by international cooperation.-The London Times.

SCIENTIFIC BOOKS

Readings in Evolution, Genetics and Eugenics. By HORATIO HACKETT NEWMAN. Chicago, 1921: The University of Chicago Press. Pp. XVIII plus 523.

Doubtless every college teacher who gives a general course in organic evolution has at times wished for the presentation in a single textbook of the materials he has found it necessary to have his students glean from numerous volumes. This need has been met by Professor Newman in the present book. The work is drawn up on much the lines of the "source books" in history which have become popular in recent years, and it will doubtless fulfill a similarly useful function for courses in evolution, genetics and eugenies. The wide range of matter necessary for such courses has been selected from the books and papers of many authors and reprinted in their own words, but the whole has been deftly knit together by means of occasional brief comments and passages written by the compiler himself.

One's preconception of such a presentation is that it must inevitably be a patchwork, but, as a matter of fact, Professor Newman, by judicious selection, has achieved a surprising unity. Another inherent difficulty in such a collection of articles and excerpts is the impossibility of touching out in otherwise excellent older accounts what, in the light of our more recent knowledge, are minor mistatements or contradictions; but here again, through careful choice, the defect has been reduced to a mini

mum.

The typographical errors observed by the reviewer are few. In line 6, page 294, this is should read that is; the numeral in line 16, page 365, should be 18 instead of 19; figures 87 and 88 on pages 434 and 435 have been exchanged.

The thirty-seven chapters (512 pages) are divided into five main parts: (1) Introductory and Historical (pp. 3 to 53); (2) Evidences of Organic Evolution (pp. 57 to 182); (3) The Causal Factors of Organic Evolution (pp. 185 to 283); (4) Genetics (pp. 287 to 456);

and (5) Eugenics (pp. 459 to 512). Since the historical survey in Chapter II plunges one into the midst of genes, x-chromosomes, selection, orthogenesis, heterogenesis, Mendelism, biometry, etc., the general reader could find his way through this maze far more readily if a full glossary of scientific terms were appended. Such a glossary would also be very helpful in relation to other parts of the work.

In many colleges and universities the work in genetics and in organic evolution is given as separate courses. The reviewer, in fact, has used the volume under discussion in a practical way only as a text for a course in evolution. For such a purpose it would be advantageous to have the sections dealing with variation introduced before or along with the discussion of the causal factors of organic evolution. It is probable also that many teachers would, as does the reviewer, prefer to have the evidences from morphology presented before those from paleontology, but there is, of course, no reason why the user of the book may not take the various sections in this order if he so chooses. While to the initiated the chapters on NeoMendelian Heredity, Sex-linked and Other Kinds of Linked Inheritance, and Linkage and Crossing-Over are clear, succinct accounts, it is questionable if the beginner would get far with them without considerable additional elucidation on the part of the teacher.

In the opinion of the reviewer, Professor Newman has, in this series of readings, prepared for the general student the most complete and acceptable one-volume account of organie evolution and allied subjects in print. M. F. GUYER

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

SPECIAL ARTICLES STATIC DEFLECTIONS OF THE VACUUM GRAVITATION NEEDLE, IN 1921 AND 1922

To obtain a comparison, it will be necessary to measure the distance apart, Ay (y being the telescopic scale reading, with the needle at rest), of the equilibrium curves corresponding to the two opposed positions of the attracting

1 Advance note, from a Report to the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C.

8h!

Ex

-1921

Ex

28

• 30 Aug 1

3

weights, M, at the same hour, on successive days. As the graphs are often quite divergent, the interpolations will lose in accuracy; but the general relations of the results will nevertheless appear much more clearly. These static. deflections, Ay, are given in the lapse of time in the figure. For 1922 the graphs are drawn for 1h, 3h, 8h P.M. of the successive days,2 and are distinguished by circles or crosses. For 1921 the night observations (at about 8 P.M. on the average) only are given, as the other lines would lie too close and confuse the diagram. In fact the variations in 1921 are of a smaller order and must be given on a scale ten times larger to be adequately shown.

