CHAPTER XI.-Discontent at not finding gold-Torture of Guatemozin-Results

of the fall of the capital-Mission from Michoacan-Rebuilding of the capital-

Letters to the King-Intrigues against Cortéz-Fonseca-Narvaez-Tapia-

Charles V. protects Cortéz and confirms his acts,

80

CHAPTER XII.-Cortez commissioned by the Emperor-Velasquez-his death—

Mexico rebuilt-Immigration-Repartimientos of Indians-Honduras-Guatemo-

zin-Mariana-Cortéz accused-ordered to Spain for trial-his reception, honors

and titles he marries-his return to Mexico-resides at Tezcoco-Expeditions of

Cortéz-California-Quivara—returns to Spain-death-Where are his bones? 84

CHAPTER XIII.—Archbishop Zumarraga's destruction of Mexican monuments,

writings, documents-Mr. Gallatin's opinion of them-Traditions-two sources of

accurate knowledge-Speculations on antiquity-Aztecs-Toltecs-Nahuatlacs-

Acolhuans, &c.-Aztecs emigrate from Aztlan-settle in Anahuac-Tables of emi-

gration of the original tribes-Other tribes in the empire,
. . 92

CHAPTER XIV.-Difficulty of estimating the civilization of the Aztecs-Nations

in Yucatan-Value of contemporary history-The Aztec monarchy-elective-

Royal style in Tenochtitlan-Montezuma's way of life-Despotic power of the

Emperor over life and law-Theft-intemperance-marriage-slavery-war-Mili-

tary system and hospitals-Coin-Revenues-Aztec mythology-Image of Teo-

yaomiqui-Teocalli-Two kinds of sacrifice-Why the Aztecs sacrificed their

prisoners-Common Saerifice-Gladitorial Sacrifice-Sacrificial Stone-Aztec Ca-

lendar-week, month, year, cycle-Procession of the New Fire-Astronomical

Science-Aztec Calendar-Tables,

BOOK II.

. 99

CHAPTER I.-Colonial system-Early grants of power to rulers in Mexico by the

Emperor Charles V.-Abuse of it-Council of the Indies-Laws-Royal audiences

-Cabildos-Fueros-Relative positions of Spaniards and Creoles Scheme of

Spanish colonial trade-Restrictions on trade-Alcabala-Taxes-Papal Bulls-

Bulls de Cruzada-de Defuntos-of Composition-Power of the Church-its pro-

perty-Inquisition-The acts of the Inquisition-Repartimientos-Indians—Agri-

culturists-Miners-Mita-Excuses for maladministration,

. 127

CHAPTER II.-Founding of the Viceroyalty of New Spain-New Audiencia-

Fuenleal-Mendoza-Early acts of the first Viceroy-Coinage-Rebellion in Ja-

lisco-Viceroy suppresses it-Council of the Indies on Repartimientos-Indian

Servitude-Quivara-Expeditions of Coronado and Alarcon-Pest in 1546-Revo-

lution-Council of Bishops-Mines-Zapotecs revolt-Mendoza removed to Peru,

Page 139.

CHAPTER III.-Velasco endeavors to ameliorate the condition of the Indians-

University of Mexico established-Inundation-Military colonization-Philip II—

Florida-Intrigues against Velasco-Philipine Isles-Death of Velasco-Marques

de Falces-Baptism of the grand-children of Cortéz-Conspiracy against the Mar-

ques del Valle-his arrest-execution of his friends-Marques de Falces-charges

against him-his fall-Errors of Philip II.-Fall of Muñoz and his return-Vin-

dication of the Viceroy,

. 148

CHAPTER IV.-Almanza Viceroy-Chichimecas revolt-Jesuits-Inquisition—

Pestilence-No Indian tribute exacted-Almanza departs-Xuares Viceroy-Weak

Administration-Increase of commerce-Pedro Moya de Contreras Viceroy-Re-

forms under a new Viceroy-His power as Viceroy and Inquisitor-Zuñiga Vice-

roy-Treasure-Piracy-Cavendish-Drake captures a galeon-Zuñiga and the

Audiencia of Guadalajara-His deposition from power,

160

CONTENTS.

