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the surrounding strata, and immediately around the skeletons is discolored. I dug through about six inches of black loamy earth before coming to the bones. They were found in what was nearly the exact center of the mound.

At Hascall, a few miles west, I found a small ball of baked potter's clay in which pounded shells had been mixed. It had been squeezed up by the hand just as we see children form balls of dough or putty. It is of the color of Philadelphia brick. What is remarkable about it is, that notwithstanding the lapse of time since it was baked it not only shows the marks of the fingers, but even the lines of the skin are clearly impressed on its surface.

Some phrenologists would say that a race with foreheads like those of this race had no brain capacity, and could have no intelligence. Yet they fabricated and used tools and weapons, some of which are of fine workmanship. They understood the ceramic art, and that they had a religion no one can doubt who reflects that they erected such monuments to the memory of their dead chiefs, or showed such care for the safety and comfort of their passage to the spirit-world as exhibited in placing beside them jars of food and water, their pipes and weapons, and perhaps by their sacrificing and burying with them their favorite wives. It is difficult on any other hypothesis to account for these facts.

ANTIQUITIES OF ALLEN AND DE KALB COUNTIES, INDIANA.

BY R. S. ROBERTSON, FORT Wayne, Ind.

I inclose by to-day's mail manuscript description of mound-remains in Allen and De Kalb Counties, which I hope may be considered worthy of a place in your report. I think it important to describe locations of mounds as far as discovered, and when Northern Indiana is fully explored, it will prove rich in prehistoric remains.

I have been careful to defer noting anything from reports, which are almost always much exaggerated, until I can verify them by personal examination. For instance, some ten days since I rode twelve miles in carriage and ten on horseback and return, to visit a fortification and mounds in the north part of Huntington County, only to find a very large beaver-dam. As reported to me, it was said to inclose from 150 to 200 acres. I found a beaver-dam, in zigzag lines, nearly 1,000 feet in length, and half a mile farther on two more, one about 300 and the other 600 feet long.

Since my paper containing a description of the location and contents of the mounds at Union Mills, I have received from there a copper implement 43 inches long, 24 inches broad at the cutting-end, and 1 inch at the other, and 3 of an inch in thickness. It is slightly convex on one side, and has apparently been flattened by hammering. I class it among the hatchets of the "Age of Copper," although it has no groove

for the handle. It was exhumed from one of the small mounds of the group described by me, and with it was a copper awl or needle 3 inches long, pointed only at one end. The same mound furnished fragments of two different vessels of pottery, one deep and narrow, with bands cut in chevron patterns upon the outside. The other was apparently about the shape of the glazed earthen vessels used by our farmers for milk-pans. The outside of this has been highly ornamented with cut and indented patterns, but the device cannot be made out from the fragment in my possession. Its inner surface has been smoothed by pressure, I think, upon a potter's wheel. Bones of a single skeleton were found in this mound, but unfortunately no record was taken of any peculiarities.

During the summer I have investigated the prehistoric remains of Allen and De Kalb Counties as far as my opportunities would allow. All that I have discovered thus far have been in the vicinity of the Saint Joseph River, which flows from the northeast to the head of the Maumee and of one of its tributaries, Cedar Creek, which flows from the northwest into the Saint Joseph. I know of no mounds on the Saint Joseph much above the mouth of Cedar Creek; and the greatest number are on the creek in De Kalb County and the northern part of Allen. Near Waterloo, in De Kalb County, R. W. McBride, esq., an enthusi astic archæologist and collector, had excavated two mounds, finding in one the remains of a great number of human skeletons, apparently buried in a promiscuous heap, and in the other, not far distant, a single skeleton. The bones were too much decayed for preservation. One of the skulls, he says, appeared to have been crushed by a blow from a blunt instrument. He found no works of art, but in examining the rubbish afterward with him I found the butt-end of an arrow-head of flint and a small fragment of pottery. These two mounds are about 50 feet apart, are about 30 feet in diameter, and about 4 feet in height, and are situated on the high ground bordering a marsh, which has once been a small lake. The remains were laid on the surface of the ground, covered with earth, and fires built, which baked the earth and calcined some of the bones. Quite a layer of charcoal and ashes was passed through in digging, and above this layer earth had again been heaped. From there we went to Smithfield Township, six miles northwest of Waterloo, where, on the farm of Mr. Ruffner, is a circular earth work about 600 feet in circumference, with two entrances opposite each other. The earth-work is from 2 to 23 feet high, with a ditch outside. Very large trees, which grew on the embankment, have fallen and gone to decay, and a black oak standing just inside the wall measured 12 feet in circumference at a height of 6 feet from the ground. The "fort" is situated in the woods, on a high piece of ground, which is nearly surrounded by ravines cut by the action of two streams now nearly dry. We next went to the farm of Henry Gouzer, in Fairfield Township, where a mound once overlooked a small lake, which is gradually filling