The diagram brings out the striking difference of the results very well. For 1921 the observations lie practically on a straight line, Ay 13.42, for which the normal period of the needle in vacuo would be 752 sec. In the results for 1922 the time of the successive exhaustions (Ex) is indicated approximately. It will be seen that the cooling or other influence of such an exhaustion (though carried from 1 mm. to .001 mm. only) is still effective in exaggerating the radiant forces, for at least six hours or more (cf. July 24, 30) after the exhaustion has been completed. Consequently

2S denotes sunshine, C cloudy, C' partly cloudy, R rain. Vac. shows the vacuum in mm. of mercury.

the graphs for 1h and 3h should probably be joined by the dotted lines as indicated.

In all cases the extraneous radiant disturbance which is strong in July, 1922, gradually recedes more and more, as the observations enter the days in August. On July 24 at 8 P.M. the combined gravitation and radiant effect of the attracting mass M was repulsive (Ay negative), the radiant repulsion being about twice the gravitational pull. Positive values are not reached until after July 26. From July 28 on, the 8 P.M. increase is determined, though it has not quite reached the values of Ay even at the end of the diagram (August 14). In the afternoon observations (1922) the rain effect (or the absence of sun effect) is brought out very clearly by the marked depressions on August 2, 8, 11, 12. At night this effect may be reversed. When the day's radiation is scantily received, the needle fails to radiate at night.

In case of the observations of 1921, the small fluctuations of the Ay curves throughout a month showed instances of resemblance to the run of atmospheric temperature. But in the large variations recorded in 1922 (as a consequence perhaps) I was unable to detect such resemblances in the night observations, which are here alone of interest. The same is true of the change of temperature per day, etc. Nevertheless it is possible that relatively

short atmospheric temperature changes from without, such as would not be otherwise recorded, may make an impression on the '8 P.M. graph. This, however, would not bear upon the 1922 graph as a whole, from July 24 to August 14. Supposing, moreover, that the closed region within is in some way modified thermally by the high exhaustions (carried to within .001 mm.), it seems hardly probable that the apparatus would take so long to return to the normal condition of 1921.

What has gone down during this series of measuremeents is the vacuum and one would therefore conclude that states of high exhaustion (a few hundredths or tenths of a mm.) are (like the plenum) more susceptible to the presence of radiant activity than the lower exhaustions of a few mm. Thus, night observations presupposed, the radiant forces pass through a minimum in a partial vacuum of several millimeters or more, and the best conditions for observation are then at hand. To test this further, I exhausted the apparatus on August 14. The morning observations August 15, twelve hours later (see figure) are again abnormally high.

It not infrequently happens that night values are low when day values are high and, in general, there is a tendency of the graphs to converge toward rainy or densely cloudy weather. All this conforms with the view that the needle is screened from radiation by the large attracting mass M and that the radiant forces act with gravitation, if the temperaturetime coefficient do/dt is positive, and act against gravitation when do/dt is negative, as elsewhere explained. I have been tempted to envisage a coefficient d0/dt, which is not all temperature; for there may be some other radiation or agency behind the recent rains (for instance), as well as behind the difference in the character of the results of 1922 and 1921 as exhibited by the figure. It is difficult, in other words, to surmise what the nature of the radiant discrepancy may be, which clings to the apparatus so persistently in July and early August. If it were merely thermal, or dependent on a kinetic mechanism associated with do/dt, its behavior would seem to be incompatible with the daily cycle, which is

practically immediate. However, if the slopes of the curves giving the static elongations, y, of the needle in the lapse of time, are enhanced by the higher degrees of exhaustion, these curves would also ultimately intersect, so that even negative values of Ay, referable to causes within the apparatus would not be unexpected.

On my return to the laboratory in September, I resumed the work (upper curve). The vacuum had in the mean time decreased to about 3 mm. Under these conditions the night observations (8h) are again normal and compare favorably with the corresponding graph of 1921, as was anticipated.

BBOWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

CARL BARUS

THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL

SOCIETY (Continued)

DIVISION OF DYE CHEMISTRY

William J. Hale, chairman

R. Norris Shreve, secretary

SYMPOSIUM ON METHODS FOR STANDARDIZING AND TESTING DYES

R. E. Rose, chairman

Introductory remarks: ROBERT E. ROSE. Chemical control of dyestuffs: WALTER M. SCOTT. This paper presents a general discussion of various methods for estimating the strength of dyestuffs as follows: (1) Colorimetric comparison of standard dyestuff solutions. (2) Titration of a solution of known strength of dyestuff with a standard solution of titanous chloride in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. (3 Determination of the percentage of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. (4) Estimation of the inorganic salts which have been used in the standardization of the dyestuff. In connection with the materials used in dyeing there is such a great variety that it is only possible to discuss a few of the more common types. This paper gives an outline of the general methods of analysis used and also suggested specifications for the following: acetic acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia, black iron liquor, commercial "nitrate" of iron, di-sodium phosphate, Glauber's salt, common salt and soap made from olive or red oil.

