghorn 48s. to 50s. per ditto, Naples 42s. to 48s., Rhenish 48s. to 50s.

ARISTOLOCHIA (Fr. Serpentaire; Ger. Schlangenwurzel; It. Serpentaria; Lat. Aristolochia serpentaria), the dried root of Virginia snake-root, or birthwort: it is small, light, and bushy, consisting of a number of fibres matted together, sprung from one common head, of a brownish colour on the outside, and pale or yellow within. has an aromatic smell something like that of valerian, but more agreeable; and a warm, bitterish, pungent taste, very much resembling camphor. - (Ency. Metrop.) ARMS. See FIRE-ARMS.

It

ARQUIFOUX (Ger. Bleyglanz; Fr. Arquifou; It. Archifoglio; Lat. Galena), a sort of lead ore, very heavy, easily reduced to powder, and hard to melt; when it is broken, it parts into shining scales of a whitish colour. The potters use it to give their works a green varnish; and in England it is commonly called potters' ore. Arquifoux is exported from England in large lumps; it should be chosen heavy, the scales bright and resembling tin-glass.

ARRACK, OR RACK (Fr. Arac; Ger. Arrack, Rack; Du. Arak, Rak; It. Araco; Sp. Arak; Port. Araca; Rus. Arak), a spirituous liquor manufactured at different places in the East.

Arrack is a term applied in most parts of India, and the Indian islands, to designate every sort of spirituous liquor; a circumstance which accounts for the discrepancy in the statements as to the materials used in making it, and the mode of its manufacture. The

arrack of Goa and Batavia is in high estimation; that of Columbo or Ceylon has been said to be inferior to the former; but this is doubtful. Goa and Columbo arrack is invariably made from the vegetable juice, toddy, which flows by incision from the coco nut tree (Cocos nucifera). After the juice is fermented, it is distilled and rectified. It usually yields about an eighth part of pure spirit. Batavia or Java arrack is obtained by distillation from molasses and rice, with only a small admixture of toddy. When well prepared, arrack is clear and transparent; generally, however, it is slightly straw-coloured. Its flavour is peculiar; but it differs considerably, no doubt in consequence of the various articles of which it is prepared, and the unequal care taken in its manufacture. In England, arrack is seldom used except to give flavour to punch: formerly the imports were quite inconsiderable; but they have recently increased so as to amount, at an average of the years 1829 and 1830, to above 30,000 gallons a year. In the East its consumption is immense. It is issued to the soldiers in India as part of the established rations; and it is supplied, instead of rum, to the seamen of the royal navy employed in the Indian seas. It is one of the principal products of Ceylon. Its prime cost in that island varies from 8d. to 10d. a gallon; and from 600,000 to 700,000 gallons are annually exported, principally to the presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay. It is sold in Ceylon by the legger of 150, and in Java by the legger of 160 gallons. In 1829, the first quality of Java arrack sold in Batavia at 160 florins the legger, or 1s. 83d. per gallon. The second quality fetched 125 florins.

Pariah-arrack is a phrase used to designate a spirit distilled in the peninsula of India, which is said to be often rendered unwholesome by an admixture of ganga (Cannabis sativa), and a species of Datura, in the view of increasing its intoxicating power. But it is not clear whether the term pariah-arrack be meant to imply that it is an inferior spirit, or an adulterated compound. This liquor is sometimes distilled from coco nut toddy, and sometimes from a mixture of jaggery, water, and the barks of various trees. (See Milburn's Orient. Com.; and Mr. Marshall's valuable Essay on the Coco Nut Tree, p. 18.) ARROW-ROOT, the pith or starch of the root Maranta arundinacea. It has received its common name from its being supposed to be an antidote to the poisoned arrows of the Indians. The powder is prepared from roots of a year old. It is reckoned a very wholesome nutritious food: it is often adulterated, when in the shops, with the starch or flour of potatoes. It is a native of South America; but has been long introduced into the West Indies, where it forms a pretty important article of cultivation. An excellent kind of arrow-root, if it may be so called, is now prepared in India from the root of the Curcuma angustifolia. The plant is abundant on the Malabar coast, where the powder is made in such quantities as to be a considerable object of trade. Some of it has been brought to England. The Maranta arundinacea has been carried from the West Indies to Ceylon, where it thrives extremely well, and where arrow-root of the finest quality has been manufactured from it. - (Ainslie's Mat. Indica.)

