peace. May not be elsewhere questioned for words in debate. ii, 15.

Fifty Senatorial districts, compact and contiguous, as nearly equal in population as possible. Counties to have one Senator for each ratio or surplus of three-fifths; no county to be separate district or less than four-fifths of a ratio, except where the adjoining ones have each one or more, when from half to four-fifths may have a Senator; no county divided unless two or more Senators; no city or county to have more than one-sixth of whole Senate. Wards, boroughs, and townships not divided in making district. Ratio to be one-fiftieth entire population. ii, 16.

Representatives apportioned on ratio of one two-hundredth of population of State. Counties with less than 5 ratios to have one for each ratio and for surplus exceeding half. Each county must have at least one. Counties with 5 ratios to have one for each. City with one ratio to elect separately its proportion. Cities with more than 4 Representatives, and counties with over 100,000 inhabitants, divided into contiguous districts, each to elect its proportion, but no district more than four. ii, 17.

Assembly shall apportion Senators and Representatives at first session after each decennial U. S. census. ii, 18.

Laws to be passed by bill, not to be altered or amended so as to change original purpose. iii, 1. No bill considered unless referred to committee, returned and printed. iii, 2. Bills (except appropriations) to contain but one subject, clearly expressed in title. iii, 3. Must be read at length on 3 different days, amendments to be printed, yeas and nays recorded on final passage, and majority of all members elected to each House must vote in favor, in order to become a law. iii, 4. Amendments by one House must receive majority of the other for concurrence, yeas and nays to be recorded; reports of conference committees to be adopted by majority of each House, and yeas and nays recorded.

No law to be revived, amended or extended by reference to title, but reënacted and published at length. iii, 5, 6.

Assembly shall not pass local or special laws affecting liens; regulating affairs of municipalities; changing names of persons or places; changing of venire; opening or maintaining roads or streets, or vacating same; chartering ferry or bridge companies (except for inter-state bridges); relating to cemeteries or public grounds not of state; adopting or legitimizing children; new counties, change of county seats or lines; chartering or changing charters of cities, towns or villages; conducting elections, or changing voting places; divorces; new townships or boroughs, or changing lines of same; creating offices, prescribing duties of officers in municipalities; changing law of descent or succession; regulating proceedings before courts, magistrates or other tribunals; collecting of debts, enforcing of judgments, prescribing effect of judicial sales; regulating fees or duties of aldermen, justices, or constables; regulating schools or school-houses, and taxation for same; fixing rates of interest; affecting estates of minors or persons under disability, except after due notice to be recited; exempting property from taxation; regulating labor, trade or manufacturing; creating corporations or amending

their charters; granting special privileges to corporations or individuals, or granting same right to lay railroad track. No such local law to be indirectly enacted by partial repeal of other law, but local or special acts may be repealed; no powers or privileges granted that are provided for by general law, nor where courts have jurisdiction. iii, 7.

Local legislation to be advertised in locality 30 days in advance. iii, 8. Speaker of each House to sign bills after public reading. iii, 9. Assembly to fix number, duty and pay of its officers. iii, 10 No extra compensation to officer or contractor. iii, II.

Public printing given to lowest bidder, no officer of government to be interested in such contract. iii, 12.

No extension of term of public officer, nor alteration of salary, after election or appointment. iii, 13.

Revenue bills to originate in House, Senate may amend. iii, 14.

General appropriation bill to embrace only ordinary expenses of government departments, interest on public debt, and public schools; other appropriations each by a separate bill.

No money to be paid from treasury but on appropriation and warrant. iii, 15, 16.

No charitable or educational appropriation (except to Normal Schools) to any institution not under state control, except by two thirds of each House. iii, 17. No appropriation to person or community (except military pensions and gratuities) nor to any sectarian organization. iii, 18.

Assembly may not delegate to commission or corporation power to interfere with municipal money, property or effects, or to levy tax or perform municipal functions. iii, 20.