The estimation of erythrosine: W. C. HOLMES. A method is outlined for the direct evaluation of

dye in sample of erythrosine, based upon the gravimetric determination of the color acid, which is shown to have relatively excellent accuracy. The results obtained confirm the conclusion of Gomberg and Tabern that the dried dye contains a molecule of water of concentration. In the absence of interfering substances the consumption of acid involved in the precipitation of the color acid is determined by the dye and soda ash present and may be utilized as a convenient means of estimating the latter. A further investigation is being undertaken to determine the applicability of the methods to other dyes of the Eosine group and to afford evidence regarding their constitution.

The dangers of the titanium chloride method for determining the strength of dyes: EDWARD H. GAMBLE and ROBERT E. ROSE. The quantitative method, as described by Knecht for the estimation of the quantity of dyestuff in a sample by means of titanous chloride, is one which is very valuable; however, it must be used with great discretion and a full understanding of the material being tested. The method is sensitive to changes in chemical composition which are not accompanied by corresponding changes in tinctorial value and, therefore, may be extremely misleading.

Laundering of textiles: A. F. SHUPP. (1) Gross volume of business transacted; persons employed by; annual payroll. (2) Development of standard formulas for laundering cotton, linen, wool, silk and artificial silk fibers. (3) Effect of repeated laundering on cotton goods. (4) Discussion of the proper method for the use of low titer and high titer soaps. (5) Samples of textiles that have been improperly laundered. (6) Samples of textiles that have been poorly constructed. (7) American Institute of Laundering. Dyeing as an art: J. MERRITT MATTHEWS. Dyestuffs and methods of dyeing have long been employed by many nations as a means of art expression, principally for the production of decorative effects on wearing apparel. The early eastern nations, such as the Indian, Chinese and Javanese, were especially prominent in this line of art work, although we also find a somewhat similar development of this form of art among the early Incas of Peru. The early nations, in contradistinction to our own of the present day, nearly always incorporated their art work in the actual utilities of their everyday life, and as their clothes were the nearest thing to them, they employed their art in the decoration of the fabrics used for their

wearing apparel. We are more inclined to make our art work distinct in itself and with little or no connection with the things we use and wear. To us an art object is generally something that is set aside or put in a museum or cabinet, or hung on the wall, and must not be desecrated by using it or wearing it.

The tinting of white papers: W. C. HOLMES. For the tinting of newsprint stock and of white papers of the lower grades the basic dyes are exceptionally well adapted. The acid dyes are well qualified to serve the requirements of medium grade paper. In the tinting of white papers of the best quality it is necessary to resort to colors of the pigment type. The ultramarines, indanthrene dyes and the recently developed phosphotungstic lake products are employed, of which classes of colors each affords relative advantages in various essential respects. In the latter field none of the tinting materials available at present can be considered entirely satisfactory and it would appear probable that products of superior general excellence could be developed in other pigment types, of which the dyes derived from the anilids of beta-hydroxy-naphthoic acid are suggested as one of the more promising fields for investigation.

The relative stability of paper colors to bleach: W. C. HOLMES. Eighty representative paper colors are classified in respect to their relative susceptibility to calcium hypochlorite as determined by laboratory dyeing tests in which the essential conditions of beater operation were duplicated. In general the superior stability of pigment colors to photochemical attack finds an analogy in a corresponding stability to bleach, but little or no agreement is found between the relative susceptibility of the soluble dyes to the action of light and of bleach. From the point of view of coloring considerations it is preferable to eliminate residual bleach from the stock by washing rather than by the employment of anti-chlors.

Use of bichromates in wool dyeing (as mordants): WINTHROP C. DURFEE. Bichromates early used as mordants on wool when dyewoods benefited by oxidation were principal dyestuff. Oxidation is not usually beneficial to synthetic mordant dyes: is generally injurious. Synthetic mordant dyes as organic acids require suitable basic mordants. Bichromates furnish chromic acid peculiarly suited for absorption into wool fiber and conversion into basic chromes. Basic chrome should be combined in fiber with weak organic

acid. Tartrates suitable for source of organic acid. Best results in mordanting require careful consideration of combining weights of reduced chrome. Amount of chrome used as mordant should have as near as practical a weight adjusted to combining weight of quantity of dye to be used. Influence of tin weighting on the dyeing of silk: L. J. MATOS.

