Mexico, Aztec, Spanish and Republican

CHAPTER VIII.-Disorder of Mexican finances-Enormous usury-Character of

financial operations-Expenses of administrations-Analysis of Mexican debt-

Comparison of income and outlay-Deficit, .

107

. 112

CHAPTER IX.-Table of cotton factories in Mexico-Consumption—Produc-

tion-Increase of factories-Day and night work-Deficit of material-Water and

steam power-Mexican manufactures generally,

CHAPTER X.-The military in Mexico before and after the revolution-Confirma-

tion of army-Its political use-Character of Mexican soldiers-Recruiting-

Tactics-Officers-Dramatic character of army-Recriminations-Condition of the

army at the peace-Army on the northern frontier-Military colonies-Character

of the tribes-Fortresses-Perote-Acapulco-San Juan de Ulua-Reorganization

of the army-Tabular view of men and Materiel-Navy-Extent of coast on both

seas-Naval establishment-Vessels and officers-Expenses of war and navy, 116

CHAPTER XI.-Relations between the Mexican church and the Pope—Clergy—

Monks-Nuns-Monasteries-Convents-Wealth of the church-Ratio of clergy

and people-High and low clergy—their history—vices-Monks-Rural clergy—

Their character-Conduct of clergy, public and private-Missions in California—

Mode of conversion-Monks in Mexico-Zavala's strictures-Pazo's strictures on

South American clergy-Church in the United States and in Mexico-Constitu-

tional protection of Catholicism—Duty of the church—Bulls-Paper money, 130

CHAPTER XII.-Various changes of the Mexican constitution-Present organiza-

tion of the national and state governments-Constitution of 1847-Legislative and

judiciary-National and state-Judiciary-Administration of justice-Civil and

criminal process-Mal-administration of justice-Prisons-Crime-Accordada-

Condition of prisons-Statistics of crime in the capital-Garrotte-Mexican

opinions,

. 144

CHAPTER XIII.-What Mexico has done-Review of her conduct and character
-Mexican opinions Classes-Indians-Mestizos-Whites-Army-Church—
Divisions of whites-want of Homogeneousness-Want of nationality and of a
people-Remedies-Emigration-Religious liberty-political order-Labor,

BOOK V.

155

CHAPTER I.-Division of Mexico into States-Eastern, western, interior-Yuca-

tan-Boundaries, departments, population, districts, towns, parishes, productions,

principal towns, islands, harbors-Chiapas-Boundaries, products, departments,

towns, rivers, population-Remains in Yucatan and Chiapas-Discoveries of Ste-

phens, Catherwood, Norman, etc.-Palenque-Uxmal-Yucatan calendar-Yuca-

tan, Chiapan, Mechoacan, Nicaragua and Mexican months-Yucatese and Chia-

pan cycle-Yucatese and Mexican solar year--Differences-Yucatese months-

Tabasco-Boundaries, rivers, lagune, inhabitants, productions, towns and villages,

Page 165

CHAPTER II.-Boundaries of Vera Cruz-Rivers, lagunes, mineral springs, pop-

ulation, political divisions, productions, cattle, cities, towns-Vera Cruz-Its dis-

eases-Meteorological observations at-Water fallen at Vera Cruz-Orizaba-As-

cent of the mountain-Magnificent views-Difficulties-The crater extinct-

Elevation of the mountain-Descent-Antiquities in the state of Vera Cruz—

Ruins at Panuco, Chacuaco, San Nicolas, La Trinidad-Small figures-Papantla

-Description of the pyramid-Ruins at Mapilca-Pyramid and temple at Tusa-

pan-Isle of Sacrificios-Misantla-Remains near Puente Nacional-Tamaulipas-

Boundaries, rivers, lagunes, climate, population, productions, towns-Antiquities

of Tamaulipas-Topila-Rancho de las piedras-Sculpture-Remains, etc., etc.