Assembly not to limit amount receivable for death or injury to person or property, nor limit time for bringing suits against corporations.

No act to authorize investment of trust funds in stock or bonds of corporation. iii, 21, 22. Power to change venue is vested in courts. No railroad or corporation obligation to be diminished by Assembly, nor released except by payment to state treasury. iii, 23, 24.

Special session of Assembly restricted to subjects named in Governor's proclamation. iii, 25.

Every order, resolution and vote requiring concurrence of both Houses, except upon adjournment, to be signed by Governor, or if disapproved by him, to be repassed by two-thirds of both Houses before becoming law. iii, 26.

No State office for inspecting or measuring merchandise, but counties or municipalities may be authorized to appoint such. iii, 27.

Location of State Capitol changed only after submission to vote of people. iii, 28.

Member of Assembly who solicits or receives anything of value or promise thereof for his vote or influence, or shall give or withhold such vote in consideration of such payment or promise, to be guilty of bribery and incur its disabilities. iii, 29. Any person offering such bribe to public officer or member of Assembly to be guilty of bribery and punished by law. iii, 30. Offence of corrupt solicitation of said officers to be defined by law and punished by fine and imprisonment. iii, 31. Persons may be compelled to testify in bribery cases, even if

criminating themselves, but such testimony not to be subsequently used against them except for perjury; any person convicted of either offense aforesaid to be disqualified from holding any office under Commonwealth. iii, 32.

Member of Assembly shall disclose fact of personal interest in pending bills, and shall not vote thereon. iii, 33.

THE EXECUTIVE.

Consists of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of Commonwealth, Attorney-General, Auditor General, State Treasurer, Secretary of Internal Affairs, and Supt. of Public Instruction. iv, I.

Governor chosen by majority vote of people; if two have equal vote, choice by joint vote of both Houses of Assembly; contested elections tried by committee of both Houses. iv, 2. Governor to hold office four years from 3d Tuesday of January after election, and ineligible for succeeding term. iv, 3.

Lieut. Governor chosen same time, manner and term; shall be President of Senate, but vote only when a tie. iv, 4.

No one eligible to either of two offices last named unless 30 years old, and inhabitant of State for 7 years preceding election. iv, 5. No member of Congress or officer of U. S. or this State shall hold either of these two offices.

Governor to be commander of army and navy of Commonwealth, and of militia unless called into service of U. S. iv, 6, 7.

Governor, with consent two-thirds of Senate, shall appoint Secretary of Commonwealth and Atty.-General during pleasure, Supt. of Instruction for four years, and other officers as provided by law; may fill vacancies in these offices during recess of Senate until next session; in offices of Auditor General, State Treasurer, Sec'y of Internal Affairs or Supt. of Pub. Instruction, or judicial or other offices, he is authorized to fill when vacancies occur during session, he shall nominate to the Senate, and if an elective office it shall be filled by vote of people at next election, or if vacancy occur within 3 months of such election, then at the next following one. Senate shall vote openly on nominations, by yeas and nays to be entered on journal. iv, 8. Governor may remit fines, grant reprieves, commutations of sentence and pardons, except in impeachments; but pardon or commutation shall have the written recommendation of Lieut. Governor, Sec'y of Com'th, Atty.-General and Sec'y of Internal Affairs, or any 3 of them, after public hearing upon notice, such recommendations and reasons therefor to be recorded in office of Sec'y of Com'th. iv, 9.

Governor may require written information from department officers. iv, 10. He shall give Assembly information of state of Com'th, and recommend measures he deems expedient.

Governor may convene Assembly in extra session, and when Houses disagree on adjournment, may adjourn them not exceeding 4 months. He may convene Senate by proclamation for executive business. iv, 11, 12.

In case of death or disability of Governor, office devolves on Lieut.-Governor for remainder of term or till disability removed.