Quercetin, constitution and uses: GEO. L. TERRASSE. A brief synopsis of the constitution of flavone, flavonol and quercetin is given and attention is called to the brilliant synthetic work on these bodies performed by chemists of repute, these researches leaving no doubt about the correctness of the accepted formulas of the substances just mentioned and other bodies similarly constituted. In spite of the technical importance of quercetin and allied dyes the commercial synthetic non-production of them is emphasized. The color of quercetin in relation to its constitution is discussed and the reasons for the adjective dyeing qualities of this dye are considered. The influence of tautomerism, of the alpha hydroxyl and of the hydroxyls in other positions in the molecule are touched upon, as well as the influence of the quinoid formulation on its color. The application of quercetin to the various fibers with several different mordants is recorded and the characteristics of these dyeings are mentioned. . The use of this dye on leather is also given and the analogy of the usual commercial forms of the dye to the tannins is indicated. The production of the various lakes of this color is likewise touched upon. It is pointed out that until the necessary original intermediates be produced much cheaper, or that entirely new and cheap syntheses be developed, quercetin must continue to be produced from natural sources.

An outline of the history and chemistry of the important natural dyestuffs: DAVID WALLACE and EMIL LESSER, Ph.D. This paper covers the history of natural colors as used in ancient times and the impetus given to the industry by the discovery of America with its source of valuable natural dyestuffs, particularly logwood, fustic, hypernic and quercitron bark. Mention is made of the history of the development of the use of these colors. The chemistry of natural dyestuffs presents an interesting and complex study. It received years of study by such men as Chevroul, Erdmann, Graebe, Kostanacki, Herzig and Perkin. Most of their work was done on hæmotoxylin and brezilin, the coloring principles of logwood and hypernic. In this country, the work of Perkin has been thoroughly reviewed and extended in the

search of a method for producing additional dyestuffs from natural sources. The sources, chemistry and application of the above mentioned dyestuffs are discussed. A brief mention is made of the present status of the industry.

Color and constitution: M. L. CROSSLEY and P. V. ROSENVELT. A study was made of the effect of isomerism on the color of certain azo dyes. It is shown that there appears to be a definite relation between the reactivity of the naphthol sulfonic acids of beta-naphthol and the color of the dyes produced from them. The effect of the sulfonic acid group on the betanaphthol ring appears to be greatest when it is in position 3. In this position it acts as a bathychromic group, while in position 7 it acts as a hypsochromic group. The influence of the nitro group on the benzene ring in an ortho position to the diazo group shifts the absorption of the dyes toward red. This effect is manifested to a maximum degree by the nitro group in the ortho position. When the nitro group is in the meta position it acts as a hypsochromic group, shifting the color of the nitrobenzene-azo-beta-naphthol-sulfonic acids in the entire series toward the yellow and beyond that of the corresponding benzeneazo-B-naphthol-sulfonic acid series. The methyl group substituted on the benzene ring has less influence on color than the nitro group. Chlorine appears to have very little influence on the color

of the chlorobenzene-azo-B-naphthol-sulfonic

acids. Bromine in the ortho position to the diazo group acts as a bathychromic group in dyes resulting from F acid and R salt but has no influence on the color of the dyes resulting from G salt and B-naphthol-3.6.8-trisulfonic acid. The sulfonic acid group introduced on the benzene ring shifts the color of the benzene-azo-B-naphthol-sulfonic acids towards yellow, the maximum effect being manifested by the meta position.

Constitution and chemical reactivity: M. L. CROSSLEY and P. V. ROSENVELT. It is shown that there is some apparent relation between chemical constitution and reactivity in the B-naphtholdisulfonic acid products. The 2-naphthol-3.6disulfonic acid, R salt, couples readily with azo compounds to give corresponding dyes, while the 2-naphthol-6.8-disulfonic acid and the 2-naphthol3.6.8-trisulfonic acid, both of which contain a sulfonic acid group in the 8 position, do not react under ordinary conditions for coupling, with certain diazo compounds, particularly those containing a methyl group in an ortho position to the diazo group. Since the hydrogen atom in the adjacent position to the hydroxyl group is the only