from the wash of the surrounding hills. The mound is now nearly obliterated by cultivation. We were informed by Mr. Gouzer that it was opened about twenty years ago, when a skeleton was found the thigh-bone of which was as long as his leg, and the skull as large as a half-bushel measure. We dug a little below the surface, and found a few bones, among which was a broken thigh-bone of the ordinary size, thus destroying a myth which has been a belief of the credulous of the neighborhood for twenty years, that "there were giants in those days," and that one was buried here.

The next day we visited a point five miles northeast of Waterloo, where there are several groups of mounds. In the woods on Mr. Boyer's farm we found a mound about 12 feet in diameter and 3 feet high, composed entirely of large bowlders. It has been there ever since the settlement of the country. On removing the stones and dig ging beneath, we found that the original soil had never been disturbed, and no remains were found. Near by in a cultivated field was another mound of earth nearly obliterated by cultivation. Excavating it, we found numerous bits of charcoal, and several fragments of pottery, but no human remains. A sort of trench from side to side had been filled with what appeared to be dried swamp muck. Its outlines were quite well defined in the sandy loam of the rest of the mound.

On the adjoining farm of Mr. Taylor, about half a mile distant, were two more mounds. We dug into one of them, finding again charcoal and fragments of pottery, but no human remains. None of these mounds are more than 3 feet high, and generally have a base of from 20 to 30 feet. All through this section many flints and carved implements and ornaments of stone are found by the farmers. Some of them are perforated, and nearly all are of the banded siliceous slate, which seems to have been so highly prized by the mound-builder. One found in this vicinity and now in my collection is represented in Fig. 2. The boy who found it described it as a "stone bayonet," and his mistake seems quite natural when we look only to the shape of the ornament. It is intended to represent a long-billed aquatic fowl, and was probably worn as a totemic emblem on the head-dress of a prominent chief, to which it was attached by thongs passing through the holes drilled in the ends. The tail is unfortunately broken off. Mr. McBride has several in his collection, some of which are fair representations of birds. He has one almost precisely like Fig. 27 in Foster's Prehistoric Races, and has also a fac simile of the implement found at Danville, Ill., represented in Fig. 28 of the same work. I have seen a number of articles carved from this ribboned slate, some of which are shaped like a double-edged battle-ax, but too slight for use. They all have a smooth, regular hole drilled through the center about 3 of an inch in diameter. I conclude they were carried as emblems of authority in processions on state occasions.

We heard of other mounds in De Kalb County, but had no time to visit them.

In Allen County these remains are not so numerous, and there are none at all in the southern part of the county.