Page 183

CHAPTER III.-Oajaca-Extent, Boundaries, Geology, Valley, Indians, Departments, Population, Mines, Ports, Productions, Cattle, Towns, Ancient remainsMitla-The palace-Tombs-Antiquarian speculations-connection of Mexican remains-Quiotepec, or Cerro de las Juntas,

. 210

CHAPTER IV.-Puebla-Divisions, productions, factories-River-Streams-Puebla de los Angeles-Cathedral-Towns-Mines-Quarries-Mountains-Popocatepetl-Atlixco-Olivares-Ascent of the mountain-The crater-Elevation-Pyramid of Cholula-Visit to the pyramid-Correct dimensions-Territory of Tlascala-History-Position-Size-Productions-Towns, . 220 CHAPTER V.-State of Mexico-Arèa, Divisions, Population, Federal district, Valley, Highways, Lakes-Zumpango-Cristovol-Chalco-Xochimilco-Tezcoco-Salt-works-Cities-San Augustin-Festival-Tezcoco, Tacuba, Toluca-Cas'cade of Regla-Towns-Valley of Cuernavaca-Acapantzingo-Its Indian isolation-Mines in the state, 233

CHAPTER VI.-Description of the city of Mexico-Cathedral-Its architecture and riches-The Palace, University, Market, Chamber of Deputies, etc.-Portales -Mineria-La Merced-San Domingo-Characters and costumes-Paseos-Alameda-Aqueducts-Passeo Nuevo and de la Viga-Alameda-Description of itLife in Mexico-Theatres-Opera-Domestic life-Genuine but cautious hospitality-Legend of the virgin of Guadalupe, 244 CHAPTER VII.—Antiquities in the museum-Statue of Charles IV.—Condition of the museum-Feathered serpents-Vieeroy's portraits-Cortéz-Portrait—Armor-Pedro de Alvarado-Images-Vases-Tezcoco-Palace-Trough-Massive mounds-Tescocingo-Hill-Its ancient adornments-Ancient bellevue and reservoir-Tezcocan splendor-Bosque del Contador-Ponds-Lakes-Arbors-Pyramids of Teotihuacan-Houses of sun and moon-Path of the dead-Carved pillar-Pillar at Otumba-Pyramid of Xochicalco-Hill of Xochicalco Its structures, . . 266 CHAPTER VIII.-State of Mechoacan-Boundaries-Elevations-Volcano of Jorullo-Theories of Humboldt and Lyell-Present condition-Rivers of Mechoacan-Climate, Health, Indians, Departments, Agriculture, Towns, Mines-Jalisco -Boundaries, Population, Rivers, Lakes, Divisions, Manufactures, Agriculture, Factories-Guadalajara-Towns-San Juan de los Lagos-Tepic-San BlasMines, Islands, Mining region, Indians, Character and Habits, Church and School, Education, Bishopric-Territory of Colima-Extent, Climate, Productions, Towns,

286

CHAPTER IX.-Sinaloa-Boundaries, Climate, Divisions, Indians, Products, Towns, Mines-Sonora-Boundaries, Divisions, Rivers, Climate, Indians, Trade, Towns, Mines-Territory of Lower California-Boundaries, Character, Population, Products, Pearls, Salt, Mines, Seals, Whales, Climate, Ports, towns, Population-State of Guerrero, 298

CHAPTER X.-State of Querétaro-Boundaries, Divisions, Characteristics, Rivers, Population and climate, Districts, etc., Agricultural products, Forests, Factories, Cities, Mines-State of Guanajuato-Boundaries, Extent, Soil-Lake Yurirapundaro-Climate, Effect of maladies-Productions, Vine, Olive-Divisions -Population-City of Guanajuato-Towns in the state-Hacienda of JaralMines-Silver, Copper, Lead, Cinnabar-Zacatecas-Boundaries, Extent, Agricul ture, Divisions, Population, Towns-Zacatecas-Aguas Calientes, etc.-Product and value of Zacatecan mines-Ruins of Quemada in Zacatecas, CHAPTER XI.—State of San Luis Potosi-Boundaries, Lakes, Rivers, Climate, Departments, Products-San Luis-Towns-Mining region-New Leon-Boundaries, Character, Rivers, Climate, Departments—Agriculture—Grazing, etc.—

306