When vacancy in office of Lieut.-Governor, his impeachment or disability, the office to

devolve upon president of Senate pro tem., who may also become Governor in case of vacancy in that office, in which case his seat as Senator shall be filled by election. iv, 13, 14.

Bills passed by both Houses to be submitted to Governor, signed by him if approved, otherwise returned with his objections. If on reconsideration two-thirds of each house still approve the bill, it becomes a law. If Governor shall not return bill in ten days it becomes law unless Assembly meanwhile adjourned, when it shall become law unless he file it with objections in office of Sec'y of Com'th, and give notice of same by proclamation. iv, 15.

Governor may disapprove distinct parts of appropriation bills, and such items shall be void unless passed over veto. iv, 16.

Chief Justice of Supreme Court to preside in contested elections of Governor or Lieut.-Governor, decide questions of evidence, and upon request give opinion on questions of law. Governor and Lieut.-Governor hold office till successors qualified. iv, 17.

Sec'y of Com'th to keep record of official acts of Governor and when required lay same before Assembly. iv, 18.

Sec'y of Internal Affairs to have powers and duties of Surveyor-General. Department to embrace industrial statistics, and as prescribed by law, discharge duties relating to corporations, charities, manufacturing, mining, timber and other business interests; annual report to Assembly. iv, 19.

Supt. of Public Instruction to have powers and duties of Supt. of Common Schools. iv, 20.

Term of Sec'y of Internal Affairs to be 4 years, of Auditor General 3 years, of State Treasurer 2 years, to be chosen at general elections, and last two ineligible for succeeding term. iv, 21.

All commissions to be in name and by authority of Com'th of Penna. sealed with great seal and signed by Governor. iv, 22.

THE JUDICIARY.

Vested in Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery, Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Orphans' Courts, Magistrates' Courts, and such others as Assembly may establish. V. I.

Judicial districts to be apportioned by Assembly at session succeeding decennial census. Schedule, 14.

Judges of Supreme Court 7 in number, elected by people, hold office 21 years or during good behavior, not again eligible; he whose commission first expires to be chief justice. v, 2.

Supreme Court jurisdiction extends throughout state, judges to be justices of Oyer and Terminer in the counties; original jurisdiction in injunction where corporation is defendant, of habeas corpus, mandamus to inferior courts, of quo warranto as to commonwealth officers whose jurisdiction extends over state; appellate jurisdiction by appeal, certiorari or writ of error in all cases. v, 3.

Courts of Common Pleas not to include more than 4 counties in one judicial district. v, 4.

Counties of 40,000 inhabitants each to constitute a separate judicial district, elect one judge, and Assembly to provide others as required. Counties of less population to be

formed into single districts or attached to contiguous ones. v, 5.

Philadelphia to have 4 and Allegheny 2 Common Pleas courts of equal and coördinate jurisdiction, with three judges each, such number to be increased as needed, and when increase reaches three, another court to be established. In Philadelphia suits to be instituted without designating courts, and courts to apportion business by rules; in Allegheny each court to have exclusive jurisdiction. v, 5. The judges of Philadelphia shall appoint one prothonotary for all said courts, removable by a majority of said judges; he appoints his assistants, all to be salaried, and all fees go to county treasury. Courts to have separate dockets, except judgment docket. v, 7. In Phila. and Allegheny judges in turn to hold courts of Oyer and Terminer and Quarter Sessions. v, 8.

Common Pleas judges to be judges of Oyer and Terminer, Quarter Sessions and General Jail Delivery and Orphans' Court, and in respective districts to be justices of peace in criminal matters. v, 9. They shall have power to issue writs of certiorari to justices and inferior courts not of record, and review their proceedings. v, 10. Judge oldest in commission to be President Judge, and to remain such when re-elected. Schedule, 16.

Justices of peace and aldermen to be elected in wards and districts, at time of electing constables, and commissioned by Governor for 5 years. No district to elect more than two without consent of voters, and no one to be elected who has not been resident one year. In cities over 50,000, no more than one alderman in each ward.