. . 170

CHAPTER V.-Luis de Velasco II. becomes Viceroy-Delight of the Mexicans-

Factories reopened-Chichimecas-Colonization-Alameda-Indians taxed for

European wars-Composition-Fowls-Acebedo Viceroy-Expedition to New

Mexico-Indian ameliorations-Death of Philip II.-New scheme of hiring In-

dians-California-Montesclaros Viceroy-Inundation—Albarrada,

CHAPTER VI.-Second administration of Don Luis Velasco-His great work for

the Drainage of the Valley-Lakes in the Valley-Danger of Inundation-History

of the Desague of Huehuetoca-Operations of the engineers Martinez and Boot-

The Franciscans-Completion of the Desague-La Obra del Consulado-Negro

revolt-Extension of Oriental trade-Guerra Viceroy-De Cordova Viceroy-

Indian revolt-Cordova founded,
178

CHAPTER VII.-Marques de Gelves Viceroy-his reforms-Narrative of Father

Gage-Gelves forestalls the market-The Archbishop excommunicates Mexia, his

agent-Quarrel between Gelves and the Archbishop-Viceroy excommunicated-

Archbishop at Guadalupe-he is arrested at the altar-sent to Spain-Mexia threa-

tened-Mob attacks the Palace-it is sacked-Viceroy escapes-Retribution, 187

CHAPTER VIII.-The Audiencia rules in the interregnum-Carillo Visitador-In-

quisitorial examination—Acapulco taken-Attacks by the Dutch-Removal of the

Capital proposed-Armendariz Viceroy-Escalona Viceroy-Palafox's conduct to

the Viceroy-Palafox Viceroy-His good and evil,

CHAPTER IX.-Sotomayor Viceroy-Escalona vindicated—Monastic property-

Bigotry of Palafox-Guzman Viceroy-Indian insurrection—Revolt of the Tara-

humares-Success of the Indians-Indian wars-Duke de Alburquerque Viceroy-

Attempt to assassinate him-Count de Baños Viceroy-Attempt to colonize-Es-

cobar y Llamas and De Toledo Viceroys-Depredations of British cruisers-Nuño

de Portugal Viceroy,

195

201

212

CHAPTER X.-Rivera Viceroy-La Cerda Viceroy-Revolt in New Mexico-

Success of the Indians-Colony destroyed-Efforts of the Spaniards to re-conquer

-Vera Cruz sacked-Count Monclova Viceroy-Count Galve Viceroy—Tarrahu-

maric revolt—Indians pacified-Texas-Hispaniola attacked-Insurrection-Burn-

ing of the Palace-Famine-Earthquake,

CHAPTER XI.-Montañez Viceroy-Spiritual Conquest of California-Valladares

Viceroy-Fair at Acapulco-Spanish monarchy-Austria-Bourbon-Montañez

Viceroy-Jesuits in California-La Cueva Viceroy-Duke de Linares Viceroy-

British slavery treaty-Colonization-Nuevo Leon-Texas-Operations in Texas

-Alarcon-Aguayo-Casa Fuerte's virtuous administration-Louis I.-Oriental

trade-Spanish jealousy-The King's opinion of Casa-Fuerte-his acts, . . 221

CHAPTER XII.-Vizarron and Eguiarreta Viceroy-Eventless government-Sala-

zar Viceroy-Colonial fears-Fuen-Clara Viceroy-Galeon lost-Mexico under

Revilla-Gigedo I.-Ferdinand VI.-Indians-Taxes-Colonies in the north-

Famine Mines at Bolaños-Horcasitas-Character of Revilla-Gigedo-Villalon

Viceroy-Charles III.—Cagigal Viceroy,

232

CHAPTER XIII.-Marques de Cruillas Viceroy-Charles III. proclaimed-Havana

taken by the British-Military preparations-Peace-Pestilence-Galvez Visitador

-Reforms-Tobacco monopoly-De Croix Viceroy-The Jesuits-their expulsion

from Spanish dominions-their arrival in Europe-banished-Causes of this con-

duct to the order-Origin of the military character of Mexico,
240

CHAPTER XIV.-Bucareli y Ursua Viceroy-Progress of New Spain-Gold

placers in Sonora-Mineral wealth at that period-Intellectual condition of the

country-Line of Presidios-Mayorga Viceroy-Policy of Spain to England and

her colonies-Operations on the Spanish Main, &c.-Matias Galvez Viceroy-his

acts, .