At an average of the three years ending with 1881, the arrow-root entered for home consumption amounted to 441,556 lbs. a year. Previously to last year (1832), the duty on arrow-root from a British possession was 9s. 4d. a cwt.; but as it is now reduced to 1s. a cwt., a considerable increase of consumption may be expected. It was quoted in the London market, in August, 1833, at from 9d. to 1s. 10d. per fb.

ARSENIC (Ger. Arsenik; Fr. Arsenic; It. and Sp. Arsenico; Rus. Müschjah ; Lat. Arsenicum). This metal has a bluish white colour not unlike that of steel, and a good deal of brilliancy. It has no sensible smell while cold, but when heated it emits a strong odour of garlic, which is very characteristic. It is the softest of all the metallic bodies, and so brittle that it may easily be reduced to a very fine powder by trituration in a mortar. Its specific gravity is 5·76. — (Thomson's Chemistry.)

Metallic arsenic is not used in the arts, and is not, therefore, extracted from the ore, except for the purposes of experiment or curiosity. The arsenic of commerce is the white oxide, or arsenious acid of chemists. It is a white, brittle, compact substance, of a glassy appearance; is inodorous; has an acrid taste, leaving on the tongue a sweetish impression; and is highly corrosive. In its metallic state, arsenic exerts no action on the animal system; but when oxidised, it is a most virulent poison. The arsenic of the shops is sometimes adulterated with white sand, chalk, or gypsum: the fraud may be detected by neating a small portion of the suspected powder; when the arsenic is dissipated, leaving the impurities, if there be any, behind. Though the most violent of all the mineral poisons, the white oxide of arsenic, or the arsenic of the shops, is yet, when judiciously administered, a medicine of great efficacy. It is also used for various purposes in the arts. It is principally imported from Saxony and Bohemia, — (Thomson's Chemistry; A. T. Thomson's Dispensatory.)

ASAFOETIDA (Ger. Teufelsdrech; Du. Duivelsdreck; Fr. Assa-fetida; Sp. Asafetida; Lat. Asa-fætida; Per. Ungoozeh), a gum resin, consisting of the inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant, the Ferula asafætida. It is produced in the southern provinces of Persia, and in the territory of Sinde, or country lying at the mouth of the Indus.

It is exported from the Persian gulf to Bombay and Calcutta, whence it is sent to Europe. It has a nauseous, somewhat bitter, biting taste, and an excessively strong, fœtid, alliaceous smell: the newer it is, it possesses its smell and other peculiar properties in the greater perfection. It is imported, packed in irregular masses, in mats, casks, and cases; the last being, in general, the best. It should be chosen clean, fresh, strong scented, of a pale reddish colour, variegated with a number of fine, white tears: when broken, it should somewhat resemble marble in appearance; and, after being exposed to the air, should turn of a violet red colour. That which is soft, black, and foul, should be rejected. The packages should be carefully examined, and ought to be tight, to prevent the smell from injuring any other article. In 1825, the imports of asafoetida amounted to 106,770 lbs., but they have not been so large since; and in

1830, only 8,722 lbs, were imported. We have not learned the quantity cleared for consumption, but it must be trifling. In this country, it is used only in the materia medica. In France, it is used both in that way, and to some extent, also, as a condiment. It is worth, in bond, in the London market, from 24. to 81. per cwt.-(Milburn's Orient. Com.; Parl. Papers; and private information.)

ASARUM (Fr. Asaret; Ger. Hazelwurzel; Sp. Asaro de Europa), the root or dried leaves of the asarabacca. The leaves are nearly inodorous; their taste slightly aromatic, bitter, acrid, and nauseous. The powder of the leaves is the basis of most cephalic snuffs. A good deal of their acrimony is lost in keeping: they should, consequently, be used in as recent a state as possible, and dried without the application of much heat. Asarabacca grows in several parts of England, particularly Lancashire and Westmoreland. ASH (COMMON), the Fraxinus excelsior of botanists, a forest tree of which there are many varieties. It is abundant in England, and is of the greatest utility.