V, II.

In Philadelphia to be one court not of record for each 30,000, for police and civil cases, jurisdiction not to exceed $100, term of magistrates 5 years, elected by voters at large on general ticket, no voter to vote for more than two-thirds of number to be chosen; compensation by fixed salaries; jurisdiction same as aldermen, which office in Phila. is abolished. v, 12. All fees and penalties in said courts to go to county treasury. v, 13.

In cases of summary conviction or judgment for penalty before magistrate or court not of record, either party may appeal to court of record. v, 14.

Judges (except of Supreme Court) to be elected by people of respective districts, for term of 10 years; Governor may remove any of them for cause not ground of impeachment, on address of two-thirds of each House of Assembly. v, 15.

When 2 judges of Supreme Court to be chosen for same term, one only to be voted for by each voter; when 3 to be chosen, not more than two to be voted for. v, 16. When two thus elected at same time, to draw lots for priority of commission. V, 17.

Compensation of all judges fixed by law and paid by states. To receive no other fees or perquisites, nor hold other office of profit under U. S. or State. v, 18.

Judges of Supreme Court shall reside in Com'th while in office; and other judges within respective districts. v, 19. Courts of Common Pleas to have chancery powers. v, 20.

Supreme Court to have none but judicial duties, nor exercise power of appointment; no court of original jurisdiction presided over by them. v, 21.

In counties over 150,000 population, Assembly shall (and in other counties may) establish separate Orphans' Court; register of wills to be clerk to said court; all accounts filed with him to be audited by said court without expense to parties, unless all parties in interest request appointment of auditors. V, 22.

Style of process to be "The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania," prosecutions to be carried on in name of State, and conclude "against the peace and dignity of the same." v, 23.

In felonious homicide and other criminal cases provided by law, after conviction and sentence indictment and record may be removed to Supreme Court for review v, 24.

Vacancies in courts of record to be filled by appointment of Governor till 1st Monday of January succeeding first general election occur. ring three months or more after vacancy occurs.

V, 25.

Laws relating to courts, their organization, jurisdiction and process, the force and effect of their process and judgment, to be general and uniform, Assembly prohibited from creating other courts to exercise powers vested in Common Pleas and Orphans' Courts. v, 26.

Parties in civil case by agreement may dispense with trial by jury, and submit to decision of court having jurisdiction. v, 27.

IMPEACHMENT AND REMOVAL.

House of Representatives to have sole power of impeachment. vi, 1. All impeachments to be tried by the Senate, conviction to require two-thirds of those present. vi, 2.

Governor and all civil officers are liable to impeachment for misdemeanor in office; judgment to extend only to removal and disqualification from holding office, but not to preclude indictment, trial and punishment by law. vi, 3.

All officers removable for misbehavior in office or infamous crime. Appointed officers other than judges and Supt. of Public Instruction removable at pleasure of appointing power. Elective officers, except Governor, Lieut. Governor, members of Assembly and judges, removable by Governor for reasonable cause, after notice and hearing, on address of two-thirds of Senate. vi, 4.

OATH OF OFFICE.

Members of Assembly, judges, state and county officers, shall before entering upon duties take this oath :

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, obey, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this Commonwealth, and that I will discharge the duties of my office with fidelity; that I have not paid or contributed, or promised to pay or contribute, either directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing, to procure my nomination or election (or appointment), except for necessary and proper expenses expressly authorized by law; that I have not knowingly violated any election law of this Commonwealth, or procured it to be done by others in my behalf; that I will not knowingly receive, directly or indirectly, any moneys or other valuable thing for the performance or non-performance of any act or duty pertaining to my office, other than the compensation allowed by law."