248

CHAPTER XV.—Bernardo de Galvez Viceroy-Chapultepec-Galvez dies-his

daughter-Haro Viceroy-Corruption of Alcaldes-Flores Viceroy-his system of

ruling the northern frontier-Mining interests-II. Revilla-Gigedo Viceroy-

Charles IV.-Revilla-Gigedo's colonial improvements-his advice as to California

Anecdotes of his police regulations-The street of Revilla-Gigedo-Arrest of fugi-

tive lovers-Punishes the culprits,
255

CHAPTER XVI.-Branciforte Viceroy-his grasping and avaricious character-

Corruption tolerated-Persecution of Frenchmen-Encampments-Branciforte's

character-Azanza Viceroy-Effect of European wars on colonial trade and manu-

factures-Threatened revolt-Marquina Viceroy-Revolt in Jalisco-Iturrigaray

Viceroy-Godoy's corruption-War-Defences against the United States-Miran-

da-Humboldt-Mexico taxed for European wars-Ferdinand VII.-Napoleon in

Spain-King Joseph Bonaparte-Iturrigaray arrested-Garibay Viceroy,

BOOK III.

267

CHAPTER I.-Lianza Viceroy-Audiencia-Venegas Viceroy-True sources of

the Revolution-Creoles loyal to Ferdinand-Spaniards in favor of King Joseph-

Mexican subscriptions for Spain-Secret union in Mexico against Spaniards-Hi-

dalgo-Allende-First outbreak-Guanajuato sacked-Las Cruces-Mexico men-

aced-Indian bravery at Aculco-Marfil-Massacre at Guanajuato-Calleja-In-

surgents defeated-Execution of Hidalgo,

279

CHAPTER II.-Venegas Viceroy-Rayon-Junta in 1811-its willingness to re-

ceive Ferdinand VII.-Proclamation by the Junta-Morelos-Acapulco taken-

Successes of the insurgents-Siege of Cuautla-Izucar-Orizaba-Oaxaca-Chil-

panzingo-Calleja Viceroy-Iturbide-Reverses of insurgents-Morelos shot, 287

CHAPTER III.—Apodaca Viceroy-Spanish constitution of 1812 proclaimed in

Mexico-Condition of the revolutionary party-Victoria-Mina lands at Soto la

Marina-his efforts-Los Remedios-Guerrillas-he is shot-Padre Torres-

Iturbide-Apodaca selects him to establish absolutism-Iturbide promulgates the

Plan of Iguala—Army of the Three Guaranties,

293

301

307

CHAPTER IV.-O'Donoju Viceroy-Conduct of Iturbide-Novella-Revolt-

Treaty of Cordova--First Mexican Cortes-Iturbide Emperor-his career-exiled

to Italy-Iturbide returns-arrest-execution-his character and services,

CHAPTER V.-Review of the condition of Mexico and the formation of parties-

Viceroyal government-The people-The army-The church-Constitution of

1824-Echavari revolts-Victoria President-Escocesses-Yorkinos-Revolts con-

tinued-Montayno-Guerrero-Gomez Pedraza President-is overthrown-Fed-

eralists-Centralists-Guerrero President-Abolition of Slavery in Mexico,

CHAPTER VI.-Conspiracy against Guerrero by Bustamante-Guerrero betrayed

and shot-Anecdote-Revolt under Santa Anna-he restores Pedraza and becomes

President-Gomez Farias deposed-Church-Central Constitution of 1836-Santa

Anna-his Texan disgrace-Mexia-Bustamante President-French at Vera Cruz

Revolts in the north and in the capital-Bustamante deposed-Santa Anna Presi-

dent,

CHAPTER VII.-Reconquest of Texas proposed-Canalizo President ad interim—

Revolution under Paredes in 1844-Santa Anna falls-Herrera President-Texan

revolt-Origin of war with the United States-Texan war for the Constitution

of 1824-Nationality recognized-Annexation to the United States-Proposition

to Mexico-Herrera overthrown-Paredes President-Our minister rejected-

Character of General Paredes,

326

316

CONTENTS.