On Cedar Creek, about ten miles north of Fort Wayne, is a group of four mounds, near Stoner's Station, on the Fort Wayne, Jackson and Saginaw Railroad. Two of them are in a line north and south, about 40 feet apart. About fifteen rods east of these are two more, about the same distance apart, on a line nearly east and west. Three of them had been opened years ago, and bones of a number of skeletons found in all. The fourth had never been disturbed, but an excavation disclosed no remains, out many fragments of charcoal and hard-baked earth. I procured in the vicinity a large stone ax and a spear-head of large white flint, leaf-shaped, and about 5 inches in length, (Fig. 7,) besides a number of smaller flints. These mounds are on the high ground at the junc tion of Cedar and Willow Creeks. About four miles south of these is a large, irregular-shaped mound, about 50 feet long by 20 in width. It is situated on the farm of Henry Wolford, whose family, being somewhat superstitious, would only permit me to dig a small hole near the center of the mound. About 2 feet from the surface I found an implement (Fig. 31) of ribboned slate, with a perforation near one end, of the class supposed by some to be a weaving shuttle, and by others an implement for gauging cords. Plenty of charcoal was found to a depth of about 4 feet. Below that for a foot the earth was very hard, as if baked, until the original soil was reached. I found no bones in this mound. There is no stream in the immediate vicinity, but a large marsh lies directly east of it.

At Cedarville, on the Saint Joseph, near the mouth of Cedar Creek, are three mounds about 100 feet apart, situated in a line running northwest, parallel with the general direction of the river at this point. None of them have been opened, but one has been partially removed to mend the road, and charcoal was found mingled with the earth.

Descending the Saint Joseph on the east side, to the farm of Peter Notestine, one of the oldest settlers, we find a circular "fort" in a bend of the river similar to the one in De Kalb County. It has been plowed over for nearly thirty years, but numerous fragments of pottery, flints, and stone implements are yet found in and about its site when newly plowed. Mr. H. J. Rudisill, county auditor, has a large rude pipe of pottery from this place. The bowl and stem are in one piece, and the end of the stem, which is nearly an inch in diameter, has been flattened by the fingers while plastic for a mouthpiece.

Still farther down the river, on the west side, opposite Antrup's Mill, is a semicircular "fort" with its ends on the river-bank. It is about 600 feet in arc. The earth-work is yet about 2 feet in height, with a well-defined ditch on the outside. Very large trees which stood on the cmbankment have fallen and gone to decay. We found in the earth

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which had been upturned by a fallen tree a fragment from the neck of a vessel, with square indentations on the surface, and a flint, flat on one side and regularly chipped to a concave surface on the other. Still farther down the river, at the mouth of Breckinridge Creek, is a single mound, which has not been opened, except a slight excavation, which developed the customary lumps of charcoal. This point is about four miles north of Fort Wayne, and is the most southerly point in the county at which mounds or earth-works are known to exist.

Still, on the ridges, implements and ornaments of the "stone age" and fragments of pottery are often found in many parts of the county, and many of these articles have a beauty of design and a polish unknown to the Indians who were found here on the advent of the whites. Some of the flints are beveled, and others seem to have been cut in a winding form, probably for the same purpose as the beveled ones-to give a rotary movement to the weapon. They are of every variety of flints or cherts, and one I possess is a beautifully veined agate. Professor Foster criticises Longfellow's lines

There the ancient arrow-maker

Made his arrow-heads of sandstone

and says, "Sandstone was never used by the mound-builders as a material for arrow-heads." I have in my collection a broken arrow-head chipped from sandstone, which proves that Longfellow was right and his critic wroug.

Some of the stone ornaments are of a material not found in this locality, except in a worked form. The ribboned siliceous slate seemed to have been held in special estimation, and I have part of one which I presume to have been an emblem of authority. It differs from any I have seen figured. It is of a reddish-veined slate, and had two perfo rations for the handle, but is broken through both holes, the interme diate piece being lost. The holes are about 3 of an inch in diameter, regularly drilled.

I send you with this rude drawings of other implements and weapons in my collection, which I have selected as types of the relics of the stone age found in this vicinity, and which I hope may prove of interest. They are all from this county, except those noted as from De Kalb. They are drawn the exact size of the originals, and the flaking and chipping represented as exactly as my artistic skill, or rather want of it, will permit.

ANTIQUITIES OF JACKSON COUNTY, TENNESSEE.

BY REV. JOSHUA HAILE, OF GAINESBOROUGH, TENN.
[Communicated by James W. McHenry, of Nashville.]

There is a mound in this county, on the field of Mr. Philip M. Ray, about forty yards in diameter and nearly 8 feet high, though lower at

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