The oath to be administered to members of

Assembly by a judge of Supreme Court or Court of Common Pleas, to others by any person authorized to do so; oaths of State officers and judges of Supreme Court filed in office of Sec'y of Com'th, of county officers in prothonotary's office of county; refusal to take oath forfeits the office; false swearing or violation is perjury, and conviction permanently disqualifies for office. vii, 1.

ELECTIONS.

Those entitled to vote shall be male citizens, twenty-one years of age, citizens of U. S. at least one month, residents of State one year (or if removed and returned 6 months), and of election district 2 months preceding election; if twenty-two years old or upwards, shall have paid within 2 years a state or county tax assessed 2 months and paid one month before election. viii, 1. May not be deprived of vote by non-registration; election laws may be made to apply to citles only, but must be uniform for cities of same class. Amendment of 1901.

General election to be held Tuesday after Ist Monday of November, unless two-thirds of Assembly fix different day. viii, 2. Municipal elections for city, ward, borough and township officers held 3d Tuesday of February. viii, 3.

Elections to be by ballot or other method prescribed by law; secrecy in voting to be preserved. Amendment of 1901.

Electors are privileged from arrest except for treason, felony, or breach of peace, during attendance on election, going or returning therefrom. viii, 5. Electors in military service of U. S. or State may exercise their right of suffrage. viii, 6. Election laws shall be uniform, and no one deprived of vote by not being registered. viii, 7.

Any person giving or promising any reward or consideration for a vote, or withholding same, or any elector receiving or agreeing to receive such consideration for himself or another, shall forfeit right to vote at such election; if challenged for such cause, shall swear it is untrue before allowed to vote. viii, 8. Any candidate guilty of bribery, fraud or violation of election law, to be forever disqualified from holding office; any person convicted of wilful violation of election law to be deprived of suffrage for 4 years. viii, 9. In contested election trials and investigation of elections, witnesses may not withhold testimony criminating themselves, but such testimony not to be used against them in subsequent proceedings except for perjury. viii, 10.

Townships and wards to form or be divided into contiguous election districts by courts of Quarter Sessions; in cities over 100,000, districts shall be divided by said courts whenever more than 250 votes are polled therein, also other districts for public interest or convenience.

Elections by persons in representative capacity to be viva voce. viii, 11, 12.

No person to gain or lose residence by being employed in military or naval service of U. S. or State, or on high seas, or as student in institution of learning, or while in poorhouse or asylum at public expense, or in prison. viii, 13.

Election boards to consist of judge and 2 inspectors, chosen by electors annually, each elector voting for judge and one inspector; each

inspector shall appoint a clerk; officers privileged from arrest on day of election, and while making returns, except on warrant of court of record, for election fraud, felony, or breach of peace; in cities they may claim exemption from jury duty during term of service. viii, 14.

No person qualified as election officer who holds or has held within 2 months any office under U. S., State, city or county; nor shall election officer be eligible to office filled at election where he serves. viii, 15.

Courts of Common Pleas may appoint overseers to supervise and report on election, upon petition of 5 voters of any election district, stating that such is a reasonable precaution to secure purity and fairness; overseers shall be 2 in number, residents of district, members of different parties; when election officers disagree, overseers if agreed shall decide; in appointment of overseers law judges of proper court shall concur. viii, 16.

Trial of contested elections shall be by courts of law or judges thereof; Assembly to direct who shall try the several classes of contests; no law assigning jurisdiction or regulating its exercise shall apply to contest arising out of election held before its passage.

TAXATION AND FINANCE.

Taxes to be uniform on same subjects, levied and collected under general laws; Assembly may exempt property used for public purposes, for worship, cemeteries not for profit, and purely public charities. ix, I. No other property exempt. ix, 2.

Power to tax corporations and their property not to be surrendered or suspended by grant or contract to which State is party. ix, 3.

No State debt to be created except for casual deficiency of revenue (limited to $1,000,000 aggregate), in case of invasion or insurrection, for defense of State, or to pay existing debt. ix, 4. Laws for borrowing money to state purpose, and money to be used for no other. ix, 5.

