show, that no one could have foreseen, and that would be inexplicable without some knowledge of the steps in the process by which it was brought about." (Internat. Joint Comm., United States and Canada, 1917, p. 140.) By agreement between the States of Minnesota and North Dakota and by the approval of Congress, about 20 acres of land were transferred to North Dakota, August 25, 1961 (75 Stat. 399). This parcel of land is near the city of Fargo. Moving the channel of the Red River to provide flood control cut off a bend of the river and thus made access from Minnesota difficult. NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH DAKOTA The Territory of Dakota was organized on March 2, 1861, from parts of Minnesota and Nebraska Territories. (See figs. 23, 24.) The following extract from the act of organization (12 Stat. L. 239) defines its original limits: all that part of the territory of the United States included within the following limits, namely: commencing at a point in the main channel of the Red River of the North where the forty-ninth degree of north latitude crosses the same; thence up the main channel of the same and along the boundary of the State of Minnesota to Big Stone Lake; thence along the boundary line of the said State of Minnesota, to the Iowa line; thence along the boundary line of the State of Iowa to the point of intersection between the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers; thence up the Missouri river, and along the boundary line of the Territory of Nebraska to the mouth of the Niobrara or Running Water river; thence following up the same, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the mouth of the Keha Paha or Turtle Hill river; thence up said river to the forty-third parallel of north latitude; thence due west to the present boundary of the Territory of Washington; thence along the boundary line of Washington Territory, to the forty-ninth degree of north latitude; thence east along said forty-ninth degree of north latitude to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, organized into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Dakota. In 1863 the Territory of Idaho was formed, its area having been taken from Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska. (See Idaho, p. 245.) In 1864, in the act creating Montana Territory, the area described in the following paragraph was temporarily restored to the jurisdiction of Dakota (13 Stat. L. 92). That, until congress shall otherwise direct, all that part of the Territory of Idaho included within the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at a point formed by the intersection of the thirty-third degree of longitude west from Washington with the forty-first degree of north latitude; thence along said thirtythird degree of longitude to the crest of the Rocky Mounains; thence northward along the said crest of the Rocky Mountains to its intersection wtih the fortyfourth degree and thirty minutes of north latitude; thence eastward along said forty-fourth degree thirty minutes north latitude to the thirty-fourth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence northward along said thirty-fourth degree of longitude to its intersection with the forty-fifth degree north latitude; thence eastward along said forty-fifth degree of north latitude to its intersection with the twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington; thence south along said twenty-seventh degree of longitude west from Washington to the fortyfirst degree north latitude; thence west along said forty-first degree of latitude to the place of beginning, shall be, and is hereby, incorporated temporarily into and made part of the Territory of Dakota. All but a small part of this area was included in the Territory of Wyoming in 1868. In 1870 and 1882 small areas were transferred to Nebraska. (See p. 221.) In 1873 an area of about 2 square miles was transferred to Montana. (See p. 235.) By the enabling act of February 22, 1889 (25 Stat. L. 676), the Territory of Dakota was divided into two parts, North Dakota and South Dakota: The area comprising the Territory of Dakota shall * * * be divided on the line of the seventh standard parallel produced due west to the western boundary of said Territory; Each part, having adopted a constitution, was declared admitted as a State by presidential proclamation, dated November 2, 1889. The boundary line between North and South Dakota, which is the seventh standard parallel north, of the public-land survey, was surveyed and marked in 1891-92. The marks are placed at each half mile and are substantial cut-stone posts 7 feet long by 10 inches square at top, set 32 feet in the ground. The initials of the States are cut on the north and south sides, and the mile numbers are on the east. The first mark was placed 9 chains west of the Bois des Sioux River bed. The measured distance to the east bank of the Missouri was 190 miles 8.25 chains. At a distance of 360 miles 45.35 chains, the east boundary of Montana was intersected at a point 48.35 chains north of its milepost 65. The Montana line at this place was found to bear 1°01′30′′ to the west. Boundary post 333, which is near the west end of this line, is in lat 45°56′42.64′′ N. and long 103°28′21.85′′ W., 1927 N.A.D. Where the Chicago & North Western Railway crosses this boundary, the latitude is 45°56′07.7" N. and the longitude is 98°07′42.1" W. Near the east end of the line the latitude of a point was found to be 45°56′09.7'' N. (Marshall, 1916, p. 296.) The northeast corner of North Dakota, which is in the middle of the Red River where it crosses the 49thparallel boundary, is in long 97°13′42.58'' W. The west boundary of South Dakota as far north as the northeast corner of Wyoming, lat 45° N., was surveyed in 1877, commencing at a post set in 1869 for the northwest corner of Nebraska. That part of the boundary north of lat 45° N. was surveyed in 1885. (See p. 236.) The entire west boundary of the State was resurveyed in 1904 and marked with 6-foot stone posts at each mile except from the 39th to the 104th, inclusive, which were marked with iron posts for the Black Hills National Forest. The measured distance to the northeast corner of Wyoming was 139 miles 8.78 chains, and to the northwest corner of South Dakota, 204 miles 48.26 chains. From the northeast corner of Wyoming to the southeast corner of Montana the line runs east a distance of 70.68 chains. This jog in the State line is due to errors in the location of the 27th meridian as determined from two widely separated stations; the position brought down from the north (see Montana, east boundary, p. 236) is 41.6" too far east, and that brought up from the south (see Nebraska, 41st parallel boundary, p. 222-223) is 23.3" too far west. Milestone 4 on the Wyoming-South Dakota line was located by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1912; it is at lat 43°03′30.61" N. and long 104°03′10.07" W. NEBRASKA The Territory of Nebraska was formed on May 30, 1854, from the northwestern part of Missouri Territory. Its original limits are defined as follows in the act of organization (see fig. 24; 10 Stat. L. 277): Beginning at a point in the Missouri River where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence on said summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the territory of Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri River; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of Nebraska. This area was reduced in 1861 by the formation of the Territories of Colorado and Dakota and further reduced in 1863 by the formation of the Territory of Idaho. (See Colorado, p. 228, Dakota, p. 216, and Idaho, p. 245.) In 1861, in the act creating the Territory of Dakota, a small area was added to the west end of Nebraska. The following is the text of the act making this addition (12 Stat. L. 244): That, until Congress shall otherwise direct, that portion of the Territories of Utah and Washington between the forty-first and forty-third degrees of north latitude, and east of the thirty-third meridian of longitude west from Washington, shall be, and is hereby, incorporated into and made a part of the Territory of Nebraska. The act for the admission of Nebraska to the Union was passed by Congress February 9, 1867, over a presidential veto, and, the conditions having been accepted by the people, statehood was declared in |