9

CHAPTER VIII.-General Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande-History of Texan

boundaries-Origin of the war-Military preparations-Commencement of hostili-

ties-Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca-Matamoros-Taylor's advance-Fall of

Monterey,

334

CHAPTER IX.-General Wool inspects and musters the western troops-Army

of the Centre-New Mexico-Kearney-Macnamara-California-Frémont-So-

noma-Californian independence-Possession taken-Sloat-Stockton-A revolt-

Pico-Treaty of Couenga-Kearney at San Pascual—is relieved—Disputes-San

Gabrielle-Mesa-Los Angeles-Frémont's character, services, trial,

342

CHAPTER X.-Valley of the Rio Grande-Santa Anna at San Luis-Scott com-
mander-in-chief-Plan of attack on the east coast-General Scott's plan-Doni-
phan's expedition-Bracito-Sacramento-Revolt in New Mexico--Murder of
Richie Selection of battle ground-Description of it-Battle of Angostura or
Buena Vista-Mexican retreat-Tabasco-Tampico,
350

CHAPTER XI.-Santa Anna's return-changes his principles-Salas executive-

Constitution of 1824 restored-Paredes-Plans of Salas and Santa Anna-his letter

to Almonte-his views of the war-refuses the Dictatorship-commands the army

-State of parties in Mexico-Puros-Moderados-Santa Anna at San Luis-

Peace propositions-Internal troubles-Farias's controversy with the church-Pol-

ko revolution in the capital-Vice Presidency suppressed-Important decree, 358

CHAPTER XII.-General Scott at Lobos-Landing at and siege of Vera Cruz-

Capitulation and condition of Vera Cruz-Condition of Mexico-Alvarado, etc.,

captured-Scott's advance-Description of Cerra Gordo-Mexican defences and

military disposal there-Battle of Cerro Gordo-Peroté and Puebla yield-Santa

Anna returns-Constitution of 1824 readopted-Mexican politics of the day-

War spirit-Guerillas-Peace negotiations-Santa Anna's secret negotiations, 370

CHAPTER XIII.-Scott at Puebla-Tampico and Orizaba taken-Scott's advance

-Topography of the Valley of Mexico-Routes to the capital-El Peñon-Mex-

icalzingo-Tezcoco-Chalco-Outer and inner lines around the city-Scott's ad-

vance by Chalco-The American army at San Augustin,

CHAPTER XIV.-Difficulties of the advance-The Pedregal-San Antonio-Ha-

cienda-Relative position of American and Mexican armies-Path over the Ped-

regal to Contreras-Valencia disconcerts Santa Anna's plan of battle-American

advance and victory at Contreras-San Antonio turned by Worth-Battle of Chu-

rubusco-Battle at the Convent and Tete de Pont-Their capture,

. 391

CHAPTER XV.-Why the city was not entered on the 20th-Condition of the

city-Deliberation of the Mexican cabinet and proposals-Reasons why General

Scott proposed and granted the armistice-Deliberations of commissioners-Par-

ties against Santa Anna-Failure of the negotiation-Mexican desire to destroy

Santa Anna,

400

381

CHAPTER XVI.-Military position of the Americans at the end of the armis-

tice-Mexican defences-Plan of attack-Reconnoissances of Scott and Mason-

Importance of Mexican position at Molino del Rey-Scott's scheme of capturing

the city-Battle of Molino del Rey-Reflections and criticism on this battle-Pre-

parations to attack Chapultepec—Storming of Chapultepec and of the city Gates

of San Cosmé and Belen-Retreat of the Mexican army and government-Ame-

rican occupation of the city of Mexico,

408

CHAPTER XVII.-Attack of the city mob on the army-Quitman Governor-

Peña President-Congress ordered-Siege of Puebla-Lane's, Lally's, and

Childs's victories-Guerrilleros broken up-Mexican politics-Anaya President-

Peace negotiations-Scott's decree-Peña President-Santa Anna and Lane-

Santa Anna leaves Mexico for Jamaica-Treaty entered into-Its character-Santa

Cruz de Rosales-Court of Inquiry-Internal troubles-Ambassadors at Queré-

taro-Treaty ratified-Evacuation-Revolutionary attempts-Condition of Mexico

since the war-Character of Santa Anna-Note on the military critics,

420