State credit not to be loaned to individuals or corporations, and State not to be stockholder in same. ix, 6. Assembly may not authorize municipalities to hold stock in corporations, or appropriate money or loan credit to same. ix, 7.

Debt of municipality never to exceed 7 per cent. on assessed value of its taxable property, nor shall such municipality increase its debt above 2 per cent. on said valuation without consent of voters; cities whose debt exceeds 7 per cent. may be authorized by law to increase same 3 per cent. in aggregate at one time. ix, 8. State may not assume municipal debt, unless created during invasion or insurrection, in defense of State, or to pay existing State debt. ix, 9. Municipality creating debt shall provide at time for taxation to pay interest and principal in 30 years. ix, 10.

State sinking fund to be created, sufficient to pay interest and at least $250,000 annually on principal of State debt; such fund to consist of proceeds of sale of public works, and stocks owned by Comth.; to be increased by such revenues as are not required for expenses of government, and except in war, invasion or insurrection no portion of same to be used otherwise than to extinguish public debt. ix, II. Moneys of sinking fund not to be loaned

or invested on any securities but bonds of U. S. or this State. ix, 12.

Money held in reserve to be limited to amount of current expenses, and kept as required by law; monthly statements to be published, showing amount, where deposited and how secured. ix. 13.

No profit to be made on State moneys, same not to be used except as authorized by law by any State officer or member of Assembly; such action to be a misdemeanor, and part of its punishment disqualification from office for 5 years. ix, 14.

Assembly to provide for strict accountability of county and township officers for fees received as well as for public moneys handled by them. xiv, 6.

Three county commissioners and three auditors to be chosen every third year, each voter to vote for two, and three highest elected; vacancies filled by court of Common Pleas by appointment of person who voted for the officer whose place is to be filled. xiv, 7.

CITIES AND THEIR CHARTERS. Cities may be chartered when majority in town or borough of 10,000 or more vote for same at general election. xv, I.

Municipal commission may not contract debt except upon appropriation previously made by municipal government. xv, 2.

Cities must establish sinking fund, inviolably pledged for payment of funded debt. xv, 3.

PRIVATE CORPORATIONS.

Charters of corporations granted before adoption of Constitution, under which no organization had been effected to be void after adoption. xvi, I.

No law to be passed for benefit of existing corporation except on condition of acceptance of provisions of constitution. xvi, 2.

State right of eminent domain same over property of corporations as individuals; police power not abridged to allow corporations to infringe rights of individuals or state. xvi, 3.

In electing corporation directors, voter may cast whole number of votes for one candidate, or distribute them as preferred. xvi, 4.

No foreign corporation to do business in state without known place of business and authorized agent. xvi, 5.

Corporations to do no other business than authorized by charter, nor hold more real estate than necessary for legitimate business. xvi, 6.

No stocks or bonds to be issued except for money, labor or property, and fictitious increase to be void; no increase except under general law, with consent of majority of stock after 60 days' notice. xvi, 7.

When property taken for public use, just compensation to be paid or secured before taking. Assembly may not deprive persons of appeal from assessment of damages, and appeal on demand shall be determined by jury. xvi, 8.

Assembly may revoke, alter or annul charters revocable at adoption of Constitution and any thereafter created, when injurious to Commonwealth, but no injustice to be done to corporators. No law to create, extend or renew more than one charter. xvi, 10.

Banking laws shall provide for registry and countersigning of circulating notes, and security for full amount for redemption shall be deposited with Auditor-General. xvi, 9.

Application by corporation for banking and discounting privileges to be advertised 3 months in its locality, and privilege not granted for more than 20 years. xvii, 11.

Telegraph companies may be authorized to connect with other lines, under uniform laws and reasonable regulations; but companies may not consolidate or hold controlling interest in stock of competing lines. xvi, 12.