The ash is of very rapid growth; and, unlike most other trees, its value is rather increased than diminished by this circumstance. Like the chesnut, the wood of young trees is most esteemed. It grows on a great variety of soils, but is best where the growth has been most vigorous. It is inferior to the oak in stiffness, and is more easily split; but in toughness and elasticity it is far superior to the oak, or to any other species of timber. Hence its universal employment in all those parts of machinery which have to sustain sudden shocks, such as the circumference, teeth, and spokes of wheels, ship-blocks, &c., and in the manufacture of agricultural implements; in the latter, indeed, it is almost exclusively made use of. The want of prolonged durability is its greatest defect; and it is too flexible to be employed in building. The wood of old trees is of a dark brown colour, sometimes beautifully figured; the wood of young trees is brownish white, with a shade of green. The texture is alternately compact and porous: where the growth has been vigorous, the compact part of the several layers bears a greater proportion to the spongy, and the timber is comparatively tough, elastic, and durable. It has neither taste nor smell; and, when young, is difficult to work. The mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia) is quite a different tree from the common ash, and its timber is far less valuable. (Tredgold's Principles of Carpentry; Timber Trees and Fruits, in Lib. of Entertaining Knowledge, &c.)

ASHES (Fr. Vedasse; Ger. Waidasche; Du. Weedas; Da. Veedaske; It. Feccia bruciata; Sp. Alumbre de hez; Rus. Weidasch; Lat. Cineres infectorii), the residuum, or earthy part, of any substance after it has been burnt. In commerce, the term is applied to the ashes of vegetable substances; from which are extracted the alkaline salts called potash, pearlash, barilla, kelp, &c. ; which see.

ASPHALTUM. See BITUMEN.

ASS (Fr. Ane; Ger. Esel; It. Asino; Lat. Asinus), the well-known quadruped of that name.

ASSETS, in commerce, a term used to designate the stock in trade, and the entire property of all sorts, belonging to a merchant or to a trading association. It is also applied to goods or property placed, for the discharge of some particular trust or obligation, in the hands of executors, assignees, &c.

ASSIENTO, a Spanish word signifying a contract. In commerce, it means the contract of agreement by which the Spanish government ceded first to a company of French, and afterwards (by the treaty of Utrecht) to a company of English merchants, the right to import slaves into the Spanish colonies. — (Brougham's Colonial Policy, vol. i. p. 439.)

ASSIGNEE, a person appointed by competent authority to do, act, or transact some business, or exercise some particular privilege or power, for or on account of some specified individual or individuals.

Assignees may be created by deed, or by law: by deed, where the lessee of a farm assigns the same to another; by law, where the law makes an assignee, without any appointment of the person entitled, as an executor is assignee in law to the testator, and an administrator to an intestate. The term is most commonly applied to the creditors of a bankrupt appointed to manage for the rest, and who consequently have the bankrupt's estate assigned over to them. (See BANKRUPT.) ASSIZE. See BREAD.

ASSURANCE. See INSURANCE.

AUCTION, a public sale of goods to the highest bidder. Auctions are generally notified by advertisement, and are held in some open place. The biddings may be made either by parties present, or by the auctioneer under authority given to him; the sale is usually terminated by the fall of a hammer.

AUCTIONEER, a person who conducts sales by auction. It is his duty to state the conditions of sale, to declare the respective biddings, and to terminate the sale by knocking down the thing sold to the highest bidder. An auctioneer is held to be lawfully authorised by the purchaser to sign a contract for him, whether it be for lands or goods. And his writing down the name of the highest bidder in his book is sufficient to bind any other person for whom the highest bidder purchased, even though such person be present, provided he do not object before entry.

Every auctioneer must take out a licence, renewable annually on the 5th of July, for which he is charged 51.; and if he sell goods for the sale of which an excise licence is specially required, he must also take out such licence, unless the goods be the property of a licensed person, and sold for his behalf and on his entered premises, in which case such additional licence is not required. —(6 Geo. 4. c. 81.)

Auctioneers within the limits of the chief excise office in London are bound, when they receive their licence, to give security to the excise by bond, themselves in 1,000l. and two sureties in 2001. each, to deliver in within twenty-eight days of any sale a true and particular account of such sale, and to pay the